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BHAVINI
PFBR
FOR
PROCUREMENT, MANUFACTURING
&
SITE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
REVISION NO.1
September 2004
-1-
BHARATIYA NABHIKIYA VIDYUT NIGAM LIMITED
SYSTEM: CONSTRUCTION
-2-
REVISION CONTROL SHEET
REVISED AND
REDRAFTED SEPTEMBER
REV.1
INCORPORATING 2004
COMMENTS OF
AERB ( PDSC & CESC )
-3-
! "
-4-
BHARATIYA NABHIKIYA VIDYUT NIGAM LIMITED
2
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-8-
1.1.1. SCOPE
1.1.2. APPLICABILITY
- 10 -
1.2.1. DEFINITIONS
2
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2
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8 & (11-(3 -'% &(4 '( 3 3, '% & *) 8 & & - '(3 -2 & =& 3' 1('(3 5
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- 16 -
1.2.2. ABBREVIATIONS
-'% &(4 , 32
)
,,('( 3 %( 8 3 (3 &
' .(2 3 & ) ..(11( 3
$ ' .(2 3 & ) - ' &)$ &,
. &(23 2
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$! $% & '() *%(+() (,)
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$ $-& - 8 3,( 3 ' 3, &,1
$ $ 32 8 3'
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31'&-2
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: 3, 31 & (3 : ' &
%( 8 3 (3 &
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' &
D 3'& 2
'1 3, ' &( 1 3 . 3'
> /0 >(& 2
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231'&-2
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> > 1( 3 6 &'
> > 1( 3 % 3 '(2
> $ >( 1 3 & ' & $-(,(3
> /0 >(& 2
' &/ 2
%3(2 0
$ 2
'&(2 $-(,(3
3 (3 &(3 % 3 '(2
3 (3 &(3 % 3 9- 1'
.* ,, , &'1
;D ;(3 32 D 2
2-3'1
;$ ;- $-(,(3
; ;( , % 3 '(2
; ;( , 3 (3 &(3
; ; = % '
3 & 11 .*)
3' &3 '( 3 ' .(2 3 & ) 32
)
- 17 -
3,(& 3,%( 3'& 8 & ' .(2 1 &2
%
3A &7(2 316 2
'( 3
3,( 3 2
( ')8 & 3A, 1'&-2
'(7 1'(3
' & 3'& 3' &
3 . 3' 38 &. '( 3 )1' .
' 66(2*
> 3 > 1'&-2
'(7 I.(3 '( 3
3A 38 &. 32 6 &'
-2 & =& &6 & '( 3 8 3,( ',
-2 & ' . -66) )1' .
> & <2
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' &
& <2
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;$ & ' ')6 ; 1' $& ,& 2
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& A &7(2 316 2
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16 31(* & 3(1 '( 3
(' 11 .*) % 6
$ &7(2 $-(,(3
$ ' . 3 & ' & $-(,(3
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-. 3'
$ -&*(3 $-(,(3
- 18 -
1.3.1. PROGRAMME RESPONSIBILITY
$! * (3 '% 5 (1 & 16 31(* 8 & 6& 6 & '( 3 3,(.6 . 3' '( 3 8 '% 7&
& & .. % & 16 31(*((')8 & '% & & .. (3 '% & 8 > 1( 3 (1 =('%
5 5> =%(2
% (1 '% &(32
(6 > 1( 3 & 3(4 '( 3
% 23'& 2
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& & .. 8 & '% = &+1 = &, , ' '% . (3 ' &.1 8 '% & 16 2
'(7 23'& 2
'
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& & .. 8 $! 3,'% 1 =( * & 7( = ,8 & , 9- 2
) 3, 2
26' ,*)
$! ! = 7&5 $! & ' (31 '% 7& & 16 31(*((') 8 & '% 1
& & .. 1
STATEMENT
% - (') (2
) 8 $! 8 &.1 6 &' 8 '%(1 3-
1.3.3. ORGANISATION
- 19 -
11(1' 32 8 ! ,1 8 & & 16 31(* 8 & 7 7(3 6 (2
( 15 1 3, *<2
'(71
8 & $! % 1 & (3 '-&3 66& 7,*) > $! % ! ,1 8 & 2
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& -6 3, (3 2
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(3, 6 3, 3' )& 6 &' ' >(& 2
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(3, 6 3, 3' 8 '% & -61 & 16 31(* 8 & I2
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'% = &+5 (3 21 8 7( '( 3 8 & 9-(& . 3'1
% '= >(& 2
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% ) & 231(, & , & 16 31(* 3 -% ' 31-& 88 2
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3-8 2
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6& 211 , (3 231-' '( 3 =('% 5 ! ,1 8 ,(88 & 3' 8-32
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2
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;-32
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%&'()
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1' 1 8 2
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31'&-2
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- 21 -
• 7( = 3, (11- 8 & A1 &7(2 3, 3A1 &7(2 316 2
'( 3 & & ..
> 2
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26' 32 8 - (') )1' . 3- 1 8 3, &1 3, -*A
73, &1 1 66(2*
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(.6 . 3' '( 3 8 $! - (') 3 . 3' )1' . (3 3 & 3,8 &
16 2
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3 . 3' )1' . =('%(3 $! 3, ' 3, &1 3, -*A73, &1
6 21 + 2&& 2
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6 &8 &. 32 7 - '( 3 (32-,(3 && 3 (3 B 2&&)(3 -' 6& A23'& 2
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- 23 -
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CHAIRMAN &
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DIRECTOR
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1.3.5. QA PROGRAMME
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- 36 -
1.3.6. QA PROGRAMME REVIEWS
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- 37 -
1.4.1. DOCUMENT CONTROL
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2
&('(2 9-(6. 3' 1% * 9- (8( ,8 & '% (& -1 *)16 2
( '& (3(3 & *) I6 &( 32
- 48 -
, 3'(8(2'( 3 3'& 8 ' &( B 9-(6. 3'
'% . ' &( 3, 9-(6. 3' (32-,(3 6 &' )8 *&(2' , 11 .*( 1 1% * (, 3'(8( ,
=('% 6& 6 & 3-.* & B . &+(3 ' 1% * 31-& ,'% ' '% (, 3'(8(2'( 3 (1 . (3' (3 ,
('% & 3 '% (' . & 3 & 2&,1 '& 2 * ' (' .15 '%& - % -' 1' & 5 8 *&(2'( 35
' 1'(3 3, (31' '( 3 % 1 . 1-& 1 1% * , 1( 3 , ' 6& 73' '% -1 8
(32&& 2
' & ,8 2
'(7 (' .1 3, (' .1 =%(2
% % 7 3 ' & 2(7, '% & 9-(& ,
I.(3 '( 35 ' 1' & (316 2
'( 31 % (, 3'(8(2'( 3 . &+1 1% * 66( ,-1(3 . '% ,1
3, . ' &( 1 =%(2
% 1% * (* 3, 3 ' , '&(. 3' ' '% (' . (37 7, %
(, 3'(8(2'( 31 1% * . &+, 3 & 1 1 1 3 ' ' (3' &8 & =('% '% 8-32
'( 3 &
9- (') 16 2
' 8 '% (' .
2
'(7('( 1 88 2
'(3 9- (') (3 '% & 1 8 . 3-8 2
'-&(3 5 (' 231'&-2
'( 35
2..(11( 3(3 3, 11 2
( ' , B & 23'& , (3 2
2&, 32 =('% 16 2
(8( ,
& 9-(& . 3'1 ' . ' '% , 1( 3 (3' 3'
31 =('% 3'& (3'1 ? & 7( =5 =('3 11 3, % , 6 (3'1 & 6& 6 & , 8 &
2
'(7('( 1 88 2
'(3 9- (')
HOUSE KEEPING
! -1 N 6(3 3,2 3 (3 11 & 31-& ,'%& - % -' '% 6 3' =('% 7( = ' . (3' (3
9- (') 8 (' .1 ,-&(3 1' & B 8 *&(2'( 3 B 1(' 231'&-2
'( 3 B (31' '( 3 B
2..(11( 3(3 3'& 8 37(& 3. 3' 23,('( 31 3, 2
211 ' 7&( -1 & 1 (1
31-& , -2 & 2 3 & 1 B 2 3 4 3 1 B ,-1' 8& & 1 & 2 & )(, 3'(8( , 3,
2
211 ' 1-2
% & 1 (1 & -' ,
211 &)% -1 + 6(3 3, 2 3 (3 11 6& 2,-& 1 & (11- , (7(3 ,' ( 1 8 '%
