242 HISTORICAL JOURNAL Cretan War says the ship was actually named “La Gran Sultana”, The coincidence seems too striking to be the result of chance alone, it possible that confusion arising from a rather rare naval term, or the actual name of the ship, could have helped to foster the that Zafire was Tbrahim’s concubine and that her child was his son? Aterep Vincent, University of Birmingham. British Museum, Additional Ms. 8643, f. 2%. Cs H. Luke, Malte (London p63) uke gives te tiprename asthe “Sultana”, but dos not state his source, BENJAMIN BARKER’S JOURNAL OF A TOUR IN THRACE (1823) $ K. Th Dimaras has recently pointed out, much material Ag importance to the social and cultural history of Greece in the years before the outbreak ofthe Greck War of Independence remains to>be gleaned from the pages of Westem travellers in Gretk lands Many valuable accounts of travels in the Levant, however, remain in their righ! site in the braves and archives of Europe. This is notably true of Great Britain where, during the eightenth century, the Grand Tour formed part ofan aristocratic edvcaon.* Antiquries and clasial 1 n his "Note sur Vartcle de Monsieur Sandor Baumgarten’, 0 Evanists, V (1067), _p. 65, apropos te travels of fhe Veneseclan revlutinary leader Miranda iho, dvtng Ent © the Comes in 1786, et Archichop Evgeies Vulgaris whom he described ‘tn ‘hombre de Leta, y de caracter aumatn[enjte Amable’ with whom he had an ‘Mgradable conversacion Liters, Vinges por Grav, Turgwia y) Rute, in Archivo 48 Gomera! Miranda. Vien, Diario t78s%787, IL (Caracan 109), p. 200. Valuable Information on cultural contacts between the Greck world and western Europe at this tne can sometimes ‘be found a rathec unexpected. quarters. Profesor G. A. Linteboom, for instance, has recently published the leter of recommendation for Pires Gc tadeat Gintos Lean Kontarhnoupan, et by te Heamenial iitrach Seaphelm in 1733 £0 stody under the Dutch profescr of medicine at aiden, Herman Boethaavé, whose very considerable influence on the development Gf tnolical education in eiteenth-cntary Europe estsably cerned inn ®t ile ommusis Europe preceptor Interestingly the Patctac’s letter was studded with classical allusions. See GA, Lindeboom, ‘., Boerhaave's Comespondence, HE 2 Anatece Booraavana, Vp 2) (etn fh p68, and G. A Ltdeboom, Hlerman Boerhaave, the ‘man ‘nek (London 1960), 330-0. ig tie tessa Uf Robert Meskcy estes nb vitiod Mois Mor and Atheos in 81819, He left an itersting account ofthe Adhenian trary society the "Philomesea™ (tbc te monn ni he was cll a bere The Pome “Gesibed as 2 school extabished si or seven years ago forthe instroction of the ‘estan youth, an appt by subeipn, fr which wrens have Bon fond at Venice and Vienoa ‘among the" Greeks, and one aided. by Engish benefactor Revelacht and. Logotial ae ansious that a branch sorety” should be formed tn England, and. that the inleret only of the fands obtained should be transmitted to ‘alens to" prevent thie seizure by” the tapacious Tasks, who, being totally without 4 Iteracure‘of tir owa, look with great jeslowsy spon any altempe at sell improve ‘meat among the Greeks, whom they consider thar slaves, ‘There are masters. for Atclent Greek, and for French and Ttaian, Students are alto studying at the cost of the establishment in Gertany'” It i high tine that flrts shoud be made for he higher education of the Grecks who sre‘iameatably ignorant of the most famoos ‘events and. perms connected. withthe ff Ghai own county. Hoghton [Blasters traveling companion) and {both enclld ourselves in the ist of benefactor, od were etaon with gold rings each beating snow upon iy and engraved frame of the society ia nrg letter; Britsh Maseum, 4 51313. pp. 2846.244 HISTORICAL JOURNAL BENJAMIN BARKER'S JOURNAL 245 The Bible Society was only one of a number of missionary societies that began to work in the Levant at this time. Others included the Church Missionary Society, the London Missionary Society, the Prayer Book and Homily Society, the Religious Tract Society. the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews, the’ Western. Asia Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church. But it was the Bible Society which was probably most active in the Greek world in the years immediately before and after the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence. ‘An indication of the growing importance which the Bible Society attached to its activites among the Orthodox christians of the Ottoman Empire was the appointment of the Rev. H. D. Leeves as its first full-time agent inthe Levant, Leeves arrived in Constantinople in January 1821 and soon embarked on an ambitious programme of translations of the Bible. In addition to overseeing the modern Greck translation of the Bible com- missioned from the Archimandrite Hilarion of Mount Sinai, Leeves promoted Turkish (printed with Arabic, Armenian and Greek characters), Albanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Kurdish and Judaeo-Spanish or Ladino (Gpanish ‘with Hebrew characters) versions. Of equal concern to Leeves and the Society was the boosting of the circulation of these Bibles: Leeves himself undertook journeys to attend to matters of distribution, while Benjamin Barker was particularly active in this work of distribution from his base in Tzmir.* In Aptil and May 1823 Barker embarked on an extended tour of Thrace in order to survey at first hand the possibilities of the Bible Society's activities in this region. His account of this tour is important fora rurnber of reasons. In the first place Thrace was rarely visited by the ‘ever increasing flood of European travellers in the Levant, partly because of the paucity of antiquities in this region, partly because most travellers arrived in continental Greece, Constantinople or the western littoral of Asia Minor by sea. Secondly, Barker travelled in Thrace while the Greek War of Independence was being waged in the Peloponnese and parts of Roumeli. His account of the Greek inhabitants of ‘Thrace is of particular importance in giving some idea ofthe state of the Greek popula- tions of the Empire outside the fighting zone. Thirdly, since Barker's principal concern was to estimate the prospects for the Bible Society's {tm the summer of the same year, 1823, Barker also undertook an extended tour in Asia ‘lpoe, accompanied part a the way by Laces. Tis Himerary incloded Tes, Bars, Kayser, Konya, Nigde and Afyon Kara Hisar, Lengthy extracts from i fournatwetepabtshed inthe 20th Anal Report ofthe Bile Seily (Sep Ph Ph eth" rial anus of hi travel diy presumably mach fa, Goat sppeat to serve scholars formed another important category of traveller, although acen of their travels more frequently saw the light of day along with the of their antiquarian researches. Some of these manuscript accounts recenily been printed.’ One important category of traveller has b particularly neglected, namely the protestant missionaries who fan increasing interest in the Levant in the years immediately foll the cessation of the Napoleonic wars. Their accounts are of py value to historians of modern Greece for, unlike the travellets on Grand Tour or the antiquarians, their primary interest lay in the O inhabitants of the various countries they visited rather than in the ph rremains of their illustrious ancestors. Hence their diaries and the repo they despatched to their various missionary organisations contain mac ‘useful information on the situation of the Orthodox among whom t sought to proselytise i The contemporary published accounts of some of these missiona have long been recognized by historians as a valuable source for history of the Greek world at this time.‘ Some of this material recently been utilised* but a great deal of valuable information in the archives of the various protestant missionary societies, both B and American, which manifested an increasing interest in their Orthod co-religionists during this period. The account that is published hs forms the journal of Benjamin Barker's tour in Thrace, in regions incorporated in Turkey, Bulgaria and Greece, during’ April and 1823, a tour made while he was the permanent representative of the and Foreign Bible Society in Izmir. 284. Alkis Anghelon, "J, D. Caryl’ Jourpal of Moant Athos (381) 0 Ei 1 kis ee tie es ethos lobe Oliver Ramen Recon San in Bratt von, SiH) na ‘ Amc the mrt sofa of thee ithe Rev. Willa Jowel’s account of Me ‘0 Ayvall in his Christian Researches inthe Mediterranean from 18150620 a of tha objec of he, Chch Msoary) Say (Lond a), pp Caleta, “tora ts Aesdimias Ky ‘in ‘Minvasiatiha Kavonken, 1. ( P. 252, Jowett's muoseptJoumal ef Es’ vis to Ayvall and Chior ea Fateial aoe printed in he Chroian Hetcarches and te prcerved in the atc ‘the Church Mbionary Society. i * See for example, ED. Tappe, who descibes Baker's activities in th Pring jg A abl Sosy Agent inthe Rumasian Pipe, In The Savon ond Son’aed Ditdbntion ot Karate rSxs ‘9 the BN and Porege Ble Knh i in The Journal of Eels ory, MIX (is) eR SESE 3 ‘o'Paroxs kal o Fisk sto gyransio Gs Khiou to W620" in O Bron. ¥ (i 7ran Some Protestant Tres prntod atthe Prow of thr Beutenical P Coestutinopie® 1816-182", tn Edom Churches Review, If is68), Bp. 15206, Correspondence of Adhamantion Kors wth the Britch aod Foreign Bible In'Grth Orthod Thasogal Reve SAV (Ph. 584. FOE Ame feylnlemet te Levant he tne ee Eats, “Aneta gl In'Greaca' 1820-1860 in Church History, (oss) XXIV, pp. 1504 ‘American Contacte withthe Easton Choichee” ro 072 SES 190)246 HISTORICAL JOURNAL BENJAMIN BARKER'S JOURNAL 247 ‘A few months later, on 3 February 1826, Barker wrote to Steinkopff from ‘Smyrna that ‘the tract of Land to the south of Sophia, Philippopoli and ‘Adrianople is almost entirely inhabited by Greeks, who know their anguage, we therefore anticipate to discover new and interesting channels for our exertions’ * ‘Whatever view is taken of the specifically religious activities of the Bible Society among the Christian minorities of the Ottoman Empire, it is undeniable that the Society’s educational endeavours, particularly the distribution of the Scriptures in large quantities in the various languages of the minorities, in free or cheap editions, contributed substantially to the development of literacy.” Moreover the genuine concern of these missionaries for the spiritual and material wellbeing of the Christian populations they encountered is wel illustrated in their travel diaries, reports to their parent societies and published reminiscences, It is hoped that the publication of Barker’s journal of his tour in Thrace will provide added evidence of the value of these missionary sources for the history of the Christian minorities of the Ottoman Empire. activities in this region, he was concerned to give as accurate an as possible of the numbers, distribution, cultural and economic condi ‘of the Christian populations, Greek, Bulgarian and Armenian, that I encountered on his travels. A’ matter of particular moment 40 aan agent of the Bible Society was to contact the leading members of Orthodox hierarchy, whose co-operation would obviously greatly the effectiveness of the Society in this region. Similarly he was to make contact with leading lay members of the various Chris ‘communities as these too, with their superior education, kno\ local conditions and prestige in the community, could prove of value, Hence his pleasure at meeting ‘Etienne Kara Theodore’ Gt Karatheodoris) in Edime, although somewhat paradoxically Karath ‘was probably the author of a markedly anti-clerical tract published § Paris some four years previously, of which copies had been peblicly bun in the courtyard of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople. Barker first informed the Bible Society that he had completed his in Thrace in a letter from Constantinople of 25 May 1823 to E. T, Rén berg, foreign assistant secretary of the Society. He added that he ‘transmitting a copy of his journal: ‘The information coutained therein was all hat T could obtain at a time the Greeks are obliged in order to free themaclves from persecution, to be careful how they condoct thelr motios lest they should give swpicion, fences with Europeans would be an exedllent excuse to the Turka for the Gresks. "Notwithstanding these abeaces, with prodence I found pportitien of seereting myeat in thee socisy. a altho" for want of Coad aot vist but a vety tall portion of Eucpean Twskey, yee my tam ulicient to give me an idea of the rest of that Country. Europran Pankey iim ‘reat nord of tho Society's succou & T hope itis fully demonstrat by emacs in my journal." The Bible Society does in fact seem to have followed Barker’s about the importance of extending its activities into European Tu On 3 September 1825, he reported to the Rev. C, F. A. Steinkopf, secretary of the Society, after a meeting with H. D. Leeves in inople that: 7 ‘Wo have first rewivod that T should proceed to Adrianople in order aot oa patting Mr. Schnell im a way fo be useful, in a distri whence an extensive SF operation offers Hse, but also to reach in time the fair of Usingioua, from Advianople about 48 mies, whero probably 1 should dispose of sors G and. Arm{oniajn ‘New Testaments to the Christians who assemble there busines. Wo have taken the necessary steps for this project, and 1 hope consequence to quit Constantinople in two or three days. Benj{amijn Barker's Journal in hie Tour to Adrlanople, Demotica, Rodesto, ele, ee. Tiguitted Constantinople the zoth April 1823 with an Aleppeon Tartar with whom I could talk Aric, a Sargoe!? or Guide, and my servaat for Adrianople.