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The Military Campaigns of Shah Abbas I in Azerbaijan and the Caucasus (1603-1618)

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Author: Kaveh Farrokh
Source: Studies on Iran and The Caucasus, pp 75-95
Subjects: Middle East and Islamic Studies
Publication Year : 2015
Chapter DOI: 10.1163/9789004302068_007
E-ISBN: 9789004302068
Print and series information
Collections: Middle East and Islamic Studies E-Books Online,
Collection 2015

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Overview

This paper provides an overview of the Safavid military forces and reforms at the time of Shah Abbas I (r.1587-1629), especially
with the promotion of the new Ghulam units to counterbalance the traditional Qizlibash forces which had bought the Safavids
to power at the time of Shah Ismail (r. 1502-1524). Other significant military reforms were the introduction of firearm units
such as the Tofanchi (musketeers), Jazayerchis (bearers of larger and heavier muskets) and Toopchis (artillerymen). The
introduction of these reforms proved instrumental in Shah Abbas I’s successes in expelling the Ottomans from Tabriz (1603)
and Yerevan (1604), defeating the Ottoman counteroffensive in Azerbaijan (1605) and the capture of Shamakhi (1606) and
Ganja (1606). Large numbers of Armenians, Kurds and Azeris had been displaced from their homelands by Shah Abbas I as a
result of his scorched earth tactics against invading Ottoman forces in 1606-1607. Shah Abbas’ military successes led to the
Ottoman-Safavid peace treaty of 1612 which affired all of the Iranian conquests since the recapture of Tabriz. The Safavid army
had to fight a series of battles in Georgia (1613-1623) which led to a new Ottoman war (1616). The Safavid army defeated the
Ottoman offensives in Yerevan and Ardabil (1616-1618) obliging the Ottomans to negotiate a new peace treaty which affirmed
all of Shah Abbas’ conquests since 1603.

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