1' 61 ' * ' +3 3,'% 32
( 1 & 16 31(* 8 & 7&( -1 1' 61
- 49 -
"
2
'(7('( 1 88 2
'(3 9- (') & 7&(8( ,8 & 2.6( 32 =('% '% 16 2
(8( ,& 9-(& . 3'1
' (1 31-& , '% ' &1 33 (37 7, (3 ' 1+ 7&(8(2'( 3 1% 3 ' % 7 3) ,(& 2
'
& 16 31(*((')8 & ' 1+6 &8 &. 32 3' &3 3, I' &3 7&(8(2'( 31 & 2&&( , -'
I
' &3 7&(8(2'( 3 (1 , 3 8 3'& 2
' &1@ 2
'(7('( 1 % I' 3' 8 1-2
% 7&(8(2'( 3
1% * * 1 , 3 '% (.6 &' 32 8 '% (' . & 1 &7(25 & ' ,' 1 8 ')
7&(8(2'( 3 2
'(7('( 1 & 6 &8 &. , 1 6 & 66& 7,7&(8(2'( 3 6 31 (3 '% 8 &. 8
- (') 11-& 32 31 % 1 - (') 11-& 32 31 1% F
• , 3'(8)& 8 & 32 , 2
-. 3'1 (32-,(3 = &+6& 2,-& 1
• , 3'(8) 2
% 7&(8(2'( 3 6 (3' 3, (3,(2' ('1 & '(7 1 9- 32 (3 '% = &+
2
)2 B 6& 211 1' 1
• , 3'(8)'% 2
% & 2
' &(1'(2
1 ' * 7&(8( , ' 2
% 6 (3' 3, (3+(' ' (3,(7(,-
6& 2,-&
• 3,(2' (3' &8 21 =('% '% & 7&(8(2'( 3 6 31 3,16 2
(8)% = '% )1% *
23'& ,
- 50 -
1.5.5. CALIBRATION AND CONTROL OF MEASURING AND TEST EQUIPMENT
% & 2&, 8 2 (*& '( 3 1% * . (3' (3 , 3 '% . 1-&(3 3,' 1' 9-(6. 3'5
6& 8 & *) (3 '% 8 &. 8 ,% 1(7 *1 & 3 & 2&,1 '& 2 * ' '%
9-(6. 3' % * 1 1% % 7 ' 1' 8 =(3 , ' ( 1 FA
% . 1-&(3 3,' 1' 9-(6. 3' 8 -3, -'A 8A2 (*& '( 3 & 8 -3,, . ,1% *
, 6 1(' ,* 2
+(3 '% 1 2
'( 3 1' & 15 =('% ('1 23,('( 3 =&('' 3 3 3 '' 2
% ,'
' .1 & ,) 2
26' ,*)-1(3 '% 1 -'A 8A2 (*& '( 3 9-(6. 3' 1% * 11 11 ,
8 & '% (& 2
26' *((') 3,1-(' * (38 &. '( 3 1% * 2..-3(2' ,' '% 88 2
' ,
& -61 B 23'& 2
' &1 8' & & 6 (&5 '% 1 . 1-&(3 D ' 1' 9-(6. 3' 1% * 2
% 2
+,
8 & 2 (*& '( 35 3,(8 8 -3,1 '(18 2
' &)5 '% )1% * . , 7( * 8 & -1 & 2&,
8 & A2 (*& '( 3 1% * . , 1 , 8(3 , * 7 <2
' ,. 1-&(3 3, ' 1'
9-(6. 3' 1% * 1' & ,1 6 & ' )(3 '% 1 2
'( 3 1' & 1 =('% ('1 23,('( 3 =&('' 3 3
3 '' 2
% ,' % & <2
' ,' 1 B 9-(6. 3' =%(2
% 1% * * ) 3,& 6 (& 1% *
, 6 1(' , ' '% 3'& ' & 1 8 & 8(3 ,(16 1
- 51 -
>-&(3 3)' 1'(3 B 2 (*& '( 3 2
% 2
+5 =% 3 , 7( '( 31 * ) 3, 6& 12
&(* , (.('1 &
,' 2
' ,5 3 7 - '( 3 1% * . , 8 '% 7 (,(') 8 6& 7( -1 . 1-& . 3'1 3,
' 1'15 3, 2
26' 32 8 ' 1' ,(' .1 1% *& 11 11 ,
% 2
-&& 3' 1' '-1 (1 (3,(2' , *)'% -1 8 . &+(3 15 1' .615 ' 15 * 15 & -'(3
2&,15 (316 2
'( 3 & 2&,15 6%)1(2 2'( 3 3, '% & 1-(' * . 315 =%(2
% 23 (3,(2'
2
26' *((') & 3 3A238 &. 32 8 (' .1 =('% & &,' 7&(8(2'( 31 6 &8 &. ,
8 2.6 3 3'1 3, 1)1' .1 (1 2&&( , -' -1(3 66& 7, 6& 2,-& 1 ' 1' 1
(, 3'(8( ,*) ,2
-. 3' (11- ,*) 5 % 2 (*& '( 3 * 2
+1 -1 ,,-&(3
& (, 3'(8( ,8 & '% (& '& 2 *((') 3,6& 1 &7,8 & 8-'-& -1 ,-&(3 3 &7(2
316 2
'( 3 / 0,-&(3 '% 6 & '( 3 6% 1
AUDIT
.6& % 31(7 1)1' . 8 3' &3 D I' &3 - (') -,(' (1 1' *(1% ,(3 &, & '
11 11 '% 88 2
'(73 11 8 '% & & .. 1 . 3'( 3 ,(3 '%(1 3-
- 52 -
3 -,(' . =('% . , & (1 231'('-' ,<(3' )*)>(& 2
' & /0 3,>(& 2
' & /0
B >
I
' &3 -,('1 & 6 &8 &. ,(3 1-2
% . 33 & '% ' '% 3'& 2
' &1 8 $! &
27 & , ' 1' 32 (3 ) &
3 ,,('( 35 -,('1 & 2&&( , -' -3, & '% 8 =(3 23,('( 31J
• :% 3 (' (1 3 211 &) ' 7&(8) (.6 . 3' '( 3 8 & 9-(& , 2&& 2
'(7
2
'( 3J
• :% 3 1( 3(8(23' 2
% 3 1 & . , (3 '% 8-32
'( 3 & 1 8
6& & .. 5 1-2
% 1 1( 3(8(23' & A & 3(4 '( 3 & 1( 3(8(23' & 7(1( 31 8
'% 6& 2,-& J
• :% 3 (' (1 1-16 2
' , '% ' '% 9- (') 8 '% (' . & 1 &7(21 (1 (3
< 6 &,) =(3 ' , 8(2
( 32
)5 ('% & (3 '% & 9-(& . 3'1 & '%
(.6 . 3' '( 3 8 6& & .. 5 3,
• 31-& 2.6( 32 =('% '% *1 &7'( 31 8 - ' &) 316 2
'( 3
% , 8(2
( 32
( 1 (, 3'(8( , 3,*& - %' -' *) -,(' ' . = -,* ,,& 11 ,' F
• > ' &.(3 '% 2-1 /
10
• 31'('-' 2&& 2
'(7 2
'( 31
• 2
'(8), 8(2
( 32
( 1
• 7( = (.6 . 3' '( 3 6 (2
( 1 & 9-(& , ' (.(3 ' & 2
-&& 32 8
, 8(2
( 32
( 1
• .6 &' '& (3(3 ' 6 &1 33 1 3 211 &)
• > 2
-. 3' -,(' & 6 &'1 3,2&& 2
'(7 2
'( 31 ' +3
- 53 -
% -,(' 6 &'1 =( * ,(1'&(*-' , ' ;-32
'( 3 >(& 2
' &1 8 $! 5 ! ,1 8
& -61 (3 $! 5 1(, 3' ! ,1 8 3'& 2
' &1 ' 1(' /3 ) 3 -,('1 6 &' (3(3 '
'% 16 2
(8(223'& 2
' &0
5 8 & 31-&(3 (.6 . 3' '( 3 8 & 2.. 3, '( 31 (3 '(. )
. 33 &
% & 16 31(*((')8 & 2.6( 32 3, (.6 . 3' '( 3 8 '% & 2.. 3, '( 3 (1 =('%
& 16 2
'(7 >(& 2
' &1
ASSESSMENT
8 11 11. 3' 3, (3, 6 3, 3' 11 11. 3' & 6 33 , (3 &, & ' 6& 7(,
238(, 32 3,' ' + '(. )2&& 2
'(7 2
'( 31 & 1 1-2
% 1 (3' &8 2 . 3 . 3'5
1 8 ')5 % -1 + 6(3 5 '& (3(3 3,9- (8(2'( 3 8 6 &1 33 5 6& 1 &7'( 3 8 (31' ,
9-(6. 3' 3,& 2&,1 8 2
( (') & 11 11 ,8 & '% (& , 9- 2
) 3,(.6& 7. 3'1 (8 3)
11 11. 3' (1 2&&( , -' ' 1' 32 ) & *) 6 3 . 3' . 231'('-' ,*)
> % & 1-'1 8 11 11. 3' & 2..-3(2' ,' >5 >(& 2
' &1 D & -6! ,1
- 54 -
#
0 % 9-(6. 3' B . ' &( B (' .1 3 ' 238 &.(3 ' '% 16 2
(8( ,& 9-(& . 3'1
1% * 23'& , 1 6 & 66& 7,3 3A238 &. 32 23'& 6& 2,-& ' 6& 73' '% (&
(3 ,7&' 3' -1 32
( 1 (37 7, (3 6& 2
-& . 3'5 . 3-8 2
'-& 5 8 *&(2'( 35
(316 2
'( 3 B ' 1'(3 3, & 2
'( 3 B (31' '( 3 2
'(7('( 1 1% * & 9-(& ,' % 7 '% (&
=3 3 3A238 &. 32 23'& 6& 2,-& 1 232
-&& ,*); 3,& 16 2
'(7
*0 3 3A238 &. 321 *1 &7,1% * & 2&, ,(3 '% (316 2
'( 3 & 6 &' 3,'%
3 3A238 &.(3 . ' &( B (' .1 1% * (, 3'(8( , 3, +6' 1(, -3'( '% 3 3
238 &. 32 & & 1 7, % & 1 31 8 & 3 3A238 &. 321 1% * (, 3'(8( , 3,
2&& 2
'(7 2
'( 3 1% * ' +3 ' 7 (,'% (& & 2
-&& 32 ; =2
% &' 8 & ,(16 1('( 3 8
3 3A238 &. 32 (1 (73 (3 6 A " % 8 &. ' 8 3 38 &. 32 6 &' (1 (73
(3 6 A #D
2
0 3 3A238 &. 321 1% * & 7( = , 3,, 7( '( 31 1% * 6& 211 , ; &
,(16 1('( 3 8 3 3A238 &. 3215 & 2.. 3, '( 3 3 '% 1 1% * 6& 6 1 , *)
231'&-2
'( 3 32
( 15 '% 1 . 1% * 232
-&& ,*) 3,8(3 66& 7 B 66& 7
1 3 ' , B & <2
'( 3 1% * , 3 *);( , 3 (3 & O66& 7, 1 3 ' ,@ 1 1%
1-(' *)* 2 1 , 3,& (1' & , % 7&( -1 ,(16 1('( 3 . '% ,1 1% * 3 8 '%
8 =(3 F
• 2
26' =('% -' . ,(8(2'( 3 ? %(1 , 2
(1( 3 1% * (73 =% 3 (' (1 1' *(1% ,
'% ' '% 6& 6 1 ,, 7( '( 3 1% 3 ' & 1-' (3 3)(.6 (&. 3' 8 9- (') 3,1%
3 ' % 7 3) ,7&1 88 2
' 3 ('1 8-32
'( 3 & 9-(& . 3'1
• A= &+? % 6& 211 *)=%(2
% 3 3A238 &. 32 (' . (1 . , ' 238 &.
' 6&( & 16 2
(8( , & 9-(& . 3' *) & A. 2
%(3(3 5 & A 11 .*(3 & '% &
2&& 2
'(7 . 31
• 6 (& ? % 6& 211 8 & 1' &(3 3 3A238 &.(3 (' . ' 23,('( 3 1-2
%
• <2
'? ' ' * -1 ,8 & ('1 (3' 3, ,6-&6 1
- 55 -
3)1( 3(8(23' , 1( 3 23211( 3 3 (' .1 (.6 &' 3' ' 8 ')=( * *& - %' ' '%
3 '(2 8 $
- 56 -
FLOW CHART FOR DISPOSITION OF NON-
CONFORMANCE
COMPLETION OF
ACTIVITY
REVIEW BY QA
Reject
Acceptable, Submit NCR
DISPOSITION BY
FE GROUP
Approved Modify
NCR REVIEW
REPAIR OR
REWORK
Approved as noted conditional *
acceptance
Acceptance INSPECTION
NCR REGISTATION
AND
DISTRIBUTION NCR
REGISTRATION/
DISTRIBUTION
CLEARANCE
FOR NEXT STAGE
SCRAP
- 57 -
Page-1 of 2
NON-CONFORMANCE REPORT
Application for disposition of non-conformances
P.O. No.(See Note-1 on back side) …….