* Demotica,* ‘Rodos, et., ete. ‘The fine temperature ofthe weather, the delightful scenes around. ‘me, which continually vary, (60 very Tich in views is the postion of this City) and the idea that should my Journey be atiended with success ft would be the means of procuring great comfort i the dejected souls of the much oppressed. Christians, all Combined to render mo extremuly cheerful, An hour after quiting Pera I was stopped. fa the road by the Custom Houre Officers in order to examine my effects, which they Aid sigorously to my great annoyance for they made me lose much the. All this tight have been avoided had I taken a Teshere'# from the Castom House at Constant. Inople, a circumstance T was not aware of- “Aiter four houte ride and lost time we artived at Coutchuh-Chehmegé,!? a small + BBS. Fovaign Correspondence Inwards 1826, p56: 1a] ace be rocnty eno Se contin of ie Solty fn Ruin ‘to the spread of itereey. "Although the Bible Society was frequently Heated Wi {in education, i 6id contribute enormously to the spread of popular Fteracy's "The Lancastesan School Movement in Rusia’, in The Slavonic and East European Review, XLV (1967) P34 “1 the interests of readabililtr corrections ia panctuation have been made to Backers text. I'am gratelul to the Committee of the Betish and Foreign Bible Sock fr pean £0 publah mater from the Society *2 Paki aed, 1 Edlepe 1 BES. Foreign Conespondence Inuards 1825, p- x34. In fact the jouroa 1 Didimotieon. his tour in ‘Thrace seems to have been exclosed ins leter of 10 November 181) #0 1 Tekidag. [Bavker to Ranoobetg, BLE B.S. Foreign Comespondonce Inwarde 1824. D. 14 Se Ties enters, "BLP. Foreign Correspondence Ineerde 1825, B. 335 1 Kengo GalenaceBENJAMIN BARKER'S JOURNAL 249 28 HISTORICAL JOURNAL {inhabited entirely by Greeks. According tothe Surgee's statement, many other villages Te in that direction peopled with Greeks only. Kinickt is composed of a. Munall#= for post House and 2 miserable Greek Huts.” From this place we procertiod in 34 huts to Chorio Country Town cont(ainin}g about 1,000 Turkish Towses and. 500 Greak, 60 to 70 Arm[enin]a and 20 Jewish. The Grecks ace tnder tho jurisdiction of the Metropolitan [of] Heralea*T aad thoie Bishop is called Tiroogis.. They have 3 schools and x church, they had another church Dut it was burnt 8 years ago. T fade the acquaintance of a respectable Greek called Anastasion a worthy tort of 3 man. He is one of the Beylekcheeses[? 2 (or sheep contractors) ofthe Grand Signor ‘This man askod me if Hilaions edition of the Holy Serptares had been completed ‘The Greck scriptures are totally unknown in these parts, excepting to a few who have bought st Constantinople the Society's edition, a copy of which you often dnd in th shurch of a village, and in the possession of one or two individuals. The best means to provide the vilages with Bibles and Testaments w[oul]d be by sending them to the Bishops or priests of the Princlpal Towns thro” the channel or with letters of secommendation from the Patriarch of Canst[antinojple. Hilsia’s edition of the Holy Scriptures will need of couse no euch formalities, The languages spoken by the Greeks in these parts are the Turkish, Gresk and Bulgasian, and they make we ‘of the 2 latter in vending and writing. ‘We passed today a great deal of besutifal uncultivated land, Belonging by the account of the Tartar to the Viceroy of Egypt. Our lodging this night at the Khan twas very dirty and not in any way to be compared to that of Saturday evening Monday the afst Apri, Wa left Chior this morning st 2 o'loc and hours alter ‘we passed Kearisteran8¥ This village lies five minutes side from the High Road, itis a ‘nal place inhabited by Tarks and a few G[ree}k peasants. 3 hours after quitting this place we reached Boorgast! a country Town peopled with Turks, Greeks and fow Armfeniajos and Jews, The Greeks have about 300 houses, 1/Church and © school for Ancient Crock, besides 3 smaller ones for modern. Boorgas is famous for the structure of the beautiful pipe bowls which omameat the shops of the Tobacconists at Const[antinolple. They are sent from hence to the Capital, and the arth of which they are made js dog a few hundred yards from the town.” ‘We qvittod thir place for Baba Bcki™ which we ceached in 3 hours, This small ‘Town is principally peopled with Turks, the number of Grecs is fom 6oo to 700 souls, Dot of the lower cles and very ignorant. ‘They have no chrch but pray in small chapels in their Houses, The Grand Signor exiled here not long back one of the Elephants sent him by the King of Persia. A Firman was drawn out for the occasion in which it was stated that the Grand Signor sent the elephant into exile because he village close to the Sea. Here I was obliged to shew my Ficman and my fnd Servant their Passports, a formality which every person indisitmnatsy ‘Submit to. Daring this interval T opened a conversation with an Armenian who ‘aking to another of thst nation in prison. He informed me that the prisoner |= poor man who had come to that village to stek employ as a common labourer not being provided with a Teskeré from Cons[tantine}ple he was seized and into prison. These rigid measures have only been adopted since the tevet of Greeks. This village contains about 50 Greck Houses, there aro besides families, but the inhabitants are very poor and ignorant of reading and witing, {or the most part common labourers. A Bridge goes over a narrow inet which in the sea close to the village, and forms a small lake. Three Hours after gu this place, we arrived at Bouyuke-Chekmmogel® a large village containing of Chis Inhabitants about 150 Greck Houses and a fow Armenian, besides many Turkish, people here are also of the lower class, few knowing how to read.” There j 4 very boautifl stone bridge, which goes (as at Coutchuk-Chekmege) over a fntet.” This inlt introduces the sta inland and forms also in this village @ lake, the other side of the Bridge ie a small village called Playa inhabited eatcely Greeks." Boats and even ships come and anchor near this village. ‘We left Dotysle Chekemegé for Bsoudus*" where we intended to pass the On our way along the beach we passed a very small and extremely poor cont{ainin)g from 4o to s0 Greek Hovses. It is called Coombargas® and no Turks init. Soon after quitting this place we arrived at Baoudas having gone this day about x0 hours. I felt myelf extremely fatigued which is always the case’ om f Setting out with Post Horses I found ia this village some good Yaourt or sour fan excelent refreshing food in warm westher, of which T made my supper. B Hee and Yaourt may be met with everywhere fa Turkey, aod if’ Travellee © ‘ented with such fare, he will aot only be able to support the grat hests much ‘han tose who live on meat, and drink spits or wine, bat he il Bkowte hls health, and be less table to inflammatory fevers which s0 often attace those ‘wavel ia hot counties. Baoudus is situated on the beach and was a consi village 14 years ago containing besides many Turkish Hosses from. soo t0 600 Gr ‘when it was almost totally destroyed by re: since which about 200 Greek Ihave bean rebut and as many and moro of the Tuekish.. The Gres fa this place sore respectable: they have 2 churches which were Duilt after the fie, belore teveat they had four. ‘They have besides # schol for Ancient and 3 for modern My lodgigfs} at the Khan were better than I expected and I passed tolerable Sunday the 2oth April Iqultted Baoudus st 5 this morning and 2 hous after Slivria!? a Town situated by the sea aide. its principal iahebants are Turks Greeks besides which there afe a fow Armenians and Jews. ‘The Greek families 2 Th: mens be computed to about 200. They have an archbishop, churches, ¥ school for 3 Gora tnd 2 for modern Greek. Siriaas a small Harbour for boats and shipa cay Ee aes 0) on tho rnc, sal fina hkdgs f 52 arcat: ye amined ‘are about Sa 2) The AUtiastite Haron of Mount Sina (ater Metropolitan of Tyrnovo 821-27, fd then proceeded to Kiuical? and were 4p hours ia ceaching it. In going ‘Siivria to Kinisill at a short distance from the Road is the village called Ch 1 Baya Cekmece. 