A comparative analysis based on rice grading using image processing

Project Report (CSE4001 –Image Processing)

submitted by

Methun and Vigneshwaran

15BCE0111, 15BCE0539

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
Computer Science

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

April &2017
Abstract:
The food quality is becoming a major issue in health care. The purpose of this paper is to
analyze the quality of rice using digital image processing. This paper gives a solution for quality
evaluation and grading of rice using image processing techniques. Quality assessment of rice is a
very big challenge since time immemorial. Rice is a staple food for about 65% of the Indians. It
is the most important grain, and it is mainly view to human nutrition and caloric intake.
After sugarcane and maize, it has the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide
production. Rice is providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by
humans. It is very hard for people to analyze the grades and quality in the market. Based on the
size the grains are graded based on their size as (grade 1, grade 2 and grade3). The system is
developed using 120 set of images and are classified using decision tree based classification
technique.
Introduction:
India is one of the leading producers of this crop, and India is one of the world's largest
producers of white rice and brown rice, accounting for 20% of all world rice production. Rice is
one of the chief grains of India. There are more than 40,000 different varieties of rice which is
cultivated in over 100 countries and on every continent except Antarctica. . It is the staple food
for the 80% of the population around the world. It provides energy and is rich in nutrients and
has a low glycemic index.

AGMARK is an association which is utilized as a part of rating of these nourishment items. It is

a confirmation stamp utilized on rural items in India, guaranteeing that they adjust to an
arrangement of models endorsed by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, an office of the
Government of India. Quality check and tests are done to look after gauges. And furthermore
there numerous associations which likewise include in rating of nature of sustenance grains like
ISA,FDA and so on. And these associations is accomplished for wares of interior utilization like
ghee, margarine, and so on.

This interest for nature of nourishment grains is expanding in light of the fact that a portion of
the dealers cheat the business people by offering low quality sustenance grains which contains
outside particles like stones, sand, leaf, broken and harmed seeds and so forth. This sort of low
nature of rice is sold without being seen even and besides there is no extraordinary plan to
discover such low quality grains. Accordingly it is been an issue for both purchasers and dealers.
The utilization of Image handling strategies for testing the nature of rice grains is reasonable and
is less tedious. The nature of grain is tried in light of its shading, size, shape and surface elements
in this strategy.

For the identification of rice grain seed variety and quality, it proposes two methods namely
biological methods and chemical methods. Biological methods is based on DNA technique etc.
and chemical methods is based on alkaline tests etc. But comparatively these methods are more
expensive and time consuming. Comparatively on the other side the digital image processing or
machine vision is a non-destructive method or the grains can be used after assessment, and this
method will be very fast and inexpensive process when compared to biological methods.

Literature survey:
Aulakh. J.S. et al., (2012), based on their sizes, have proposed image processing techniques for
grading of rice samples. Using a Flat Bed scanner(FBS), the image were captured and should be
converted into binary image, then which they apply morphological operations and finding the
properties of connected components ,the object features were extracted and get the information
regarding connectivity, number of objects, image size. The grain kernels and stem graphs were
plotted which have lesser values than threshold values were discarded.
Ajay. G et al, have proposed a quality evaluation of rice grains and automatic evaluation method
for the determination for the quality of milled rice. Amidst the milled rice samples, with the help
of shape descriptors like length, parameters and width , the quantity of broken samples can be
determined. The Grains lengths whose values are less than 75% of the grain size, then it is said to
be as broken kernels. To find physical parameter of individual grain sample, minimum
rectangular method were used.

Bhavesh B et al,.. have proposed an algorithm for quality analysis based on Indian Basmati Rice
using image processing techniques. With the help of algorithm, an automated software system
can be made to evade the human inspection and related drawbacks. A photographic enlarger can
be used to measure the dimension and to obtain the average length and width ratio of the
basmati grains.

Chetna V. Maheshwari et al., based on their shape and size, have proposed image processing
techniques for identifying two varieties of rice grains. Using the digital camera, the sample
image are spread on the black paper were captured. To calculate the Geometric parameters, the
edge detection operation were performed. Based on the length and parameters they classified rice
grains mainly into three parts namely as long ,small ,long and small rice grains on screen.

Harpreet Kaur and Baljit Singh have proposed a method for classification and grading of rice
grains using multi-class SVM. Using the black sheet of paper as background, the sample images
were collected by spreading the grains on glass on scanner. And these images were preprocessed
to remove noise. By using the segmentation method , the images were subdivided into parts. And
get a binary image of segmentation, further the chalky degree were calculated. Nonlinear
classification problems were handled by RBF kernel. With a type of classifier like SVM, the
grains were classified as grade A , B and C.