NCR No. ……………………………
Project/USI No. ……………………
Contractor / Sub- Contractor …….Component/System/Structure/Item
………
Manf / Contractor’s Ref. No. ……………. Spec.No./Drg. No. ………….
Equipment / Tag No………………………….. P.O. Item No. …………………
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Details of Proposed Concession: (See Note-2 on back side)
This request does not involve a change in contract price…………
Estimated cost …………..
(Name, Designation, Date and seal ) Requested by……………………….
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Quality Surveyor’s comments (See Note-3 on back side)
Name………………… Original signed ……………. Date…………..
NOTES:
(Name, Designation & Date) Indentor / Designer / Consultant / FE
Immediate Superior/ACE / CE/ Head, FE
Distribution: CONSTRUCTION
Indenting group………. Head of Concerned Construction group ……
REG/IGCAR…..………. Head (QA)………………..
Consultant…………….. Head (FE) ………………..
Quality Surveyor……… Head, Site Planning Group………………………
Contractor …………….. History Docket ………..
- 58 -
Page-2 of 2
NON-CONFORMANCE REPORT
- 59 -
$
- 60 -
&' (3 & 2&,1 1-2
% 1 & A &7(2 316 2
'( 3 * 1 (3 , ' 1% * 3 & ' , 3,
. (3' (3 ,*)1(' & -6
% & 16 2
'(7 231'&-2
'( 3 & -61 1% 8 &.- ' '% (& & 2&, 3, , 2
-. 3' '( 3
23'& 6& 2,-& 1
31'&-2
'( 3 .6 '( 3 > 2
-. 3'1
31'&-2
'( 3 .6 '( 3 &'(8(2' 1 / 10 3, )1' . & 318 & > 2
-. 3'1 / >10
1% * 6& 6 & , *) '% 231'&-2
'( 3 & -6 3, 8' & 232
-&& 32 *) 3, ;
1-*.('' ,' 2
%3(2 &7(21 % , 8 D & -6 % 1 , 2
-. 3'1 1% * 6& 6 & ,
1 6 & 66& 7,6& 2,-& 1
1.7.4. INDEX
3(7&1 -*<2
' 3, I / 0 1)1' . (1 8 = , 8 & (, 3'(8(2'( 3 8 & 2&,1 3
,,('( 35 '% (3, I1)1' . 1 (3,(2' 1 '% ')6 8 & 2&,5 2'( 3 8 & 2&,(3 1' &
& '2
2&,1 =%(2
% 1% * & 9-(& ,8 & '% 3'(& (8 8 '% 6 3' & 8 & ' 1' '% (8 '(.
8 '% 6 &'(2
- & (' . (3 &, & ' . ' 3 &. & 8 '% 8 =(3 *<2
'(71
- 61 -
0 , . 31'& ' 26 *((')8 & 1 8 6 & '( 3
*0 3 * . (3' 3 325 & = &+5 & 6 (&5 & 6 2. 3' & . ,(8(2'( 3 8 3 (' .
2
0 , ' &.(3 '% 2-1 8 3 2
2(, 3' & . 8-32
'( 3 8 3 (' .
,0 6& 7(, & 8 & 32 , ' 3,, 2
-. 3' 8 & (3A1 &7(2 (316 2
'( 3
0 8 2
( (' ' , 2..(11( 3(3
2&,15 =%(2
% 1% * 3 211 &)' , . 31'& ' 2
2.6(1%. 3' 8 '% 2
'(7(')(3
2
2&, 32 =('% '% 16 2
(8(2'( 3 & 9-(& . 3'1 1% * & ' (3 , '( '% 1)1' .1 &
'& 318 && ,8& . 231'&-2
'( 3 ' 2..(11( 3(3 & -6
% (1' 8 6 &. 3 3' B 3 3A6 &. 3 3' & 2&,1 3, '% (& & ' 3'( 3 6 &( , 1% *
23'& ,(3 2
2&, 32 =('% '% 66& 7,6& 2,-&
% 1 & '% & 2&,1 3 ' 8 (3 (3 '% * 7 '= 2' &( 15 *-' 3 & ' , ,-&(3
231'&-2
'( 3 6 &( ,' 1 &7 1 7(, 32 8 & 1 '(18 2
' &)2.6 '( 3 8 '% 2
'(7('( 1
1.7.7. DISPOSAL
&( ,(2& 7( =1 8 '% & 2&,1 & 2&&( , -' (3 &, & ' = , -' -33 211 &)& 2&,1
3, & ,(16 1 , 8 *)1%& ,,(3 B(32
(3 & '( 3 8' & 2&'(8(2'( 3 *) -'% &(4 ,6 &1 31
0 2
211 23'& 8 & 6 &1 31
*0 ,)& '&( 7 8 3), 1(& ,& 2&,1
2
0 316 2
'( 3 3,. (3' 3 32 8 & 2&,1
- 62 -
316 2
'( 3 8 '% 1' & 8 2
( (')1% * -3, &' +3 ' 1' '=(2 ) & ' 31-&
'% '5
/
(0 % 8 2
( (')1% * , 9- ' 3,'% 3 211 &) 37(& 3. 3' 3, '% &
& ' 2
'(7 . 1-& 1 & (3 88 2
'
/
((0 % & 2&,1 & -6, ' ,& - &)
/
(((0 .6(3 (316 2
'( 3 8 & 2&,1 (1 , 3 ' 2
% 2
+ 16 2
'1 1-2
% 1 & 2(6'5
23'& 5 & '&( 7*((') 3, 1 ' 31-& '% ' & 2&,1 & 3 ' , ' &( & '(3 ,-
' (.6& 6 & % 3,(3 & 1' & 6& 2
'(21
; & '% 6-&6 1 8 1' & 8 > 2
-. 3'1 3, 2&,1 . 3' 8 & '% (8 '(. 8 '%
3'5 6 &. 3 3' 1' & 8 2
( (') 1% * 1' *(1% , 6&( & ' 2.. 32. 3' 8
2..(11( 3(3 2
'(7('( 1
316 2
'( 3 8 '% 2&,1 (1 2&&( , -' 3 23'(3- * 1(1 *)6 &1 31 & 16 31(* 8 &
1' & 8 & 2&,1 % 1 & 1 (316 2
' , *)'% & -6 ' 1' 32 (3 '%&
. 3'%1 2&,1 8 (316 2
'( 3 & . (3' (3 ,
- 63 -
QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
INDEX
>
> >
;; >
A ; "
"
# ; ! >
;>
- 64 -
QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
3 & 16 2
'1 8 - (') 11-& 32 ,-&(3 '% 6& <2
' 231'&-2
'( 3 6% 1 7(4 3 &
& 9-(& . 3'15 7&( -1 8-32
'( 31 (+ . 3 . 3'5 6 &8 &. 325 7&(8(2'( 3 3,
2&& 2
'(7 8-32
'( 315 & 2&,15 & 3(1 '( 3 2
% &'1 '2 & 27& ,(3 % 6' & 8 '%(1
. 3-
3,(7(,- 6 2
+ 23'& 2
' &1 1% 6& 6 & '% (& =3 - (') 11-& 32 3- 1 (3 (3
=('% '%(1 . 3- 8 $!
(1'1 8 6& 2,-& 15 - (')6 315 8 &. '15 '26 &' (3(3 ' '%(1 2
% 6' & &
66 3, , ' '%(1 2
% 6' & % 23'& 2
' & 1% 6& 6 & '% ,2
-. 3'1 1-2
% 1
. 3- 15 6& 2,-& 15 6 315 8 &. '1 '2 3,1-*.(' ' 231'&-2
'( 3 & -6 8
$! 8 & 66& 7 % 23'& 2
' & 1% 6 &8 &. '% 231'&-2
'( 3 2
'(7('( 1 1 6&
'% 1 66& 7,, 2
-. 3'1
& 6 & '( 3 8 8 -3, '( 3 6&( & ' 6 2. 3' 8 232
& ' (1 %( % )16 2
( (1 ,= &+
31-& 1 '(18 2
' &)6 &8 &. 32 8 '% = &+5 (' (1 3 211 &)' % 7 7&)1'&(3 3'
- (') 11-& 32 6& & ..
<&*;*-
).(
:% & 7& 3 , ,5 '% 1(, 1 8 '% I27'( 3 1% * '(.* & , 3,1% & ,-6*)
6& 6 & . '% , -2
% 1% &(3 1% * 2 1 , & 6 3 ')6 , 6 3,(3 -6 3 '% 3 '-&
8 '% 1 ( 3,, 6'% 8 6(' & '& 32
% I27'( 3 (3 % &,& 2
+1% * 3 & ), 3
*) * 1'(3 3, =% & * 1'(3 (1 3 ' 6 11(* 5 '% & 2
+ 1% * & . 7, *)
2
%(1 (3 5 = , (3 5 6(2
+(3 5 * &&(3 & *) '% & 66& 7,. '% ,1
+
*0-
)(3
$ 1'(3 1 & 9-(& ,1% * 2&&( , -' 3 )*) 2.6 ' 3' 3, I6 &( 32,1-6 &7(1 &
3, (231 ,* 1' &5 ' * .6 ),*)'% 23'& 2
' & :% & 7& & 9-(& ,5 23'& ,
* 1'(3 1% * , 6' , 8 & & ,-2
(3 7& *& + 3, 8 & 6& 73'(3 ,. ' '%
& 2
+
& ' 2
'(7 . 1-& 1 1-2
% 1 -1 8 .-88 &1 1% * & 1 &' ,' 6& 73' & 2
+6( 21
8& . 8 )(3 88 3A 2
'&(2* 1'(3 =( * -1 ,8 & I27'(3 '% & 2
+
& 2
-& . 3' 8 * 1'(3 . ' &( 5 1' & 5 6& 2-'( 31 ,-&(3 3, 8' & * 1'(3 5
(.(' '( 315 . (3' 3 32 8 I6 1(7 . 4(3 5 '& 316 &' 8 I6 1(715 ,(16 1
8 , ' &( & ' , I6 1(715 '2 1% 238 &. ' '% & 73' 16 2
(8(2'( 31 3,
,(& 2
'( 31 8 1' '-' &) -'% &('( 1
- 66 -
%=*-
%,)
(3
> = ' &(3 1% * 2&&( , -' ' 31-& '% ' '% I27'( 3 3, 1'&-2
'-& & 8&
8& . = ' & ' 1' 1 8 231'&-2
'( 3 3, . 1-& 1 ' I2-, & -3,= ' & 3,
= ' & 8& . '% & 1 -&21 1-2
% 1 -3, & & -3, 1'& .15 9-(8( &15 16&(3 15
&' 1( 315 6& 2
(6(' '( 3 & (38( '& '( 3 8& . '% 1-&8 2 8 & '2 > = ' &(3 1% *
2&&( , -' '% & - % )' . (3' (3 I27' ,6 &'( 31 & 1 3 *),&)*)-1 8 1-(' *
6-.61 & * ( (3 -' = ' & 3,1 -1% . 3- ) & *) '% & 66& 7,. 31
.(0.+
)5*-
).( ,
.1-
)(3
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> > !
