GSA GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE v. 5.

0
CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN
MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY.
AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE
PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES

CHRON.
CHRON.

(Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma)

ANOM.
(Ma) (Ma) (Ma)
ANOM.

HIST
HIST.

(Ma)
HOLOCENE 66.0
1 C1 QUATER- 0.012 30 C30 541
CALABRIAN
NARY PLEISTOCENE* 1.8 31 C31 MAASTRICHTIAN 251.90 EDIACARAN
2 C2 GELASIAN
2.58 70 Lopin- CHANGHSINGIAN 254.14
PIACENZIAN 32 C32 72.1 635
2A C2A
PLIOCENE 3.600 gian WUCHIAPINGIAN
259.1 CRYOGENIAN
ZANCLEAN 260 720
33
CAPITANIAN NEOPRO-

PERMIAN
5 3 C3
5.333 CAMPANIAN Guada- 265.1 750

CRETACEOUS
C33
80 WORDIAN 268.8 TEROZOIC
3A C3A MESSINIAN LATE lupian ROADIAN TONIAN
7.246 83.6 272.95
4
SANTONIAN KUNGURIAN
C4 86.3 280 ~283.5
NEOGENE

4A CONIACIAN Cisura-
C4A TORTONIAN 90 89.8 1000 1000

PROTEROZOIC
10 TURONIAN ARTINSKIAN
5 lian 290.1
C5 93.9
MIOCENE

11.63 CENOMANIAN SAKMARIAN 295.0

STENIAN
SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 ASSELIAN 298.9
5A 100 100.5 300 GZHELIAN 1200
C5A
13.82 LATE 303.7

CARBONIFEROUS
PENNSYL-
KASIMOVIAN 307.0 1250 MESOPRO-

VANIAN
15 5B C5B LANGHIAN ALBIAN MOSCOVIAN ECTASIAN
MIDDLE TEROZOIC
5C C5C
15.97 110 315.2
1400
5D C5D ~113 320 EARLY BASHKIRIAN
BURDIGALIAN 323.2
5E C5E
LATE SERPUKHOVIAN 1500 CALYMMIAN
6 C6
120 APTIAN 330.9
20 20.44

SIPPIAN
MISSIS-
6A C6A EARLY 1600
M0r
6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 ~125 340 MIDDLE VISEAN
23.03 M3 BARREMIAN STATHERIAN
6C C6C 130 M5 ~129.4 346.7 1750
HAUTERIVIAN EARLY TOURNAISIAN 1800
OLIGOCENE

7 C7 ~132.9
25 7A C7A M10 358.9
8 C8 CHATTIAN VALANGINIAN
M12 360
TERTIARY

140 M14 ~139.8 FAMENNIAN OROSIRIAN

9 C9 M16
27.82 BERRIASIAN 2000
M18 PALEOPRO-

DEVONIAN
10 C10 LATE
M20 ~145.0 ~372.2 2050
30 11 C11 TEROZOIC
150 M22 TITHONIAN FRASNIAN
380
12
C12
RUPELIAN LATE ~152.1 ~382.7 RHYACIAN
M25 JURASSIC KIMMERIDGIAN GIVETIAN ~387.7
MIDDLE 2250
M29 ~157.3 EIFELIAN ~393.3 2300
13 C13 33.9 160 OXFORDIAN
35 15 C15 ~163.5 400 EMSIAN SIDERIAN
16 C16 PRIABONIAN CALLOVIAN
RAPID POLARITY CHANGES

~166.1 ~407.6
17
BATHONIAN ~168.3 EARLY PRAGIAN
C17 170 MIDDLE
BAJOCIAN ~410.8 2500 2500
37.8 ~170.3
AALENIAN LOCHKOVIAN
PALEOGENE

18 ~174.1 ~419.2
C18 BARTONIAN 420 PRIDOLI ~423.0

ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN
40 LUDFORDIAN NEOARCHEAN
19 LUDLOW ~425.6
C19 41.2 180 TOARCIAN GORSTIAN
HOMERIAN
~427.4
WENLOCK ~430.5 2750
EOCENE

SHEINWOODIAN
20 ~182.7 ~433.4 2800
TELYCHIAN
LLANDO- ~438.5
C20
EARLY
PLIENSBACHIAN 440 AERONIAN ~440.8
LUTETIAN VERY

ARCHEAN
45 190 RHUDDANIAN ~443.8
~190.8 HIRNANTIAN
~445.2
KATIAN MESO-
SINEMURIAN LATE ~453.0 3000
21
C21 47.8 SANDBIAN ARCHEAN
200 ~199.3 ~458.4
HETTANGIAN ~201.3 460
DARRIWILIAN
22 C22 MIDDLE ~467.3
50 RHAETIAN DAPINGIAN 3200
~470.0 3250
23 C23
YPRESIAN ~208.5 FLOIAN
TRIASSIC

210
EARLY ~477.7
480 TREMADOCIAN
24 PALEO-
~485.4
55
C24 LATE NORIAN FURON- AGE 10
~489.5 ARCHEAN
220 JIANGSHANIAN
56.0 GIAN ~494 3500
PAIBIAN ~497
PALEOCENE

25
C25
THANETIAN 500 CAMBRIAN GUZHANGIAN ~500.5 3600
~227 Epoch 3 DRUMIAN
26
230 ~504.5
59.2 AGE 5
C26 ~509
60 SELANDIAN CARNIAN AGE 4
3750
~514
~237
Epoch 2
AGE 3 EOARCHEAN
27 61.6 520
C27 240 MIDDLE
LADINIAN ~521
~242 AGE 2
28 C28
DANIAN ANISIAN TERRE- ~529 4000 4000
65
29 247.2 NEUVIAN FORTUNIAN
C29
EARLY OLENEKIAN 251.2 HADEAN
66.0 250 540 541.0
30 C30 INDUAN 251.90

Walker, J.D., Geissman, J.W., Bowring, S.A., and Babcock, L.E., compilers, 2018, Geologic Time Scale v. 5.0: Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/2018.CTS005R3C. ©2018 The Geological Society of America
*The Pleistocene is divided into four ages, but only two are shown here. What is shown as Calabrian is actually three ages—Calabrian from 1.80 to 0.781 Ma, Middle from 0.781 to 0.126 Ma, and Late from 0.126 to 0.0117 Ma.
The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic are the Eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Names of units and age boundaries usually follow the Gradstein et al. (2012), Cohen et al. (2012) , and Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilations. Numerical age estimates
and picks of boundaries usually follow the Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilation. The numbered epochs and ages of the Cambrian are provisional. A “~” before a numerical age estimate typically indicates an associated error of ±0.4 to over 1.6 Ma.
REFERENCES CITED
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S., and Gibbard, P.L., 2012, International Chronostratigraphic Chart: International Commission on Stratigraphy, www.stratigraphy.org (accessed May 2012). (Chart reproduced for the 34th International Geological Congress, Brisbane,
Australia, 5–10 August 2012.)
Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L., and Fan, J.-X., 2013, The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart: Episodes v. 36, no. 3, p. 199–204 (updated 2017, v. 2, http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale; accessed May 2018).
Gradstein, F.M, Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., et al., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale 2012: Boston, USA, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00004-4.
Previous versions of the time scale and previously published papers about the time scale and its evolution are posted to http://www.geosociety.org/timescale.