2830-38) was commissoned to undertake modem Greek translation of the Bible the Brtich and Foreign Bible Soclty in October 18:9. Tha Gospls only were ab lished in 1827, affer considerable omendation as it was held thet Thilacon's verion Tepe] Pye Tete, reps Tho teamended tent of Hibsons New Tete wes Kemburgae a Bia) ‘Karigtian Stier. KGinikkoprsa, “eerchaum or sepolte, » Dobecaki250 uisronica younwaL eas of Omen and atte to that poor Asimatsrodence inthe {ie sarin ha ected at Catto} at thet Sere mat oo eal dior 4 compre soy Eied Sundae fuses coc Sony eel al We and Ned Tay and carted by fuer fe Tests Tee pe tway yun Coetantigle fo tbe xs afte Grd Sners Hone ea {Sey ale eamptel tom all tte and have te ples to Sewend Seana ‘Sling ple motny the Gat Tus oo the a and ot Cos eng Sac afe eon dana then “oe te tnd Ape Depart om Bata Eat anda Cons in 9h tours This pace fs misenle Tash vas, cotaing hoa tes Gd oasis het witht ony chuth the maint ary pr ied St See mining a quar of a our bre we fected to Hats and arved Gate STounsThng lh’ sce cide than te at weperictes pe ag “ott « Tassh yopision wih he sncaptn ef aboet 0 Crear mee haa Schuh ‘Alter npn ill an hoes at ion we proceed to Asan yl we reached in the Cou of tous. The Ha Scdpure ae xeeauly ae {he Lown a ile one Zuo Cont asiope to Ade per ip [55 tobe found in he petestion of the Pets ter Patel ort each ea foven t ehom'T attiond the chaable vee te Bible Sey © prone ust ofthe word wit Biles anf Testaments i the langage ae SS fe feopl eed gly plewed ad ony pied tat thy Tere ot rey osstnon of tone lly abs The Geis ik Tots, Grea tnd Belgasa aad {St oo inte guage’ ae made tv of aig and weg" The for {oho tet with ont rood speak Toth vic top read al wiles th Ae Chars” and the Jove S950 Span, Thy high cae of slo Mo a the" Hesew, but tho poo mao tio of he Spa lnginge which hey rd ‘ve with Hbrew caastrn "Th Hay Srp three wich would be is ih the ‘owns aol ilagn | peecd ough Modan’ Greek, Teh ‘Sincnajnchacogs Dlr, Atel four Spun with now ctl one aoe pees isis q Se Havet. In. 1827 HD, Loovos came acrost some thicty familie of Tunis speaking ‘Greeks’ without a church or pres, at Haven, ‘Sea the prosont author's Riliction and Distibution of Karamani Texts + It, op cts p. 1078. Tt Soa likly that these "Groska’ were a settlement of tho Turisth speaking Gaga OF “Chrntan "Taras wo were lata coaeenated in fhe Dobra ot of who isolated community is recorded in Haven by P. Wittal, “Vacifoghia All on the ‘Tanks of the Dobroja’, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, (pap fap, Hola comments of Karamar or Tui seating thastins existed in the Balkans but whereas in Asia Minor they employed the alphabet to write Tuckish, in Bulgesan speaking areas they employed. the Alphabet; G. “Harai, ‘Monsiments Ungulstiquee osmanliturce en. caractere, dans des recuei de Belgase™ in Acts Ontentala Academe Seintiarum Hah XI (ago) pp. 22h ‘On the considerable iterature in Turkish printed with Armenian chavacters, HE Barberian, "Le Littecatare arméno-targue’, in Phiolopiae Tarccas Panda TT (Wiesbaden 1964), pp. Boo-18 2 s0'The Bible Society published edition in all thee languages at about this smany of them under the nogls of HD. Lewves! modeen Grea in 2810, “14, ~17- “Piccagi Turkih wid Amenan chatacters oft ius Bulga ya ‘pein in 16,160; Spt with Hebron character 16 and Hebrov i MBE BENJAMIN BARKER'S JOURNAL ast I found the Grocks on the High road to Adtianople in general poor, ioorant and iterate. The shock they have recfelve]a from tho Turks 1s visbly’ delineated on ‘hair brows, they ace dowacast and humble and by living in apprehension they ste Docoming mistrustful. They aro waiting with ansity to see the results of the Tarkish frmament now ‘early ready to sail ftom Const(antino]ple against the Tsiands and the Mores, and they imagine that all thir fare hopes depend upon the il scree ‘of that expedition. On sosing me so inquisitive with regard to the state of tho Shistans, they immediately supposed my mision was on politcal views, and T plainly sow their diappointment when informed tothe contrary. Twas obliged fo conduct mysaf with great circumspection, not to bring these poor people into trouble, for siapicim on the part of the Turks, who are extremely ignorant in there pats, of my corferences with the Grecks would perhaps prove injurious to them ‘The Turks who are avays ready to oppress the Christas would seize with pleasure uch am excuse to exbrt money ad otherwise iteeat them ‘Adtianople or Baréné ‘This City ie beautify situated near the confusnce of the rivers Marizza* Toonat® and. Aréa,0) the water of which form together a stream of great width, but only Seep enough to adm the navigation of beats, which communicate with the sea at [Enort? 8 Town situated at the south of tho Maviza. This rver can also be ascended ‘with small boats as far ae Phiippopoli®® but beyond that Town if i+ no longer navigable. Adsinople being oa a gentle acelivity has a magnificent appearance aad the Traveller who approaches It on the East side, having a fine view af the beaatfal ‘moogue of Sultan Sai and of the many tres that are intermingled with the Houses, Imagines that he i about to enter a most beautfal City, but he le greatly die ‘pointed when he pxceiver the dirty streets and wooden Houses with sud” walle fd in wretched repr which fox the Interior of Adtlanople. T'was most Madly rec(cive}d by Mr. and Mes. Duvelus at thelr agreanble country House at the village Of Carahach*« half an how's ride Som Adsanople which they make Uscis residence ‘Sucing the greatest pact of the year ‘rs Duvelur was aypoiated Consul here by the Levant Com[panly four years ago, dtring which pered hs has not only maintained the interests of Hie nation with great honor but har also boen extremely usefl in several tansactons, which oaly’ is firmness and the reepret the Authorities of the place bear him, could have brought ‘so happy a conclusion, Hes a most worthy gentleman, endowed with all the qualities ‘hae ditinguiah the giod christian and the experanced man of the world “The Day after tay svival here Mr. Duvelos was 80 good as to introduce me to the Greek Archbishop, who reesved me very kindly, but 1 was much disappointed to find in him a potion so deiclent inthe Knowledge requisite to fl sacha Post. He shocked me very muck by observing that it Would be uscless for the poople to reed the Holy Sedptore, at they would forgot them immediately after, no doubt he judges of others by himll. Tels not therefore without reason that the Greeks here ical 90 28 Merg neh 0 Tones seb 4 Ards not Bes, 4 Plow, 4 Keragag,252 HISTORICAL JOURNAL BENJAMIN BARKER'S JOURNAL 253 with the advantage of a Uberal education has a perfect knowledge of this Country Gnd i besides as Well ap Vasilaki, a warm partisan of the Bible Society. T therefore Hope with the telp of these two Gentlamen, to establish er’ I quit Adrianople effectual tense to supply hencefarward the poor Greaks of these parts with the word of God. ‘much the los ofthe at Arhbihop Rothe a most accomplished pave, ‘hated the same fate with their Patriarch at the breaking out of the Gros sev othotheo hed the advantage of an Esropean eveston Std as mast et Latin, italan and Pench language He war at Comtlaninlple at an fhe toublen, Bat ad he beea a is Cy he would ually ee lat fs {he srt Apu 821 twenty