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; > >
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& 2
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. 3' 1' 6 &'
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- 80 -
FLOW CHART SHOWING PRODUCTION OF
GOOD UNIFORM CONCRETE
RESISTANCE TO
RESISTANCE TO ADVERSE
WEAR CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
RESISTANCE TO
WEATHERING
DURABILITY
GOOD
UNIFORM
CONCRETE
STRENGTH
ECONOMY
- 81 -
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX
STRUCTURAL
REQUIREMENTS
CHARACTERISTIC
STRENGTH
ACCEPTED
DEGREE OF FAILURE
TARGET MEAN
QUALITY PROBABILITY
STRENGTH
CONTROL FACTORS
EXPOSURE
QUALITY OF DURABILITY
WATER CEMENT
CHEMICAL CONDITIONS
RATIO
ATTACK,
SIZE OF POUR AGE AT WHICH
STRENGTH IS
WATER CONTENT PER M 3 REQUIRED
CONSISTENCY % OF FINE TO TOTAL
REQUIREMENTS VOLUME OF AGGREGATE
% OF AIR SIZE, SHAPE AND
TYPE OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
QUANTITIES OF CONCRETE
INGRADIENTS IN M3
- 82 -
QUALITY ASSURANCE IN MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION
INDEX
>
> D "
"
5 5 >
: N > N $ 5 >
$ A !
A ; "
A ; ""
> ; "#
; > > #
> #
#
; ; >
A #
" > ; #
# > ! #
; $ B ! C$ #
5 $ > ; #
: N
5 $ > ; #"
: N
5 $ > ; $ A
! : N
- 83 -
3.
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% 6' & , 12
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-(, (3 1 3 6& 211 23'& 2
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'( 35 (31' '( 35 (316 2
'( 3 3,
' 1'(3 8 . 2
% 3(2 = &+1 2&&( , -' *)'% 8 =(3 231'&-2
'( 3 & -61 3,'%
23'& 2
' &1 -3, & '% (& 23'& F
3 & 16 2
'1 8 - (') 11-& 32 ,-&(3 '% 6& <2
' 231'&-2
'( 3 6% 1 7(4 3 &
& 9-(& . 3'15 7&( -1 8-32
'( 31 1-2
% 1 . 3 . 3'5 6 &8 &. 325 7&(8(2'( 3 3,
2&& 2
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% &'1 & 7( * (3 % 6' & 8 '%(1
. 3-
@
@ A B B
@
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)2)
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9-(6. 3' B . ' &( 1 & 2(7,8& . 73, &1@1% 61 3,. 3-8 2
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3 & )(37 7 8 =(3 1' 1F
- 84 -
*(12
*&-
1,)
(3.2 C1)
96%(-> 40-
%60 7 )
9)(38
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6& 6 & , * 1 , 3 66(2* 66& 7, ,& =(3 15 16 2
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1' 3, &,1 3,1% * 66& 7,*)'% -&2
% 1 & % 1 , ' ( ,(88 & 3'
1' 1 37(1 ,(3 '% . 3-8 2
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6& 2,-& 1 3,6 &1 33 9- (8(2'( 315 231-. * 15 ) -' 3,2
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'(7 I.(3 '( 35 %),& 1' '(2 ' 1' B
63 -. '(2' 1'15 1-&8 2 '& '. 3' 1-2
% 1, & 1(3 5 6(2
+(3 3,6 11(7'( 35
% (-. +' 1'(3 5 6 (3'(3 '2 1 6 & '% 16 2
(8(2'( 3 & 9-(& . 3'1 % 1
1 16 2
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/ 31'&-2
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66& 7, ' 66& 6&( ' 71 8 & & 73' 2
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% 1 . 3-8 2
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= ,(3 5 3 3A, 1'&-2
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63 -. '(2' 1'5 1-&8 2 '& '. 3' 1-2
% 1 , & 1(3 5 6(2
+(3 3,6 11(7'( 35
% (-. +' 1'(3 5 6 (3'(3 '25 (1' ,(3 31
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1% * 2&& ' , 3, =% & 7& 2&& '( 3 (1 3 ' 6 11(* & =% 3 ' 1'
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16 2
(8(2'( 3 1% * 2&&( , -'
(70 ( 3. 3'5 8('A-65 = ,(3 3,1' > 2
'(7('( 1 1% * 2&&( , -' &
1% * ' +3 ' 7 (,B .(3(.(4 ,(1' &'( 3 (3 '% = ,. 3' 3),(123'(3-(')
& 7 , ,-&(3 3 3A, 1'&-2
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,(123'(3-('( 1 & * ) 3, 2
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& 6 (& , & ' 31-& '% ' '% ,(123'(3-('( 15 (8 3)5 & =('%(3 2
26' *
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6& 2,-& 1 62
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7(0 3 2.6 '( 3 8 . 3-8 2
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1)1' . >& =(3 3 1 5 . ' &( 16 2
(8(2'( 3 3, > & 9-(& . 3' 1% * 2 &)
. 3'( 3 , * 8 & 2&&)(3 '% = &+ ; & 8& 1% . 3-8 2
'-&(3 B & 6 (& 8 6 &. 3 3'
6 3' (' .15 , ' ( ,(38 &. '( 3 1% * 8-&3(1% ,(3 '% 16 2
(8( ,8 &. '1 3 21 8
3 3A 7( *((') 8 ,& =(3 5 1+'2
% 1% =(3 & 73' , ' ( 1 ,-) 2
% 2
+, *)
232&3 , 3 (3 & 3, 66& 7, *) '% ;( , 3 (3 & 1% * '' 2
% , =('% '%
. 3-8 2
'-&(3 &, &
- 95 -
@
A B
- 96 -
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 6&(. &)1 ,(-. 6-.61
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 (3' &. ,( ' % ' I2
% 3 &1
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 & & ' ' * 6- 3,1. & ' ' * 6-
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 23'& 6-
• & 2,-& 8 & & 2
'( 3 8 '& 318 & &.5 ; 3,(3A711 '& 318 & . 2
%(3
• & 2,-& 8 & & 2
'( 3 8 > 3,> >
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 8- 3, '% & 1-*A 11 .*( 1 (3 '% 2&
• & 2,-& 8 & & 2
'( 3 8 1 23, &)1 ,(-. 6-.61
• & 2,-& 8 & & 2
'( 3 8 1' . 3 & ' &1
• & 2,-& 8 & 6 -&(3 8 232
& ' (31(, 8 1 *5 3,
,,('( 3 6& 2,-& 15 1 & 9-(& ,5 1% 1 * ,-)6& 6 & , 3, 66& 7,
1*+
)2
)&*-
).( .2 ,
.&%51,
%0
- (8(2'( 3 8 '% 6& 211 1 3,'% = &+6& 2,-& 1 1% * 2&&( , -' 1 16 2
(8( ,
3 ) '& (3 , 6 &1 31 1% * , 6-' , 8 & % 3,(3 2
&('(2 2.6 3 3'1 B ' +(3
. 1-& . 3'1 8 2
&('(2 ,(. 31( 31 3, 2&&)(3 -' 2&' (3 6 & '( 31 (+ 6& A
11 .*) 3, (31' '( 3 211 &) 9- (8(2'( 3 8 6& 2,-& 15 ' 1 3, 6 & ' &1
1% * 31-& ,6&( & ' , 6 ). 3' 8 '% 1 .
