ptch10_stat_triola10_2008_sol

Since tests for significance are parts of so many exercises, we will not do the 6-step method. We need only do steps 2
(find the critical number), 4 (find the test stat), and 5 (reject or fail to reject Ho). We will assume Ho: ρ = 0 (there is NO
significance), H1: ρ ≠ 0 (there IS a significance).

n−2
1) There must be a significant for the regression equation t=r
Method 1: Test Statistic is 1 − r 2 , Critical values: Use
to be useful.. Table A-3 (The t-distribution, 2-tails) with degrees
of freedom df = n – 2, if |t | is > critical value from
2) r = -0.563, n = 25 Do the test with Method 1 and again Table A-3, reject H0.
with Method 2. Method 2: Test statistic: The test stat is r, Critical values:
Table A-6, if r is > critical value then reject H0.
Method 1: Critical number: From A-3 with df = 23, two-tail,
α = .05, the Critical number is t = 2.069.
Test stat t = −.563 25 − 2 = −3.267, t = 3.267
1−.5632
Since the test stat t = 3.267 > 2.069 = t the critical number, Reject Ho and NO CORRELATION.

Method 2: Critical value = .396 from Table A-6. Use the “n” version (since df = 23 is not on the “df” version).
Test statistic: r = -0.563. For comparisons use |r |.
Since the test stat |r | = .563 > .396 = critical value then reject H0.

Note: Since this is two tail, use critical r = ± .396.

Answer: Critical values: r = ±0.396, no significant linear correlation.

3) r = 0.229, n = 15
Method 2: Critical value = .514 from Table A-6. Use the “n” or “df” version. .05, 2-tail, n = 15, df = 13.
Test statistic: r = 0.229.
Since the test stat |r | = .229 < .514 = critical value then reject H0.

Note: Since this is two tail, use critical r = ± .514.

Then Critical values: r = ±0.514, significant linear correlation.

Answer: Critical values: r = ±0.514, significant linear correlation. (answer does not agree with author)

5) Put the data in L1 & L2. Press STAT select TESTS then LinRegTTest Press ENTER Input: L1, L2, 1, ≠ 0, Calculate
(leave RegEq blank)
Output: r = -.335 at bottom of output.

6) n = 8, test r = 0.708
Check for significance: Use A-6, no alpha…check both .05 and .01: When .05 crit r = .707. When .01 crit r = .834.
Since test r = .708 is bigger than r = .707 and smaller than r = .834, Reject when α = .05 and fail to reject when α = .01.
There IS a significance at .05 and not at .01. So put 6.3 in y^ = 55.8 + 2.79x. y^ (6.3)= 55.8 + 2.79(6.3) = 73.38 for .05
and y-bar if .01..

7) n = 6, r = 0.789
Check for significance: Use A-6, no alpha…check both .05 and .01: When .05 crit r = .811 When .01 crit r = .917.
Since test r = .789 is less than either of the critical numbers, Fail to Reject Ho. There is NOT a significance. So use y-bar
= 19

8) x 24 26 28 30 32 or use PREDICT
y 15 13 20 16 24
Put the data in L1 & L2. Press STAT select TESTS then LinRegTTest Press ENTER Input: L1, L2, 1, ≠ 0, (for RegEq,
press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1), then press Calculate
Output: You can build the equation from the a and b in y = a + bx or press Y= and the equation will be there (round the
numbers). y^ = -11.8 + 1.05x
9) Put the x-value 392 in the equation and see how far the y-value -260.4 is from the equation value. y^(392) = 53.2 + -
0.8(392) = -260. The point is right on the line since the y-values for the point and the equation are the same for the same
x. So the point is neither an outlier or an influential point.

10) Total variation is 116.3 and the explained variation is 82.6. Well r2 = explained/total = 82.6/116.3 = .710

11) x 2 4 5 6 or use PREDICT

y 7 11 13 20 Using the points and LinRegTTest we’ll find r2.
Put the data in L1 & L2. Press STAT select TESTS then LinRegTTest Press ENTER Input: L1, L2, 1, ≠ 0, Calculate
(leave RegEq blank or leave Y1 in it if it’s there)
Output: r2 = .887 at bottom of output.

12) x 5 2 9 6 10 Find the explained variation = Σ ( ŷ - y ) 2 when ŷ = 44.8447 + 3.52427x

y 64 48 72 73 80 or use VARIATN

We must find ŷ (x) for x = 5 2 9 6 10 and y . Then we will have to take each of the differences ( ŷ - y ), square
them ( ŷ - y ) 2 and then add them all up. y = 337/5 = 67.4, Then Σ ( ŷ - y ) 2 = 511.724.
You can do Σ ( ŷ - y ) 2I by hand in columns but I did it on the calculator like this:

Put 5 2 9 6 10 in L6 (not L1) Press 2nd OUIT (go to the home screen)
Press Y= and enter the following: 44.8447 + 3.52427X
press STAT then EDIT
Way at the top of L1, put Y1(L6) and then ENTER (for the Y1 do this….. press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1)
In L2, put five 67.4’s
Way at the top of L3, put (L1-L2)2 and then ENTER
Press 2nd QUIT (go to the home screen)
Press 2nd LIST select MATH select SUM(
Press 2nd L3) and then ENTER…should look like SUM(L3)
You should get 511.724 the explained variation

13) x 5 2 9 6 10 (same numbers as the last problem) Find the unexplained variation for the paired data Σ (y - ŷ )2
y 64 48 72 73 80 or use VARIATN