two of the owt ropectible Geeky of Adnan 2 rhata were behead, and on roth the Exastarch Cyne who had Sena ite sine the your 808 waa dated to apper bets the Donates Rese ca Burin he es kindly ve[eive)d by at Ofer who rosa hrs ml 1 ipe and Coe: whed the Pottarch was abows to tate eve the Bevtagee {altNin he would give hinsn som Ont he sight oot be molated on hs oy rived at hs Hout he was nized by the potted ert and hang oe of eng iis windows lth the preentAxibishop does not once the dssoate the Hay Seriptre, which hardy ext in hs ditee it everthlne apc 1 converins that fe war peocydndiferet t fim wher his et seat Hoy Serproes oc mot. ‘The lena gnosis of the Peas, wil ot Sah rove an dhrale tthe Bibl Soity's trsacen here “as introduced by Mr. Davee to an integer Geek named Vasa, to'the inte Bx Pasarth Gye. aso ade the seutntance af Deter Eteane ‘Theoret 8 pntleman} bon hee, but who hee edd in Earpe. Me Le. Dorotheos Proios, For Proles, seo K. Amantos, Ta grammata is fin tn Tourhobratian, (Pirsens 1940), pp. 20636,--Proioe Sgurer inne of the promotions of the Beole Polytechnique: Diehl, “The Greek Charch and In'G. F- Abbot, Gracce iw Bvalution =~ (London 1909) past. Ch also Ie. "Logic “Theale, in. Thrabiha, Paractios toa. Toto, (1931), Pp. toes, Potrarch Gregorios. V was hanged by the Tasks at the Lcumenical Constantinople gn Easter Sunday 1824 “i Formeiy Pata Kiron VE, who afters oomination, wma ‘Konya (Icoriam) and before ie eubsequent elevation tothe . ibe’ metropelitan of Earae. Elected Ecumatical Patriarch in 1813, in. sic {0 Jeremias 1V, Kyles was deposed in 1819 ln favour of Gregoies Vn the yest he returned to Edie, where he had been born ebout 1750, reaaining there RiS"exocution by the Turks in June 1822. In x8r5 he had gublidid in Constant the patracchal pres a valuable account of the eparkhy ef Kaya, of which = ‘are copy now survives in the Geanadeion Library, Athans: Tstoni pognah fou Vienni proskdothentos Whorograthow pinahos tis meals rhbiatyopia Tonio. proton ‘ypots ehdothelsn. En to Patriarthiko Typogrfet, Ex tet 187s. To 2 Gp. 67-73) Is appended his Perigag tis Adrianoupoleos ha tion ton persis T ‘meron. "The map of Konya had been publisied three years earlier in Views. Whorograntes tis megais Arbhisatrapias Thoniou, en Vietod 1812. Cf? KN, Sa Neovllnaki Piclogia, Athens 1868, p. 678. “ST bostanet bag, “8 Almost cevtainly Stefance Karathoodors, Karatheodosi fs regarded by D. Gi ‘as the mont hkely suthor of the anonymous Mberal tact Stobhasmoy tow Kin printed bythe fen of Didot in Para in 1819, A doctor, Karatheodors had. stu [in'Pisa and om graduation i i819 a¢ he age of 3o-he had fetumned to ltiran, the direction of the school there im r820. Karetheedors, as wes Adamantios In hi private cortepondence, war highly cntial of the then metropolitan of ‘Dorotieos Prias, whom he castigated or he neglect of edenton in his ope. contrasts the situation prevailing in diene with that in Chios where “the natives Sulicient sence to swstict Use prelate to matters of church and. worship, and fssupe for thamseve the divttion of community” afsir. “There sto bef jistic, philanthropy, a schoel, « Mbrary, a printing prom, ospllas, courts f Greek Population ‘The Greek Houses wero numbered about 12 years ago, when it was found that this City contained about 3,009 houres, since whieh they have augmented according tO the general opinoa to about 6,00, if therefore we allow 7 souls to each House, which js even too litte in this Country, the Greee Population w(otl]@ amount to” 42,000 Soule a computation rather under than above the general estimation made here.” The Greeks have an Atci-Bishop named Nicephorus 10 churches 1 school for Ancient Greek ont(ainin}g about 50 scholars and 3 for modern Greek with nearly 200 scholars besides whieh there are several others for private tuition, “Both the modern Greek Sod Bulgarian languages ave made usm of for reading and writing by the Greeks of ‘Advianople, but ia the villages on the road to Philippopolt they are better acquainted frith the Bulgarian Language, The Holy Seviptares are extremely scarce here and {maongst the lower class of Christiane totally ‘unknown. About 3 years ago a few opts of the Ancient and Moder Greck Testament printed by the Bible Sacety were fet to Adsianople from Enos, which were immediately bought up, sce then no more fave appeared, altho” I have boon told that several copies of the same book had som tims back bean brovght to Enos fom Smymna, no doubt they were sold there belare the revo of the Gresks, thore of that nation reiding here were extremely powerfl, ‘So mach so, thit the stthorities of the Country took great care not to diplease them, for they were sure of being depose. Their interest at Constantinople was co great that just before their downfall they demanded from the Porte the exile of the Pacha Gf Adsanople which was granted them. When the Firman arrived with the sentence, ‘he Grosks entered the Pacha’s Palsce in a great body and begun to abuse him, some fsking him for Horses, others for Pence, others again for money which he had taken for them during the tne he wat in power and they obliged him to make restitution Gt every thing. "The Turks profted also of this cecumstance and made similar demands. ‘What greatly struck me was to see with what freedom the Christians and Jews enter And the prolate, instead of guiding, js himself guided by he common wil, And ‘rhere fs Sil this? "Tn'a small ind!) Clearly & protagonist of the "Neo Hellenic Enlightenment” Karathendori frequently calls Ge the Greeks of his day to imitate the virtues of their heroic ancertas" I turn ow towards you, O noble sons of recess the vite othe arene sea once re to eect ts drone, among the Sissons, for so many years degeaded by its absence . "the revered ghosts of Pythagorsa, Gr Arhytas cod Gf Soesates point out to you unfading crowns’? D. 5. Chiao, ators Sob, ran ts Adamention Koa, (het 1963) BP ao, F3- Nak Eiprngly, the, Orthodow, hierarchy took strong” exception #0 the’ act . Eclmontal’ Pattiarch, Crogoror Vat the tustgaton of Hilarion of Mount Sinai, ‘overcer ‘of the patrichal press, otdered such copies as could be found to be bum. {Burning mas the ute sanction employed agaeat books held to be effenive by the Patrantnate, Cli A. Helladios, Status practone eclesiae Gracca, (Aitdor!/ Norberg? 