1*+
)2
)&*-
).(.2 9%&)
*+ ..+
0
; =(3 16 2
( ' 1 1% * 9- (8( ,6&( & ' , 6 ). 3' 3 6 & '( 31 & -1 F
• .6 & '-& . 1-&(3 , 7(21
• &( -1 2'(3 ' 1
• 6'(2 (31'&-. 3'1
• &( -1 . '& (2 (31'&-. 3'1
3 (3('( 9- (8(2'( 35 6 &( ,(21-&7( 32 2
% 2
+1 1% * 1 2&&( , -' 1 , 2 & ,
(3 7&( -1 = &+6& 2,-& 1 ' 31-& . (3' 3 32 8 2
2-& 2
) 8 '% ' 1
%9.,
-0
• : ,(3 (316 2
'( 3 & 6 &'1
• -66 &' 8 *&(2'( 3 & 6 &'1
• -66 &' & 2
'( 3 & 6 &'1
• ,( & 6%)(316 2
'( 3 & 6 &'1
• &9-(3 & 6 &'1
- 97 -
• ( 3. 3' & 6 &'1
• ;-32
'( 3 B &8 &. 32 ' 1' & 6 &'1
• 31' '( 3 2
% 2
+(1'1 B 11 .*)& 6 &'1
• -66 &' & 2
'( 3 & 6 &'1
• !),& 1' '(2' 1' B 63 -. '(2' 1' & 6 &'1
• -&8 2 '& '. 3' & 6 &'1
• ! (-. +' 1' & 6 &'1
• 31' '( 3 B & 2
'( 3 2.6 '( 3 2&'(8(2'
% 8 &. '1 8 & '% 1 & 6 &'1 1% * 6& 6 & , *) & -6 8 & 16 2
'(7
. 3-8 2
'-&(3 B = &+1 23'& 2
' &1 (3 231-' '( 3 =('% & -6 3, 1% *
66& 7,*)& 16 2
'(7 & -61 % 1 8 &. '1 1% * 8 3 &(23 '-& 62
(8(2
& 2&,8 &.1 ' 1-(' 16 2
(8(2 2
'(7('( 1 1% 8 &. 6 &' 8 '% & 2
'( 3 6& 2,-& 1
@
A B
,
.&%51,
%0
'% = &+1 3, 2
'(7
('( 1 1% * I2
-' , *) '% (6(3 & -6 1 6 & '% ,-)
66& 7,6& 2,-& 1 (1' ,* =F
- 98 -
1*+
)2
)&*-
).(.2 ,
.&%51,
%0
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)&*-
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0
; =(3 16 2
( ' 1 1% * 9- (8( ,6&( & ' '% (& , 6 ). 3' 3 '% 1 &7(2 3,
1 ,-&(3 '% 2-&1 8 '% (& -1 ' '% 8& 9- 32
) 1 , 12
&(* , (3 & 16 2
'(7 = &+
6& 2,-& 1F
• (6 * 3,(3 . 2
%(3 1
• 3A1('-1'& 11 & ( 7(3 1 'A-6
• 3A, 1'&-2
'(7 I.(3 '( 3 9-(6. 3'
• $ ' ' &9-(3 , 7(21
• 6'(2 (31'&-. 3'1
• 62
( . '& (2 ' 1
• & 11-& - 1
%9.,
-0
% 8 &. '1 8 & '% 1 & 6 &'1 1% * 6& 6 & , *) & -6 8 & 16 2
'(7
. 3-8 2
'-&(3 B = &+1 23'& 2
' &1 (3 231-' '( 3 =('% 6(6(3 & -6 3, 1% *
66& 7, *) / 31'&-2
'( 30 & -6 % 1 8 &. '1 1% * 8 3 &(2 3 '-&
62
(8(2& 2&,8 &.1 & 9-(& ,8 & 16 2
(8(2= &+1 3, 2
'(7('( 1 1% * 6& 6 & , 3,
66 3, ,' '% & 16 2
'(7 . 3-8 2
'-&(3 5 & 2
'( 3 3,(31' '( 3 6& 2,-& 1
@
. A B 7 .( *2
%-48
- 100 -
3, 9-(6. 3' 9- (8(2'( 315 3 3A, 1'&-2
'(7 I.(3 '( 3 '21% * 6 &8 &. ,*)
& -6 8 . 3-8 2
'-& &1 B = &+23'& 2
' &1 3,7&(8( , 3,2&'(8( ,*)& 16 2
'(7
& -61
,
.&%51,
%0
'% = &+1 3, 2
'(7
('( 1 1% * I2
-' ,*)'% $ A 2
% 3(2 & -6 1 6 & '%
,-) 66& 7,6& 2,-& 1 (1' ,* =F
1*+
)2
)&*-
).(.2 ,
.&%51,
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; =(3 16 2
(8(29- (8(2'( 31 1% * 2&&( , -'F
1*+
)2
)&*-
).(.2 9%&)
*+ ..+
0
; =(3 16 2
( ' 1 1% * 9- (8( ,6&( & ' '% (& , 6 ). 3' 3 1 &7(25 3, 1
,-&(3 '% 2-&1 8 '% (& -1 ' '% 8& 9- 32
) 1 , 12
&(* , (3 '% & 16 2
'(7 = &+
6& 2,-& 1B . 3- 1F
• '& 11 & ( 7(3 1 'A-6
• 3A, 1'&-2
'(7 I.(3 '( 3 9-(6. 3'1
• $ ' ' &9-(3 , 7(2
• 6'(2 31'&-. 3'1
• 62
(8(2. '& )' 1
• 3) '% & 9-(6. 3' B ' 1 (, 3'(8( ,
- 101 -
%9.,
-0
6 &'1 1% * (11- ,8 & 7&( -1 2 '(7('( 1 88 2
'(3 9- (') . 8 '% & 6 &'1 8 &
(32.(3 . ' &( (316 2 '( 35 . 3-8 2 '-&(3 5 = , &1@9- (8(2'( 35 = ,(316 2
'( 35
> '2 & (1' ,* =F
- 102 -
F
INDEX
>
> D
>
; ; B
"
> N $
; "
A ; #
A ;
; ; 5 >
>
> ;
>
;
A "
" > ; > #
> #
$ ;
>
; >
>
- 103 -
%(1 2
% 6' & , 12
&(* 1 '% 1 ( 3' 16 2
'1 8 '% 9- (') 11-& 32 6& & .. 3,
-(, (3 1 3 2
'&(2 231'&-2
'( 3 2
'(7('( 1 ,-&(3 231'&-2
'( 35 (31' '( 35 (316 2
'( 3
3, ' 1'(3 D 2..(11( 3(3 8 & ' , 2
'&(2 = &+1 2&&( , -' *) 2
'&(2
231'&-2
'( 3 & -6 3,'% 23'& 2
' &1 -3, & '% (& 23'& = &+1 1% * 2&&( ,
-' 1 6 & , 1( 3 ,& =(3 15 16 2
(8(2'( 315 2, 1 3,1' 3, &,1 % - (') 11-& 32
31 =( 27& '% 23'& 6 (3'1 8 & 9- (')& ' ,2
'(7('( 1
3 & 16 2
'1 8 - (') 11-& 32 ,-&(3 '% 6& <2
' 231'&-2
'( 3 6% 1 7(4 3 &
& 9-(& . 3'15 7&( -1 8-32
'( 31 1-2
% 1 . 3 . 3'5 6 &8 &. 325 7&(8(2'( 3 3,
2&& 2
'(7 8-32
'( 315 & 2&,1 3, & 3(4 '( 3 2
% &'1 & 27& ,(3 % 6' & 8 '%(1
. 3-
+
%&-
,)&*+ .(0-
,1&-
).(
2
'&(2 = &+1 2&&( , -' ' 1(' 23 * 2 11(8( ,(3' '% 8 =(3 1)1' .1F
- 104 -
% 88A1(' 6 = & 1)1' .1 8 & '% 1' '( 3 1 &7(21 27& '% &(,233 2
'( 31 3,'%
6 = & 72
- '( 3 12
% . 3, '% 6 = & 1-66)12
% . 1 8 & 7&( -1 1' '( 3 -I(( &)
,1 & 9-(& ,8 & '% 1' &'-65 6 = & 3,1%-', =3 6 & '( 31 8 '% 6 3'
% 6 3' =( * 233 2
' ,' '% .( ,-B -'% &3 & ( 3 &(,' '& 31.(' '%
6= & 3 & ' , 3, '% 1 233 2
'( 31 1 6& 7(, 88 ? 1(' 6 = & 1-66) ' '%
1' '( 3 + 1-*1' '( 3 =('% 8(7 3-.* &1 8 '& 31.(11( 3 (3 1 3,, -* 2
(&2
-('
'( 1 ' + *-1 & &&(7, '
11 6 = & 1-66) 1)1' . , &(71 ('1 6 = & 8& . ,(88 & 3' 1 -&21 8 1-66) 1
. 3'( 3 ,* =
• ;& . '% &(,'%& - % + B # + 1' '( 3 '& 318 &. &
• ;& . '% &(,'%& - % + B + 3 & ' & '& 318 &. & 3, 3-.* &1 8
B # + -3(' -I(( &)'& 318 &. & / 0=('% '% 3 & ' & *& +& +6' (3
6 3 6 1('( 3
• ;& . '% ' &.(3 1 8 '% '%& - % '% '= 3-.* &1 8 B #+ =% 3
'% 3 & ' &2
(&2
-(' *& +& (1 2 1 ,,-&(3 6 = & 3 & '( 3
% 2 11 + *-1 1 & 3 &. )1-66( ,8& . '% -3(' *-1 1 =('% '% *-1 2-6 &
8 2 11 + *-1 1 2 1 , 3,'% 8 , &1 8& . '% 1' '( 3 *-1 2
' 1 1' 3,*)
&( * 16 , ,&(71 & 6& 7(, ,8 & '% '= 6&(. &) 3,'= 1 23, &)1 ,(-.
6-.61 % 1-66)' '% 1 ,&(71 1)1' .1 8 & 3 &. 6 & '( 3 (1 8 ,8& . '% 2 11
*-1
% 1 ,(-. 2
(&2
-('1 & 6& 7(, ,=('% 2
'&(2 6& A% '(3 && 3 . 3' % 8 =(3
2
(&2
-('1 6& 7(, ,=('% 2
'&(2 6& A% '(3 & 1-66( ,8& . '% 2 11 *-1 1
• 8 ') & , , 2)% ' & . 7 1)1' . 6(6 (3 3, 9-(6. 3'
• &(. &)1 ,(-. 6-&(8(2'( 3 1)1' .1 ,-.6 (3 1
• !),& 3 +, ' 2
'( 3 1)1' . 6(6 (3 1 3, 9-(6. 3'
• ; 1' ,-.6 (3 1 (3 '% 1 23, &)1 ,(-. 1)1' .
*(12
*&-
1,)
(3.2 +
%&-
,)&*+ C1)
96%(-> 40-
%60
- 106 -
16 2
(8(2'( 3 & 9-(& . 3'1 % 1 1 16 2
(8) & 7( =5 =('3 11 3, % ,
6 (3'1 11( 3(3 & 16 31(*(('( 1 ' . 3-8 2
'-& &5 1-66( &5 = &+1 23'& 2
' & &
'% (& -'% &(4 , & 6& 1 3' '(715 & -61 8 $! 5 232&3 , 6& <2
'
I2
-'( 3 & -61 ' 1(' > ' ( , 6& 2,-& 15 2
% 2
+(1'1 3, ' 2
%3(9- 1% '1
1% * 8 &.- ' ,5 & 7( = , 3, 66& 7, 8 & & 73' 2
'(7('( 1 1-2
% 1
. 3-8 2
'-&(3 5 2
'&(2 3, . 2
% 3(2 ' 1'15 3 3 , 1'&-2
'(7 I.(3 '( 35
6 (3'(3 '2
• 3 66& 7 8 3,. 3-8 2
'-&(3 , 2
-. 3'15 '% 9-(6. 3' 1% * ' +3
-68 & . 3-8 2
'-&(3 3-8 2
'-& 3,1' (316 2
'( 31 1% 6& 2 , 1 6 &
'% 66& 7, 3,. 3-8 2
'-&(3 , 2
-. 3'1 3 '% 73' 8 3), 7( '( 31
, 1(& ,*). 3-8 2
'-& &1 B 6-&2
% 1 &5 3,. 3-8 2
'-&(3 , 2
-. 3'1 1%
* & 7(1 , 2
2&,(3 ) 3, 66& 7,6&( & ' (.6 . 3'(3 '% .