Megha and Kulkarni, [6] have proposed Classification and Quality Analysis of Food Grains. A
real time application was developed to identify, classify and to grade the rice grains. The image
samples were captured using a high resolution camera and the images were stored in a database.
Geometric features such as shape, length and the width of the grain were considered in their
work.

Proposed methods:
In the proposed method we have considered three varieties of rice grains namely Basmati, Delhi
and Boiled. Further each grains are classified and graded into grade 1 , grade 2 and grade 3. The
authority grade the rice grains based on the features like minor axis length and its area and major
axis length. As like the same features were used in automated method for grading of rice grains.
The images were captured, after placing the rice samples on the sheet of paper. And the images
are obtained using high resolution. The camera should be placed at position normal to the rice
samples. And these images were stored in JPG format. , the steps are involved as input image,
preprocessing, grain extraction, counting, analysis and results. Here the figures ,shows two
qualities of rice grains used for grading.

Working process:
In light of the accompanying criteria the grains were reviewed: If the length of grain is
>=3/fourth the length of grain then it's viewed in general grain and is evaluated as review 1. In
the event that the length of grain<=3/fourth the length of grain then it's considered as broken
grain and is evaluated as review 2. Tallying of grains is done utilizing district props, which gives
the include of grains present the protest.

Checking of associated parts utilizing area props. Tally of number of full, medium and broken
grains. Rate of entire sound grains in the specimen is given by, Percentage of entire sound grains
= (N * 100)/W where, N = Number of entire sound grains (i.e. grains having range ≥ 3/fourth
greatest grain territory are considered as entire sound grains) introduce in a picture, W= Total
number of grains in a given example picture. In the event that rate of entire sound grains is ≥
75% then it is reviewed as 'A', between 50-75% means review 'B', beneath half means review 'C'.

Algorithm:
Input: Rice sample input image.

Output: Classified grain quality grade.

Steps of algorithm:
Step1: Pre-prepare the pictures of rice to evacuate foundation clamor.

Step2: Convert the pre handled picture to twofold picture utilizing Otsu strategy.

Step3: Region name the twofold picture.

Step4: Segment/trim the individual grains display in the picture.

Step5: Extract the geometric elements real pivot, minor hub and territory of all the individual
grains .

Step6: Perform investigation on the quality utilizing the normal estimations of the components
removed.

Step7: Classify the example for the Type and grade in view of the examination

Stop
Experiments and results:
We have utilized choice tree classifier for characterizing the grains and evaluating them as
review 1, grade2 and grade3.

Table 1 Testing Results of Quality analysis and grading of rice:

Rice Quality Number of samples Classification Results Accuracy (%)

Basmati 20 19 are classifies as 98
basmati
Boiled 20 17 are classifies as 92
boiled
Delhi 20 16 are classified as 90
Delhi

The above table gives the testing consequences of value investigation and reviewing of rice
grains. Here the rice is reviewed in light of the span of individual grain. The quantity of tests
tried here are 20 pictures of each sort and the outcomes got were agreeable.

Table 2 Testing Results for Quality analysis and grading of rice:

Rice Quality Number of samples Classification Results Accuracy (%)

Grade1 20 18 are classified as 98
grade1
Grade2 20 13 are classified as 91
grade2
Grade3 20 11 are classified as 88
grade3

Conclusion:
Today's consumers are extremely quality cognizant about the nourishment grains they purchase
and devour as more contaminated in the sustenance grains are accounted for in the media. In this
paper an endeavor is made to evaluating of rice grains in light of morphological methods
utilizing picture handling. The picture is at first subjected to preprocessing and the individual
grains are fragmented. The geometric components of the grain, for example, territory, significant
hub length and the minor hub length are extricated and are subjected to order The outcome are
observed to support. In view of the length of the grain the rice is evaluated as review 1, review 2
and grade 3. Despite the fact that the issue being worked upon is not totally new, the prior
methodologies utilized expansive number of shading, textural and morphological components.
References:
http://www.kscst.iisc.ernet.in/spp/38_series/spp38s/synopsis_seminar/054_38S1307.pdf

https://www.ijircce.com/upload/2015/june/104_40_Quality.pdf

http://www.ijcrd.com/files/vol_2_issue_3/437.pdf

http://www.arpnjournals.org/jeas/research_papers/rp_2015/jeas_1115_3037.pdf

http://www.arpnjournals.org/jeas/research_papers/rp_2016/jeas_1216_5423.pdf

Jagdeep Singh Aulakh, V.K. Banga. “Grading of rice grains by image processing”, International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 4, June – 2012.

Chetna V. Maheshwari, Kavindra R. Jain, Chintan K. Modi. “Non-destructive Quality Analysis

of Indian Basmati Oryza Sativa SSP Indica (Rice) Using Image Processing”. IEEE – 2012