1714), 247, aod the anonyrmons Ell Nomarkhia, Wo logos por elftheras, (Taly” hod) Tepetted by . Valsts, (Athens 10489), p. 150. Ghinis, who disses fully the problems surunding the Stokharmat tou Kiitonoe and reprings the fall text of ‘his rare publication, citer biography of Maratheodoris by Tas Tantaliis, Vios Stefonow Raratheodovon, (Constatinople 2868), which I have not seen254 HISTORICAL JOURNAL the morg t Addn nti ng hat ppntn,v cntay fal Seater Ae an eect ca een cee tote fs ie ce a ae Rita" Yer tat as owed haar B'ulmtte tod was esl teeny ie Ce a pa a i Rehan eB Sho Uc Dab aa a Ltt ns daa ns ery ie cara ia Coe hahaa ts cht he Soa Ae tal aie can, payiag un cron hte on nee fr en eae tae el pena oe he oe alee tana Shottre Ged vae Et ide te er cn ae emt at gai nt yo tra ays nee, cla tt: ded ra ants tay con edna Sty pans wil ens be ety pd the bavoar wat tnt ugh to ncongny ne te Anon Diy i te gon hn Se tr of etna Tint ome ecetan Pane EE'ln a aio tan andy Gy ayy ee pre aa REENRGae Se ay Spt Comet Saal tone al Shy cba act ils of Sele Fees fd Phe ‘Sora tay sf lien rad Un ne ge ea ee SEPT Rls fe Aan ot Alton" eral at Sooner aot ht saten ey" pred ae, Tua(stn Tale oa ‘tofenj Grace seed aie he ht can Mesa a SCBA? SIGS thine y et tal pee el Cf cecetig the vation of he Hy Spare ny owas Ba Suctaly ana esate thr ute ack fae heen Alu tl "ten fle Thy Mae a. Buhop rch we ott aslo he lA temas oP cee Romer horas he ect mest pope ‘Stet Tita are ty Sr St les (00 Nets tant Da Sia fees Tiana coh ene nan SG IS Bae bmn is eee ib thas ete Rha Cet athe the te WS tans rl gl SStamsng ws Gamma wo yao Jon tr Mae te Be aa SETE'ESSA Hepes a a eles lm dha Sa a at ihe bys ul chs oh ee To ne ne he Iola ton fs tng hve Syne Pe inl fogs a ‘Bay Soak Sut Tt cal wg hy ae ae fh ee MPP Spit ey Hallet chet Pal af Kite hg Bn fet hy oder ofthe Pete to mach agit he ce in hte is Macao he Sat wl he tm AE "Dosta tare olen Unt Tall py a Oat th ti a ny Hate aT alge on tay Hose hoy fi BOA Ii nade a cys 1 et’ fe Soe spat By 1 The Snlemiye Camis wan built betwen 1560 and 1575, during the rign of Seis) 1 and was deigned by the wthitect Siaan. ‘The question of Modem regions bulding Arequonted by Clsstans fe dicussed at length by FW, Hasluce in Chritlnity and Flam sider the Sultans, (Oxford 1920), 1, ‘to have bean unknown to Hasluck, oP: meal, Te: Buyaruta. BENJAMIN BARKER'S JOURNAL 255 Consul and wo were ushered according to the custom practised on euch cceasions in tho Kenya's or Fist Lieutenants room, where we smoked e pipe and took Coffer, lant we were anounced to His Excallency.” We were then presented to the tnuselin ‘who wo found seated in s magaiicent audience room, he cordially invited us fo sit ‘bear im snd soon after pipes and colle were orderod, that ceremony ended I presented ‘ay Firman ad the Divan Efondis™ appeared who read it out in an sudble voice, ‘the servants daring this Interval being ordered out of the room. It so turned out thet ‘this muselio was tunder Chourchid Pacha at Aleppo when T'was there, and at the fimo that the Alopeeas rose against the Governor and illed many of is. en. T ‘thought to have recognised him, but my being dresed in the Tarksh style prevented im from recollecting me He called into the Room his Imam an Alepeen who having seen me in that dress latterly at. Aleppo Knew me immediately. The conversation wae thea continued in Amabie and they both lamented the destruction of Aleppo which in the open of verybody was the best bullt city in all the Turkish Dominions, The mastelim, did ‘hot seem at all to pity the fate of the Alepeens, no doubt he bore them ill will fora the time of the Rébalion, when he narrowly cacaped being put to death by thet He told me he would give me a Buyuedl whenever I should think proper ‘o.quit ‘Adtianople and Was in every respect extremely polite. The Palace ofthe Pacha altho" of wood has e magnificent appearance and & by far the {est building 1 saw inthis City excepting the mosque of Sultan Selim, which i a fine monmient of Tuskish fracture, it has four beautiful Miaarets and they pretend go windows. The court: {yard does not correspond ther in beauty or Grandeur to the rst of the building. 1 Visited smaller moeque in the Courtyard of which Taw 13 or x3 Colors of Geaaite nd porphyry, there are also at Sultan Salim’s mosque 3 or 4 of those Columns, ‘Adtianople can boast of having the Gnest bazaar in the whole Ottoman Empie; i Js a. Duilding of joo arches and IS superior to anything I saw of the aoct at CConst[antine}ple oF Aleppo. The Tuskich population of this place i comptted to be about jo,o00 sous. Advanople is well ealclated forthe extablshment of a Depot of the Holy Scriptures. Its immediate intercourse with Philippopol,Sophia,"= Nicopoli Ternova,## Silistra,% ote, ete. and in short with also the wally towns ead villages of Rome, makes this piace very interesting to the Bible Society. A good Supply of Bibles and Tes[tamente in Greck, Bulgarian aad in the languages of the other” provineas of Turkey in Europe, as ‘well as in Arm[eninjn, Turkth. with ‘Armfeniajn characters, Hebrew and Spaaish with Hebvew Ch[aracte}rs would fad fa ready cle in a country where the Holy Sexptures are so very searee. Adrianople has ao the advantage of being near the two renowned fais of Urwnsiona'? and Selins,** where a concourse of poople from all the provinces of European Turkey trowd to purchase thelr yeasly stork of commodities ‘Usunciova is but a small place In isl, but is rendered considerable during its fir oa Th: kahya. Tie: divan elon Soli i Bitien 8 Unuudshovo Sliven,256 HISTORICAL JOURWAL hich takes place about the 7th of September] and lass 8 or 10 days" Te estate in the Pachalick of Advianople and 16 hours distant from this City, ‘Selimwos is a couatry town in the Pachalick of Sitstia and 24 hours stat frm ‘Adrianople. It contains besides the Turkish houtes 2,000 Greek and. Bulgtricn ae 43 Greck Churches, Its fair which next to that of Ustnsiova i the most consent Logins at the Greek Pentecost and lasts 12 days Desden thete two faite there aes several others Dut of litle note ‘To the por and inthe Pachalck of Adsanople there are the following interecting villages vi, ‘Kavaklit®cont{sinin)g about 1,000 houses and 1 church Kant) S00 we Toa Maghallo Monasiis# (joo) gf Mictos Monastiie? 1) 1503) In the vicinity of Karies there are several small villages the most considerable of which Senaplit+ coot{ainin}g neatly 00 houses and x chareh Chicoukoae" aD nw oughanoghls Sm ‘The inhabitants of these village a0 well at those of Kivaldi etc, are called Karis, ‘They pretend to be the real descendants of the ancient Grecks and take great care not to intermarry with the Grocks of the other vilages, whowe blood is mixed with ‘ood that of the Bulgasians. ‘They are sensible people, politicians, very ingustive ‘Penetrating, chey dress differently from their neighbours and are more at thes ‘They speak the best modern Greek and pronounce it according to their opinion in te ‘Urunsiova’ (Urundahovo) and “Seimnos (Sliven) were inks fn ehain of comme: cial fairs extending to Prep, Struga and Jansing. A particular featare of the le ‘Mt Unundshovo were the Russian furs imported by Greti and Artnenian eran, inportat in he eghtenth century than ever ete. “in the very pened By eh {ay Balkan towns were in the teow ef prolonged economic crak Re fe of te Buikios Doomed’ ond’ prnpeced’; T™ Staanivich The Comcsog Balan Gebeey Merchant’ in founas f Economie Hutory. XX (i960), ph sete, soot, GL ‘Svorun, Le commerce de Saowigue on sh ates ata "fh: pp 200 210-08 ae 2p, tp, 40. Svoronen conane Semin, near Dalgrade, wh aoa” oe Sieh ‘he quetidot theo Balan fae ie encsvel by ‘AMetfan Mite ad Wester ind de Balkanaluenarite zur Tarkons ia Sdostdetech Forchungen, Ut Godby Pb. 67120, and "Die gronten Balkasmmessen in der Tikes, In Vierejahschnft fe Shea and Wischflgechcke, HSK. (093) PP toao Topatverad BENJAMIN BARKER'S JOURNAL 257 Ancient Ste? Tn calculating the number of inhabitants in these villages it is fecessry to add fom zo to 12 soalr in each house for the Kasiots live several families together. ‘Tae children when they marry remain with thelr parents, “To the northeast of Advlanople are thew Greek villages vis