• 3 '% 8(&1' 1' 5 & = . ' &( (316 2
'( 3 1% * -3, &' +3 1' 2&'(8(2' 1
1% * 2&& ' , 3,=% & 7& (3+*((')(1 3 ' 1' *(1% ,5 3 211 &)' 1'1 1
& 9-(& ,*)'% & 73' 16 2
(8(2'( 3 1% * 2&&( , -' : ,(3 6& 2,-& 15
*& 4(3 6& 2,-& 15 = , &1 3,*& 4 &1 1% * 9- (8( ,
• :% & 7& = ,(3 B *& 4(3 (1 (37 7,5 1' > 2
'(7('( 1 1% * 2&&( , -'
3),(123'(3-(')& 7 ,,-&(3 3 3A, 1'&-2
'(7 I.(3 '( 3 1% * 7 -' ,
3, '% ,(123'(3-('( 1 * ) 3, 2
26' * (.(' 1% * & 6 (& , '% >
16 2
(8( ,8 & &( (3 & 9-(& . 3'1 1% * & 6 ' ,8 & '% & 6 (& , & 8' &
& 6 (& ' 31-& '% ' '% ,(123'(3-('( 1 & =('%(3 2
26' * (.('1
• : A'& (3 , 3, 9- (8( , 6 &1 33 1% 2&&) -' > 3, '% & & 73'
(316 2
'( 3 2
'(7('( 1 2&,1 8 9- (8( , 3,2&'(8( ,(316 2
'( 3 6 &1 33 1%
* . (3' (3 , *). 3-8 2
'-& &1 3, 1% * 6& ,-2, =% 3 & 9-(& , *)'%
6-&2
% 1 & 8 & 3 211 &)7&(8(2'( 3
• 3 2.6 '( 3 8 . 3-8 2
'-& 5 '% 2.6 3 3'1 1% * 11 .* , (3' 1-*A
11 .*( 1 3, 8(3 11 .*) 3, 1 (316 2
' , (3 2
2&, 32 =('% '%
66& 7, 11 .*)6& 2,-& 1
• 2
'&(2 3, . 2
% 3(2 ' 1'1 1% * 2&&( , -' 1 6 & '% & 73'
16 2
(8(2'( 31 B 6& 2,-& 1
• 1 *-(' ,& =(3 15 . 3-8 2
'-&(3 6& 2,-& 1 3,& 2&,1 8 9- (')1-&7( 32
(32-,(3 . ' &( ' 1' 2&'(8(2' 15 ,(. 31( 3 (316 2
'( 315 & 6 &'1 8
, 1'&-2
'(7 3,3 3 , 1'&-2
'(7 I.(3 '( 315 = ,(316 2
'( 3 3,' 1' & 6 &'1
1% * ,2
-. 3' ,=('% 6& 6 & 1 &( 3-.* & 3,, ' 8 & 2
% 1)1' .
- 107 -
B
%0-
)(3 *&)
+)
-4*- )
-%
- 108 -
• 62 (*& ' &
• 12
( 126 2
-. & 2&, &
• = & 1-66)-3('
• $ '' &). 3 . 3' 1)1' .
• ' '(2 I2
(' '( 3 ' 1' 1 '
• &(. &)(3<2
'( 3 ' 1' 1 '
• D>; ' 1' 1 '
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• % &. B ' 1' 1 '
• ' & 3 )4 &
• -'( . ' &
% (31'&-. 3'1 ' * , 6 ),(3 '% . (3 6 3' = &+1 3, '% & 6 21 1% * ' 1' ,
B 2 (*& ' ,6 &( ,(2 )6&( & ' '% (& -1 6 &( ,(2 ) ' 1'(3 3,2 (*& '( 3 = &+1
1% * -3, &' +3 2.6)(3 '% & 73' 66& 7,6& 2,-& 1 -.* & 8 2
% 8 '%
* 7 ' 1' +('1 1% * 1-88(2
( 3' 3 - % ' ' + -6.-'(6 2
'(7('( 1 ' '(.
,
% (0-
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.( %,
)2)
&*-
).(
9-(6. 3' B . ' &( 1 & 2(7,8& . 73, &1@1% 61 3,. 3-8 2
'-& , ' 6 3' 1(' 1%
* & 9-(& , ' * (31' , ' 6 3' 1(' 2
'&(2 . 3-8 2
'-&(3 2
'(7('( 1 ' 1('
3 & )(37 7 8 =(3 1' 1F
'%&?0 &*,
,)%5.1-9,
).,-
. (0-
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*-)
.(.2 +
%&-
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96%(->
40-%60 *- )-%
- 110 -
7( * 8 & -1 (31'&-. 3'1 3, - 1 -1 ,8 & (31' '( 35 (316 2
'( 3 3,
' 1'(3 1% * ,-)2 (*& ' ,
• 1'(3 (31'&-. 3'1 3, - 1 3, . ' &( % 3,(3 B (8'(3 9-(6. 3'1
-1 ,8 & 2
% 2
+(3 '% (31' '( 35 (316 2
'( 3 3,' 1'(3 8 9-(6. 3'1 1% *
2 (*& ' ,' '% 2
26' 32 1' 3, &,1 3,'% (& & 2&,1 . (3' (3 ,
• % . -3' , & )15 23'& , 7(21 3, (31'&-. 3'1 1% * 2
% 2
+ , 3,
2 (*& ' , 1 6 & 66& 7, 6& 2,-& 15 3, '% (& , ' %(1' &) 2&,1 1% *
. (3' (3 ,
• 31' '( 3 & 1% . ' '% 16 2
(8( ,& 9-(& . 3'15 7(4 5
3 (3 11 (32-,(3 6& 7(1( 3 8 ' .6 & '-& 3, %-.(,(')23'& 5 =% & 7&
66(2*
• & ' 2
'( 3 8& . ,<23' 231'&-2
'( 3 2
'(7('( 15 1 & 9-(& ,
• & ' 2
'( 3 8& . (32 . 3' = '% & 3, '% & ,7&1 .*( 3' 23,('( 31
• & 7(1( 3 8 & 6 &. 3 3' 3,' .6 & &)1-66 &'1 3,
• 6& 2-'( 31 8 & '% 1 8 ') 8 6 &1 33 5 9-(6. 3' * (3 (31' , &
3 &*) & & 9-(6. 3'
• 3A238 &. 325 (8 3)5 1% * & 1 7, 3,, 2
-. 3' ,
( ,
.&%00 %,
)2)
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).(
316 2
'( 3 8 = &+ & 1 (3 6& & 11 1% * 6 &8 &. , ' 7&(8) '% ' 9-(6. 3' B
1)1' .1 & '& 316 &' ,5 2' ,5 & 2
' ,5 (31' ,5 11 .* , 3, 233 2
' , (3
2
2&, 32 =('% '% 16 2
(8( ,6& 2,-& 1 3,'% 9-(6. 3' & ,)6 1('( 3 ,(3 '%
& & 3 ' 88 2
' , *) '% 6 33 , = &+
1 8 '% &1 % (316 2
'( 3 (32-, 1
7&(8(2'( 3 8 8 =(3 F
%,
)2)
&*-
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%*
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)2)
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96%(-> 40-
%6 51,
)(3 (0-
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.(
% *7 16 2
'1 1% * 7&(8( , ,-&(3 (31' '( 3 8 '% 8 =(3 2
'&(2
9-(6. 3' B 1)1' .1F
• + =('2
% )&,
• + )
1' . & ' 2
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• + ( %'(3 && 1' &
• +
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% 3(2 &7(21 8 & =('2
% &
• 3 & ' & (&2
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- 112 -
• + 1 ' , % 1 $-1 >-2
'1
• ' &' 6 & 318 &. &1
• &7(2 & 318 &. &
• ' &(3 3,$( (3 )1' .
• )32
%& 3(4 &
• + -' & 318 & 2
% .
• + =('2
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• = & $ '' &)* 3+1
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- 113 -
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2-& 2
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* '' & '% 3 & ' 1' 9- ' '% (31'&-. 3' -3, & ' 1' 3, 1% % 7 & 9-(1('
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1' '(3 2 (*& '( 3 & 9-(& . 3'1 3,'% 8& 9- 32
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% 2 (*& '( 3 6& 2,-& 1 1% * * 1 , 3 '% 66(2* & 7 3' & 2 3(4 ,
1' 3, &,1 3, & 2.. 3, '( 3 8 1-66( &1 8 9-(6. 3' % (31'&-. 3'1 8 -3, 3 '
. '(3 '% 2 (*& '( 3 2
2-& 2
( 1 & ,. , 1% 3 ' * -1 , 8' & & 6 (&5 '%
(31'&-. 3'1 1% * & 2 (*& ' , & 2&, 8 2 (*& '( 3 1% * . (3' (3 , 3A
238(&.(3 (31'&-. 3'1 B 9-(6. 3' 1% * ,(16 1 , 88 1 6 & '% 66& 7,
6& 2,-& 1 3 )'& (3 ,5 1+( ,5 9- (8( , 3, I6 &( 32,6 &1 31 1% * -'% &(4 ,
' -3, &A' + 2 (*& '( 3 = &+ & 6 & & 2&,1 1% * . (3' (3 , (3 '% 66& 7,
8 &. ' % (31'&-. 3'1 -1 , 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 B 7&(8(2'( 3 1% 3 ' * -1 , 8 & 8( ,
= &+
; =(3 16 2
( ' 1 1% * 9- (8( ,6&( & ' '% (& , 6 ). 3' 3 1 &7(25 3, 1
,-&(3 '% 2-&1 8 '% (& -1 ' '% 8& 9- 32
) 1 , 12
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• 3A, 1'&-2
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• 9-(6. 3' 16 2
( )-1 ,8 & 2
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1*+
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96%(-
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)&*-
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% 9-(6. 3' B 231-. * 15 1 (1' ,* = 1% * 9- (8( ,6&( & ' * (3 6-' '
-1 31-. * 1 8& . & 6-' ,. 3-8 2
'-& &1 =('% ' 1' 2&'(8(2' 1 3 , 3 )* -1 ,
, 3'(8(2'( 3 3,'& 2 *((') 8 6& ,-2
' * '2
% ' '% ' 1' 2&'(8(2' ' * 31-& ,
• &('(2 ' 1 3,. 1-& . 3' ' 1
• : ,(3 B *& 4(3 9-(6. 3'1
- 115 -
• : ,(3 B *& 4(3 231-. * 1
• > 231-. * 1
• 2
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,
*)()