Meghallo Bouyaliks* cont[anin}g about 60o houses and x church Miro Bouyalike” 20 nF ‘There are ako in the Pachalik of Advianople ‘Kiri-Kliss™ cont[ainin]g nearly Boo Greele Houses without a church Seopo# 5 400 on witha church Kirk Kissa or Forty churches altho" a considecble Country Town, has not single ‘church andthe Greeks cannot obtain the permission tp build one fer the reason that there never was a church in that Place ‘Karakach, where the Christians have their country houses is half an hour distant from Adrianople. Tt is a small Greek village cont{aining from s0 to 60. peasants families who reside there all the yeat round they have a small charch and a school ‘The many Gardons which aze intermived with the houses rendce the situation of the village very pretty and itis agresable to live here in the spring, but in the sutimer Tam told the heat is very great ‘Mr. Davelu having informed me that at Otakil"® about 6 hours ride from Adsianople there lived a Bishop of the Greek persuasion, whose diocese contained several villages fahabited ently by Greeks and Bulgacians. T determined to pay him a vist, and ‘Mr. and Mrs, Duvelue accompanied me thither ‘Orta is a considerable Gren village stated atthe fot of the mountains ancentiy called Rodops which divide the Eastern from the Western Thrace. ‘This vilage cone {ins 250 Honses and the Bishopric hae 20 other villages inhabited by Greeks only ‘The Bishop isa litle jolly old man and clever enough to preserve himeelf and the Greeks of his diocere from the persecution of Tore at a titie when money sloue Je not Salficient for that purpose. The Bishop did not enter with warmth upon the subject ‘of the Bible Society elther from fac of furnishing a pretext to the Turks of Extoring ‘money from him, should he distribute books, altho" of a nature, which instead of ‘exciting rebelious opinions, on the contrary destroyed sch ideas, or perhape lke Mis superior at Adranopie he litle eared i his followers read or not the Holy Seviptures, ‘The Protosigslos or sicond in ceclesiastic power on the contrary was much disposed ‘0 further the Socety’s views. “He heard with pleasure and wonder the tranractons of the Bible asocations and desired me not to fall to send hiss the Grock Scriptures ‘randated by Hilarion ab soon ar they were put into csculation and request that the prices might be a2 low ae possible that the poor who are the most numerous of the inhabitan of that Bishopeick sight be able 49 purchase thn 1 Remarks of this type are frequently met with among the travellers, In the sixteenth centary the French travell Pleste Belon noted tut ‘amplus et pagos spud Herecloama, ght». sie ‘Graces tabitatar, quorem lingua vulgaris pars Gracea est; Ptr Beloni Conomani plurimarim siguarinm & memorabiivm rer fa Graccia, Asia, Aegypto, Tuden, Arabia, alisgue exters province ab ipso conspectaramt ‘observationes’ «(Antwerp 1580), B38 S Ore 1 Dale 7 allo,258 MISTORICAL JOURNAL Close to this village were encamped several Turk and Bulgaria Gipsies who to a appearance lived in great harmony together. Dr. EGenne Karh Theodore, host ‘ojusintaace T formed on my arival hee, fled his services to distribute the Scriptures in Adslanople and its eavions and send them also t0 Sophia, Philippe fle. ols. He will ikewite correepond with the Revd. HD. Leoves aad furnish hee ‘lth any deformation he may reqize of thase places. This Gentleman is of the Greck Petsuasion and a pesoa af much Instruction, besides the Gresk language he is fang ‘with the Latis, Talia, French, German and Turkish. He was elceady acqualateg With the object of the Bible Sooty having had the opportunity to make the acquaint: nce of Mr- Allen” Me. ‘Theodore i so perfectly pasuaded of the goodness af the Society's cause that he told me he would with infnite pleasure do all in his pow, {to farther its views in these parts for the good of hie couatzymen whose interest he ha at heat. ‘tr. Consul Davelus recommended this gentleman to me at a person of the stile honesty and T am fully persuaded he wil be the means of doing much geod in these [perts. Told daring the few days I remained at Adsanople 70 Vols, of the Arm{ nists Scriptures which were sent me from Const[antino]ple and had T any of the Greck oe ‘Tiutkis]h with Arm[eniala characte] many would have been dirpoced of, but the Aepot at Conet[antino}ple was unprovided when T quittel with thove edit, conse: ‘quently had nose with mo. “laving been 30 fortunate as to mect in this Clty a person such as Dir, Etienne Kach ‘Theodore who would take charge of the Society's alist, I guited the amiable of Me. Duvelur where I was treated with the utmost Kindness and. hospitality and T shall ever look back sith pleasure to the period of my stay at Adrianople, which procured me the pleasure of cultivating the acquaintance of to good a mall Mr Duvets. oth of May, procoaded to Demotica which I reached with post Horees ia 3 hous 4 dctance cilclated to be at least 6 hours. I went immediately to the Bishop Themotigho Katinas for whom I had a letter of recommendation, T found. the [Bishop a seasble good natured man and sever have I seen anyone more pleased than the wat when T related to him the operations of the Bible Society, he cartel me 49 another apartment where T found amembled the most respectable Gresks of the pe ‘pd there in am elegant and eloquent speech related to them all Thad informed him (Of the Bible Society. He faished by saying “Ie was ltt, my Brethren, t0 the English Slkeady renowned for thei Philanthropy and generosity to conceive and eeetuate the ‘oblest Of undertakings, chat of rendering alt nations happy by giving them the work Of God in thee respective languages. Yer my brethren the Engish have paid Hilarion So purses to tramlate the Holy Seriptures into the Modern Greek language and faze intended for us, (Note: the Bishop was informed that Hilarion bad been x Dy the English to trate the Old and New Testament in the Modern Greek languafe) They have embraced “eagalasané” the Holy Sexiptres, and they are anxious Dat thee flow Christians should do the same’ ‘The Bishop then took up the Aaclent and Modern Now Testament printed: by the Society and vead oat to them two chapters fom the Epistle to the Coviathings, 1 asked the Bishop where he had got that book from, he told me he heard that the 11 The Quaker philanthropist and propagandist for the Lancasteian school system recalled having met ia Athans, in October 1819, "Stefapo Carateodor), the youn fom Adrianople’, who was "very eager to promote the school system, and enfrs ia fur views’; Willan Allen, Life of Wiliam Alle, with selactions from his correspondent (ondon 7646), Thy pp. 24 BENJAMIN, BARKER'S JOURNAL 259 English had printed and distributed that work and had sent to Adrianople to see if he could procure one to read. A fiend of his had jort sent him that copy entreating him to return it a5 soon as possible and he showed me that he had neatly perused the halt. T opened the book and was greatly astonished to find that it had been ought at Aleppo in 1820 and had found its way #0 Adrianople. Leki for toe 1 tad an edition of that work with mo and I presented it to the Bishop ‘who was very ‘thankful for it, and a man being about to return to Adrianople he committed to his caze hs fends book ‘Demotica is situated close to @ running stream and at about 20 minutes side fora the river Marian. The Towa rans up a found hil st th top of which are the remains fof an Ancient Castle. ‘This Hillis covered with ealacombe, which serve as habitations for the poot people. T was shown a prison near the Bshope Hoace sind ont of the rock on the wall of which was written that 20 French offers had been impesoned there In 2799.7 The figures of Mars and Liberte were drawn also on the wall and wall preserved. Near this prison, there is @subtevanean room or well, the entrance Sf which isso small that only one person can be let dows ata time, this place serves kawise a8 «prison for those who have committed henious (ec) eres ‘The town of Demotica contains 700 Greek houses and 2 churches and the whole Dishopeek about 4.000 Houses. Twas surprised to see bere a public clock in the ‘Turkish fashion. It is placed on a squnce steeple and stlkes the Hours very distinct, this ia the fmt 1 have seen in Turkey. I qutted Demotion after having remained ith the good Bishop 4 hours and left him with reget for T derived much pleastre {rom his conversations. After a shor ride of 2 hours {artived at the fatnows Bridge of Urunkeprov® cont{ainin)g az 1 was informed 300 arches. This bridge goes over © small river called Frydnd"™ which] we eroted on horseback This stceam in the winter ‘ells to such a dogree that it covers the plain over which runs the bridge, At the nd of this bridge ls the small Town of Usuakepro ‘Usunkopro is a small and. poor place, cont{anin]g fom 30 to. 40 Greck families, ‘hoy have r church and only peiost to whom I gave the last modsrn Glree]k Testa, ment Chad with me. "He war extremely pleased with it and made me write my name in it apd said he would place {ein his small church. This town le in the Pachaiek of Aatianople, but the Greeks are under the contol of the Bishop of Redo, ‘The direct road from this place to Wodasto or Tekir Daha io tho’ the town called CChiopkaa?? containing about 00 Gres Houses with 1 church and Ghasiopsul® cont{ainin)g 40 Greek houses and’ 1 Church. The guide by some mistake took us ‘out of the road to Malgara"® a town cont{aiain]g about 150 Arm[eniaje houses and ¥ ehapel and 100 G[reo}k houses and 1 Church, and theo’ Einegik!" with no more than 20 Glreoj}k and Anmfeniajn Houses. We went thie day, the zoth May, 20 hours ‘ie in 1 hours with Post Horses, that is to tay, Gaveroment Horees and arrived much fatigued at Rodosto. The relection of the san from the sandy sl, over which we passed rendered tho heat intolerable, TRodesto or Tekir Daha is situated by the seaside and extends up a hill Uke an The Ottoman Porte hed declared war on France in September 1708 in the after ‘math of Bonaparte’s Egyptian expedition 2 Una 1 Brgene eds Eeebe neat260 MISTORICAL JOURNAL seine i oc i o96 5 mann taco eo sree cman atom Gove te oh 1a tr he eo blr ate a 7 ae Sr ut SOAS Cg cee oa ra hg a he eae et paige wil Acne Gp ot nnn Gg peer ort pe ey sais oe ere cere ns mint are, Tan ce So ha mes a baat tra seer aay Se meester oe acreage econ Pt es oe ee gee ee ern ener 0 ct a te dene oe Se eee ea ee See phere ee a erect Abele ora ber ea ean conn et oe Coa seen are ars en, ee cae ea Sanh cae ee ret oe ee ete ig ie ee eae) Tego eed wh oS le ws come ce Oe en Pa ema occ oe ee et ae fe ie ae pat a bee Soar eos ee Seat oars So cen ety ae a a nr ee ot an ceeiers nee wea, cota oy See oe See ie, De nied ae mat ee a oeanees eee sone [Erect hae an excellent harbour but the town is anhenlthy and at the present moment ‘extremely distressed for want of watot. Tt has ffom 60 t9 70 Greek House aad 2 Churches and the inhabitants are very poor. From this place T weat to Siri the 14th . 4 description of which T gave at the Boginning of my journal ‘The wind being contrary I left the boat and toske Hore and arrived at Pera the fame day a distance of 1 hours, ‘It is highly desirable that the want of the Holy Scriptures in Earopean Torkey should come tader the sous consideration of the ible Society and proper steps talent supply that interesting country crowded with CCaistians with the word of God which at the present tate of things would prove a real blessing to them. It was reported to me whist at Adrianople that a repectable Widow whose husband war beheaded at the commencement of the Gresk Revolution, ald “r Teel a real consolation in my ‘pretent misfortunes in the perusal of the Now Testament’. "How many more would enjoy an equal ratsfction were they i posesion of that Holy Volumet T need not say any more, the generosity of the Bible Socety vill soon procure them that elt. Rrcuarp Crosc. University of London, 11 Bret (Qarmaraerelis. 2 Mimarsinan/Walikratya © Moret + Gesibote A MANUSCRIPT OF CHORTATSES’ “EROPHILE” IN BIRMINGHAM auctioned at Sothebys in a sale of manuscripts from the Phillipps collection." It was acquired by the Library of the University of Birmingham, where research on the play was already in progress.* The rediscovery of the manuscript isa welcome and important event, as students and editors of the play have until now been unaware of its existence. “‘Erophile” was written about 3600 by the Cretan poet George Chortatses. Its recognised as one of the most important works of demotic Greek poetry of the ‘Cretan Renaissance’ period. It was already popular in the seventeenth century; it was printed repeatedly in Venice from 1637. and we are told it was frequently performed in Candia, Chortatses’ play is a poetical tragedy. in which he handles the rich Cretan dialect with skill and subtlety, making it an elegant and versatile literary medium. Elements from Greek traditional poetry and lore are ‘woven in with neo-classical literary motifs. The plot is tale of romance and revenge in the manner of sixteenth-century Italian tragedy. The secret marriage of Princess Erophile and the courtier Panaretos is dis- covered by Erophile’s father King Philogonos, who kills Panaretos with sadistic cruelty. Erophile commits suicide,” and her maids murder O: 15 June 1970 a manuscript of the Greek tragedy “Erophile” was 2 See Sotheby and Co's ele catalogue: Bibliotheca Philippa, Catalogu of French, Spanish, Portuguese, Greck. Vagos and Slavonic manatcrifts from the celebrated lection formed by Sr Thomas Philipp. Bt. (1700-1872), New Saree Sixth Part, 19 46 June, toro, p. 3p.,"The mapdad ition of “Erophie” ts that of &. Kanthoudides, Erophte, tragotia Georgio Choratst (100) (Athens (Texte und Forechungen ‘zat Byrantriseh-Neugsachsehen Philologie. Ne. 9} 1os0). (For further bibliography See MO Manousakase Rrsike Violograpies tow “Rreihow Theatrow” cevond eh, Ahn 1904) pp. 19-35 Me furchaee was announced in a letter signed by P. M. Sibbick and A. T Vincent tn the Times Literary Supplement na-gs60,July 10th, 19jo, p- 775, Tas manescpt Es toen catalogued xs MGS ta/i/t7. Alef te no te Norkng 90 “rope” would ike fo express our sincere gastade to the various bodies which contebuted to its i, ata the Calvert Library, te Ars Fast, te Commie for Byeatne Studies, and the Depertaents of Ged English, Talian and Latin, I would iso lke fo express my thasks to De, XW. Humphreys for examiing the manuscript and is agroument why identifeation of the fst hand (sce ‘ie acting out ofthe bibliographical