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)2
)&*-
).(.2 %,
0.((%+
%2
%, *,
*
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.&%51,
%0 2
., +
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).(
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6& 2,-& 15 9- (')6 31 3,2
% 2
+(1'1 '2 ,2
-. 3'1 1% * ,-)8( ,-6=('%
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-'( 3 8
2
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8 &.- ' ,5 1' *(1% ,5 9- (8( , 3, 66& 7,F
• 3-8 2
'-&(3 6& 2,-& 1
• & 2
'( 3 B (31' '( 3 6& 2,-& 1 8 & 2
'&(2 9-(6. 3'
• 2
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% 3(2 ' 1'(3 6& 2,-& 1
• (*& '( 3 6& 2,-& 1 8 & (31'&-. 3'1
• 316 2
'( 3 6& 2,-& 1
• & 2,-& 1 8 & '& (3(3 3,9- (8(2'( 3 8 6 &1 33
• : ,(3 B *& 4(3 6& 2,-& 1
• > 6& 2,-& 1
• 3(3 6& 2,-&
• & 1 &7'( 3 B & ' 2
'( 3 1' 61
- 116 -
# .0- (0-
*++
*-)
.( (09%&-
).(*(5 %,
)2)
&*-
).(
316 2
'( 3 8 (31' , 1)1' .1 1% * 6 &8 &. , ' 31-& 2.6( 32 =('% '%
16 2
(8( ,& 9-(& . 3'1 31' , 9-(6. 3' 3,1)1' .1 1% * ' 1' ,' , . 31'& '
'% ' '% (31' , 9-(6. 3' 3, 1)1' .1 6 &8 &. (3 2
2&, 32 =('% , 1( 3 3,
6 &8 &. 32 & 9-(& . 3'1 2
% (31' , 1)1' . 1% * ' 1' , 1' &'(3 =('%
9-(6. 3' (3 (1 '( 35 =('% 1-*A1)1' .1 3,8(3 )'% 2.6 ' (3' & ' ,1)1' . (3
2
2&, 32 =('% '% 16 2
(8(2'( 3 B 66& 7,6& 2,-& 1
316 2
'( 3 1% * 6 &8 &. , 3 (31' , 2
'&(2 9-(6. 3' 3,1)1' .1 ' 7&(8)'%
8 =(3 F
• % (31' '( 3 % 1 * 3 , 3 1 6& ' 1' ,& =(3 1 3,16 2
(8(2'( 31
• 9-(6. 3' 3,. ' &( 1 % 7 3 ' -3, & 3 3), . ,-&(3 (31' '( 3
• 2'( 35 7 (3 3, ( 3. 3'5 8 (31' , 9-(6. 3' & 1 6& 66& 7,
6& 2,-& 1
• 3' &16 2
(3 3, & -'(3 8 2* 15 2* '& )1 '2 . '1 '% 16 2
(8( ,
& 9-(& . 3'1
• & -3,(3 5 ' &.(3 '( 315 1%( ,(3 5 3, (, 3'(8(2'( 3 ' 1 . '1 '% 16 2
(8( ,
& 9-(& . 3'1
• 3 3A238 &. 321 % 7 * 3 & 1 7,1 '(18 2
' &( )
• 66& 6&( ' 6& ' 2
'(7 . 1-& 1 % 7 * 3 ' +3 8' & (31' '( 3
% 9-(6. 3' B . ' &( B (' .1 3 ' 238 &.(3 ' '% 1'(6- ' ,& 9-(& . 3'1 1% *
& 2&, , 9-(6. 3' =(1 B 1)1' . =(1 5 & 7( = , 3,,(16 1 , 1 (73 (3 8 '%(1
. 3-
# +
%*()
(3.2 40-
%60
• 316 2
'( 3 1% * 6 &8 &. ,' 7&(8)'% ' (31' ,1)1' .1 3,2.6 3 3'1
& 2 3 , 3,23,('( 3 , 1 6 & 66& 7,6& 2,-& 1
• % 2 3 ,1)1' .1 1% * 6& 1 &7, 1 6 & 66& 7,6& 2,-& 1
- 117 -
# .0- (0-
*++
*-)
.( +
%&-
,)&*+ %0-
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2
'&(2 ' 1'1 1% * 2&&( , -' 1 6& 66& 7, 6& 2,-& 1 . '(3 & 73'
16 2
(8(2'( 31 3,' 1' , ' & 2&, , 3 (31' '( 3 8 '% 9-(6. 3' % 2
'&(2 ' 1'1
8 & 7&( -1 9-(6. 3'1 1% * 2&&( , -' * 1 , 3 2..(11( 3(3 6& 2,-& 66(2*
8 & & 16 2
'(7 9-(6. 3'1 B 1)1' .1 =%(2
% 1% * 8(3 (4 ,(3 231-' '( 3 =('% D B
2..(11( 3(3 & -6 2
26' 32 1% * *1 , 3 ' 2
%3(2 16 2
(8(2'( 31 B $
1' 3, &,1 B . 3-8 2
'-& &1@& 2.. 3, '( 31 $ 8 & 2.. 32. 3' 8 ' 1'(3 3,
*8 & 2
'- 3 & (1 '( 3 '% 8 =(3 16 2
'1 1% * 31-& ,
• ! '%)23,('( 3 8 2.6 3 3'1 8 '% 1)1' .
• 3 (3 11 ? 3 & & 15 2
-&& 3' 2&&)(3 6 &'1 '2
• ( %'3 11 8 2
-&& 3' 6 '%1 ? 6 = & D23'&
• &.(3 6& 83 11 ? (3' &A2.6 &'. 3'1 8 6 3 5 (3' &A6 3 1 8 '% 1=('2
%
* &, 3,1=('2
% * &,' -'1(, 37(& 3. 3'
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2
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'&(2 2.6 3 3'1 &
1)1' .1 23 =('%1' 3,& ' ,6& 11-& 1 %(1 (1 66(2* 8 & 2
' & $-(,(3 /$02*
6 3 '& '( 3 1 (3 11 .*) % ' 1'1 1% 238 &. ' '% & 9-(& . 3'1 16 2
(8( ,(3
'% 66(2* 2, 15 1' 3, &,1 3, 6& 2,-& 1 3, 1% * 23,-2
' , 8' & '%
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$ ,
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40)
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% ' 1' & 1-'1 1% * 3 )4 , 3, 7 - ' , ' 7&(8) '% 2.6 ' 3 11 8 '%
& 1-'15 (316 2
'( 3 3,' 1' *<2
'(715 238 &. 32 =('% '% 2
26' 32 2
&(' &( (.(' 8 &
2
% 2
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7&) (316 2
'( 3 3, ' 1'(3 2
'(7(') 27&(3 '% ' 1' & 1-'15 '% (& 3 )1(1 3,
7 - '( 3
- 119 -
,
.&%51,
%0
'% = &+1 3, 2
'(7('( 1 1% * I2
-' ,*)'% 2
'&(2 231'&-2
'( 3 & -6 1 6 &
'% ,-) 66& 7,6& 2,-& 1 (1' ,* =F
• 3-8 2
'-&(3 6& 2,-& 1
• 6 31
• 2
'&(2 3,. 2
% 3(2 ' 1'(3 6& 2,-& 1
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 2
'&(2 9-(6. 3'1
• 3A, 1'&-2
'(7 I.(3 '( 3 6& 2,-& 1
• '% & (316 2
'( 3 B ' 1'(3 6& 2,-& 1
,,('( 3 6& 2,-& 15 1 & 9-(& ,5 1% 1 * ,-)(, 3'(8( ,5 6& 6 & , 3, 66& 7,
2
26' 32 2
&(' &( 8 & 2
% 9-(6. 3' 3,1-*A1)1' . 1% * 6& 6 & , 3, 66& 7,
%9.,
-0
• 2
'&(2 9-(6. 3' 3,1)1' .1 (31' , 3,8-)' 1' ,*-' 3 ' 6-' (3'
6 & '( 3 ,- ' 3 3A 7( *((') 8 233 2
' , 1)1' .1 & 9-(6. 3' 1% *
6& 1 &7,=('% 6& 6 & 6& ' 2
'( 3
• 1-2
% (31' , 2
'&(2 9-(6. 3' 1% * ,-) 6& 1 &7,5 6& ' 2
' , 3,
. (3' (3 , 1 6 & 66(2* 6& 2,-& 1 ,-) 8 &.- ' , 3, 66& 7,5 8 &
31-&(3 '% (& 88(2
( 3' 7( *((') 1 & 9-(& , ,-&(3 1)1' . 2..(11( 3(3
1' 1
• % 6& 1 &7'( 3 6& 2,-& 1 8 & 7&( -1 9-(6. 3' 3, 1)1' .1 1% *
8 &.- ' ,5 66& 7, 3,. (3' (3 ,*)'% 232&3 , & -61
• & 73'(7 1' 61 ' = &,1 (+ ), . 8 3) 9-(6. 3' ,-&(3 '& 316 &' '( 3
3,(31' '( 3 8 3 &*) 9-(6. 3' ' * 31-& ,
- 121 -
F"
INDEX
>
> >
; > ! >:
; ! >: >
$
>
$ ;
; >
; ;
" >
> "
- 122 -
A B
" /
%(1 2
% 6' & , 12
&(* 1 '% 1 ( 3' 16 2
'1 8 '% 9- (') 11-& 32 6& & .. 3,
-(, (3 1 3 31'&-. 3' '( 3 2
'(7('( 1 ,-&(3 231'&-2
'( 35 (31' '( 35 (316 2
'( 3 3,
' 1'(3 D2..(11( 3(3 8& ' ,(31'&-. 3' '( 3 = &+1 2&&( , -' *) 31'&-. 3' '( 3
& -6 3, '% 23'& 2
' &1 -3, & '% (& 23'& = &+1 1% * 2&&( , -' 1 6 &
, 1( 3 ,& =(3 15 16 2
(8(2'( 315 2, 1 3,1' 3, &,1 % - (') 11-& 32 31 =(
27& '% 23'& 6 (3'1 8 & 9- (')& ' ,2
'(7
('( 1
2
%( 7 '% 16 2
(8( , 9- (') (3 '% (31'&-. 3' '( 3 = &+15 8 =(3 16 2
'1 &
31-& ,
0 2
'( 3 8 66& 7,% &,= & 3,231-. * 1 ' 16 2
(8( ,& 9-(& . 3'1
0 1 8 66& 7,231'&-2
'( 3 6& 2,-& 1 B 31
0> 6 ). 3' 8 - (8( ,6 &1 33
0 7 - '( 3 8 6 &8 &. 32 8 7&( -1 ' 1'1 3 '% 6& 211 % +-6 (3 1 ' 2
% 2
+'%
1)1' . (3' &(') 3,('1 238 &. 32 =('% '% 16 2
(8( ,& 9-(& . 3'1
3 & 16 2
'1 8 - (') 11-& 32 ,-&(3 '% 6& <2
' 231'&-2
'( 3 6% 1 7(4 3 &
& 9-(& . 3'15 7&( -1 8-32
'( 31 (+ . 3 . 3'5 6 &8 &. 325 7 &(8(2'( 3 3,
2&& 2
'(7 8-32
'( 315 & 2&,1 3, & 3(4 '( 3 2
% &'1 & 27& ,(3 % 6' & 8 '%(1
. 3-
" A /
. <& (' .1 8 31'&-. 3' '( 3 1)1' .1 & 2' &(4 ,(3' 1-(' * 1-*A6 2
+ 1
*) 2
%3(2 >(& 2
' & ' 8 & '% 6& 2
-& . 3' 6-&6 1 1 1 (3,(2' ,* =F
( -* 2
+ 1 8 & 2.. 3 D )1' . (3 -2 & 1 3,5 D 5 (3' &8 2
(3
=('% = & 1 3,
(( -* 2
+ 1 -3, & 8( ,(31'&-. 3' '( 3 8 & = & 1 3,(32-,(3 2
'&(2
6 = & 1)1' .
((( -* 2
+ 1 * (3 6& 2
-& ,-3, & ,(88 & 3' ' 3, &1 8 & -I(( &)6 2
+
(7 31'&-. 3' '( 3 11 2
( ' ,2
'(7('( 1 (3 '% & 6 2
+ 1
- 123 -
16 31(*((')8 & 3 (3 &(3 3,8(3 (4 '( 3 8 16 2
(8(2'( 3 8 '% D 1)1' .1 ( 1
=('% 5 . ) 66 (3' 231-' 3'1 8 & '% , 1( 3 3, 8(3 (4 '( 3 8
16 2
(8(2'( 3 & 2
-& . 3' 3, -66) 6 &' 8 62
+ 1 (1 23'& , *) 2
%3(2
>(& 2
' & '
" B B /
; & 2
% (' . -3, & 8( , (31'&-. 3' '( 3 2
+ 5 , ' ( , 16 2
(8(2'( 35 $& 3, B
, 5 (3,(2'(7 & 6& 7(, ,(3 '% ' 3, & , 2
-. 3' 2
+ 3'& 2
' & 1%
1% &' (1' '% 73, &1 3,1-*.(' '% 1 . 8 & 66& 7 ' 2
%3(2 >(& 2
' & ' $ 8 &
. 3-8 2
'-&(3 8 (' .1 '% 9- (8( , 73, & 1% 1-*.(' 3 8 & 66& 7 '
2
%3(2 >(& 2
' & '
" /
% 7 - ' , 3, & - (8( , 1% &' (1' , . ' &( 5 9-(6. 3' . 3-8 2
'-& &1 &
1 2
' ,* 1 , 3 '% (& 6& ,-2
' 9- (') 3,'% 6& ,-2
' 6 &8 &. 32 (3 '% & -2 &
= & 6& <2
'1 31-& 9- (')(3 . 3-8 2
'-&(3 5 66& 7, 1 & ' * 1'&(2
')
8 = , $! & '% (& -'% &(4 ,& 6& 1 3' '(71 & 3'&-1' ,=('% 8 1'
=(1 . 3-8 2
'-&(3 6& 211 1 6 & % 16 2
(8( ,' 1'1 & 23,-2
' ,5 =('3 11 , 1
6& 66& 7, 316 2
'( 3 & 2,-& *) $! 3, ' 1' & 6 &'1 & (11- ,
' &( 1 '%-1 2
26' , & 2 & , 8 & 1%(66(3 *)$! & '% (& -'% &(4 ,
& 6& 1 3' '(7
" A /
- 124 -
" /
"" /
3 (31'&-. 3' '( 3 2 (*& '( 3 * & ' &)8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 '% (' .15 9-(6. 3' 1% *
1 ' -6 ' '% 6& <2
' 6 3' 1(' ('% & *)$! & *) 23'& 2
' & % * & ' &)
1% % 7 23'& ,,-1' 8& 37(& 3. 3' 3,,-)9- (8( , &1 33 ' 6 &8 &. '%
= &+1 ' &3 '(7 )
5 '% *8 2
( ('). ) 1 * -'( (4 ,
% 8 =(3 2
% 2
+1 1% * 6 &8 &. ,(3 3 & 5
0 % . , 3 5 16 2
(8(2'( 3 3, 3 8 (31'&-. 3' =('% (31'&-. 3'
16 2
(8(2'( 3 1% '
0 (*& ' '% (31'&-. 3' 1 6 & 66& 7,6& 2,-& 8 & 2
2-& 2
) 3, %)1' &(1(1
0 38(&. (31'&-. 3' 8 & 6& 6 & 8-32
'( 3(3
0 % 2
+ 7-
0 3) '% & 2
% 2
+1 3, 1'1 1 & 9-(& , ' ('
" # /
" # /
• 3 & (31'&-2
'( 31 8 & 2 3(3 8 (31'&-. 3' '( 3 (' .1 3,7&( -1 ' 1'1
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 (31'&-. 3'1
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 6 3 15 C
$M15 3, (& 2
2-.- ' & ' 3+1
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 ( %' % 33 1
• & 2,-& 8 & 6& 6 & '( 3 3, )(3 8 '-* 1
- 125 -
• & 2,-& 8 & -' '-* = ,(3
• & 2,-& 8 & 6& 6 & '( 3 3, )(3 8 , -* 2.6& 11( 3 '-* 8(''(3 1
• & 2,-& 8 & 6& 6 & '( 3 3, )(3 8 66 & '-*
• & 2,-& 8 & 6& 6 & '( 3 3, )(3 8 *& 11 8(''(3 1
• & 2,-& 8 & 66 & '-* *& 4(3
• & 2,-& 8 & 6& 6 & '( 3 3, )(3 8 * 3, 3,(3
• & 2,-& 8 & 8 *&(2'( 35 8( ' = ,(3 3, (9-(, 3 '& 3' I.(3 '( 3
• & 2,-& 8 & 12
& = ,' &.(3 '( 31
• & 2,-& 8 & 1 , & ,233 2
'( 3
• & 2,-& 8 & 1-&8 2 6& 6 & '( 3 3,6 (3'(3
• & 2,-& 8 & & -3,(3 D %( ,(3 6& 2
'(21
• & 2,-& 8 & 1' *(1%(3 & 2&,& . 8 & ,& =(3 1 3,> 2
-. 3'1
• & 2,-& 8 & 6& 6 & '( 3 3, )(3 1' *(1%(3 1' & 1 3,. ' &(
. 3 . 3'
• & 2,-& 8 & & 1 &7'( 3 8 (31' ,(' .1
• & 2,-& 8 & 31' '( 3 8 !( '( B 32
% &$ '
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 2* '& )1 3,'-* '& )1
• & 2,-& 8 & % &. 2-6 <
-32
'( 3 . +(3
• & 2,-& 8 & 2* ' &.(3 '( 3
• & 2,-& 8 & '% &. 2-6 (31' '( 3
• & 2,-& 8 & +, ' 2
' & (31' '( 3
• & 2,-& 8 & (31' '( 3 8 16 2
( 1 ,(-. (31'&-. 3' '( 3
" # /
R & 2,-& 8 & 1' *(1%(3 (31'&-. 3' '( 3 ' 1'(3 D2 (*& '( 3 * & ' &)
R & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 23'& &1
R & 2,-& 8 & 1'(3 8 3 (,7 71
R & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 & 11-& - 1
R & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 & 11-& 1=('2
% 1 D>(88 & 3'( & 11-& 1=('2
% 1
R & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 2&, &1
R & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 & 31.('' &1
R & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 ! 3, 3'& &1
R & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 B 37&' &1
R & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 >( - 1 3,, ' &
- 126 -
• & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 3 )'(2 (31'&-. 3'1
• & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 8 ' .6 & '-& 3,8 = (31'&-. 3'1
• & 2,-& 8 & 2 (*& '( 3 3,1'& +(3 8 23'& 7 71
" $ /
%2
%, *,
*
" !
A B/
% 231'&-2
'( 3 3'& 2
' & 1% % 7 (3, 6 3, 3' 9- (') 23'& 5 (316 2
'( 3 3,
' 1'(3 & 3(1 '( 3 - (')23'& 5 (316 2
'( 35 ' 1'(3 3,2..(11( 3(3 8 (31' ,
= &+ & -3, & '% 126 '% . (3 23'& 2
' & $! 1% 7&(8) 3, -,(' '%
3'& 2
' & = &+ ' (.6 &' 3' 2
&('(2 % ,6 (3'1 ,-)(, 3'(8( ,(3 '% 5 (1' 8 1-2
%
1 & 1 * = 3 238 &.(3 . ' &( 5 9-(6. 3' 3, = &+1 1% 3 ' *
(3,-2
' ,(3' '% 6 3' = &+1
" /
1'(3 8 '% 2.6 ' ,1)1' .1 & 2&&( , -' 8 =(3 ,-) 66& 7,' 1' 12
% . 1
• '% ' 1'1 & =('3 11 , 3,2&'(8( ,*) 3'& 2
' & 5 & 2
'( 3 & -6 3,
$!
• 8' & 1-2
2118- ' 1' '% 6& 12
&(* ,8 &. '5 (1 8( , 3,1( 3 ,=('% 3 . 3,
, ' *) '% & -61
- 127 -
" /
; =(3 & 2&,1 1% * 6& 1 &7, 3,% 3, , 7& ' D 3 =('% 31'&-2
'( 3
.6 '( 3 &'(8(2' / 10B )1' . '& 318 & > 2
-. 3' / >0
/0 & 2
-& . 3' &, &15 1%(66(3 & 1 5 1' & 6 &'1 D (*& '( 3 & 6 &'1
/0 !(1' &)> 2
+'1
/0 316 2
'( 3 & 6 &'1 8 & 2
'( 3 2
'(7('( 1
/0 31'&-. 3' ' 1'(3 3,2 (*& '( 3 & 6 &'1
/0 > 1
/0 1' 6 &'1 8 63 -. '(2B ! (-. B !)
,& ' 1'1 3,2..(11( 3(3 & 6 &'1
/0 1B >1
/
"0 1 *-(' (38 &. '( 3
- 128 -
F#
1*+
)-4 001,
*(&%51,
)(3 .66)
00)
.()
(3.2 C1)
96%(-*(5 40-
%6
/ ' F 1 6& ' 3- 3 ..(11( 3(3 =( * (11- ,=% 3 '% 2..(11( 3(3
& -6(1 1 ' -60
%(1 1 2
'( 3 (71 3 )* & .(3(.-. -(, (3 1 * -' 2..(11( 3(3
..(11( 3(3 2
'(7('( 1 1% * 1' &' , 3 ) 8' & 2.6 '( 3 8 & 16 2
'(7
231'&-2
'( 3 2
'(7('( 1 1-66 &' ,*)231'&-2
'( 3 2.6 '( 3 2&'(8(2' B 1)1' .
'& 318 & , 2
-. 3'1
" & 2,-& 1 1% * 1' *(1% , 3, (.6 . 3' , ' . (3' (3 '% & 9-(& ,
, & 8 2 3 (3 11 ,-&(3 2..(11( 3(3 2
'(7('( 1
# 8( ,2
% 3 1 3,3 3 238 &. 321 1% * 23'& , 3,, 2
-. 3' , 1
6 & 66& 7,6& 2,-& 1
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