We must find ŷ (x) for x = 5 2 9 6 10 (same as above). The y‘s are 64 48 72 73 80. Then we will have to take each of
the differences (y - ŷ ), square them (y - ŷ ) 2 and then add them all up. Same as above, ŷ = 44.8447 + 3.52427x..
You can do S (y - ŷ )2 by hand in columns but I did it on the calculator like this:

Put 5 2 9 6 10 in L6 (not L1) Press 2nd QUIT (go to the home screen)
Press Y= and enter the following: 44.8447 + 3.52427X
press STAT then EDIT
In L1, put the y’s 64 48 72 73 80
Way at the top of L2, put Y1(L6) and then ENTER (for the Y1 do this…..press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1)
Way at the top of L3, put (L1-L2)2 and then ENTER
Press 2nd QUIT (go to the home screen)
Press 2nd LIST select MATH select SUM(
Press 2nd L3) and then ENTER…should look like SUM(L3)
You should get 87.476 the unexplained variation

14) Predictor Coef StDev T P

Constant 31.55 6.360 4.96 0.000
Years 10.90 1.744 6.25 0.000 Use the Coef column. The constant is 31.55 and the x coefficient is 10.90.
Now find r and test it. R-Sq = 83.0%, R = sqrt(.830) = .911, n = 5, α = .05. Look up the critical value in A-6 . The critical
value is .632. The test stat r =.911 > .632 the critical so Reject Ho. There is significant linear correlation.
B) r = 0.91; There is significant linear correlation. Note: P-val = 0 so we have another reason to rejectHo.

15) Find the total variation for the paired data.The data and the equations are the same as problems 12 and 13. So
we’ll use those answers to solve this one. or use VARIATN
(total variation) = (explained variation) + (unexplained variation)
Σ (y - y )2 = Σ ( ŷ - y )2 + Σ (y - ŷ )2
(total variation) = (problem 12 answer) + (problem 13 answer)
= 511.724 + 87.476 = 599.200 = (total variation)

16) x 2 4 5 6
y 7 11 13 20 The data is the same as 12, 13, and 15 above.
Find the standard error of estimate for the given paired data. The standard error of estimate se is s in the Output of
LinRegTTest. However, you can do it by hand if you want.

On the TI-83/4:
Put the data in L1 & L2. Press STAT select TESTS then LinRegTTest Press ENTER Input: L1, L2, 1, ≠ 0, Calculate
(leave RegEq blank or leave Y1 in it if it’s there…if you want Y1, …..press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1)
Output: s = 5.3999 at bottom of output. answer A) 5.3999

17) x 5 2 9 6 10 (the points are the (x, y)’s)

y 64 48 72 73 80 The data is the same as 12, 13, 15 and 16 above.
Construct the indicated prediction interval for an individual y.

See the formulas below to see what we need. For starters, we need se. We got se in the last problem so look up there to
see how to get se = 5.3999 if you need it in the future. However, it is given in the problem to be se = 5.40.

To get n = 4, Σx = 32, Σx2 = 246, x-bar = 6.4, put the x data in L1 and run STAT select CALC select 1-VarStats. If you
need the other ones, run LinRegTTest, but we have se so we don’t need to use the formula that uses the y sums. (Note: If
you needed the y sums, etc. put the y data in L2 and run STAT select CALC select 2-VarStats.)
From above, se = 5.40 or re-run LinReGTTest if you’re not given se.
We need tα 2 . CL = 99%, df = 3, table A-3, confidence interval, tα 2 = 5.841
x0 represents
We need x0 = 7 (given in the problem).
the given value
Now, we put everything in the 2nd equation to get E. of x, ta/2 has df
= n – 2 degrees
se =
∑y 2
− b0 ∑ y − b1 ∑ xy 1
E = tα 2 se 1 + +
n ( x0 − x ) 2
y$ − E < y < y$ + E
of freedom, b0
n−2 n n d∑ x i − d∑ x i
2
2 is the a in a +
bx, b1 is the b in
a + bx.
1 5(7 − 6.4) 2 1 5(7 − 6.4) 2
E = 5.841∗5.40 1 + + = 315414
. 1+ + = 315414
. ∗1099
. = 34.664
b g b g
5 5 246 − 32 2
5 5 246 − 32b g b g 2

y^(7) = 44.845 + 3.524x = 69.485.

y$ − E < y < y$ + E = 69.485 − 34.664 < y < 69.485 + 34.664 = 35 < y < 104
answer D) 32 < y < 107 We’re close enough. Probably a little off due to differences in rounding techniques.

18) Find the regression equation. Can the equation be used for prediction?
Put the data in L1, L2, L3 15 1.2 16
Dependent variable column is L1 15 1.2 16
Independent variables are columns L2, L3 17 1.0 16
Press 2nd MATRIX select MATH select “List>matr( press ENTER 6 0.8 9
Enter L1,L2,L3, 1 0.1 1
Press 2nd MATRIX select [D] 8 0.8 8
It should look like this: List>matr(L1,L2,L3,[D] 10 0.8 10
If it does, press ENTER 17 1.0 16
Press PRGM select A2MULREG press ENTER ENTER 15 1.2 15
Press ENTER to go to 2nd screen 11 0.7 9
select 1:MULTREGRESSIO press ENTER 18 1.4 18
Output: How many ind var…..respond 2 (IND means independent) 16 1.0 15
Output: col of var 1….respond 2 10 0.8 9
Output: col of var 2….respond 3 7 0.5 5
18 1.1 16
1st output screen, p-val = 0, R-SQ = .9432, press ENTER
pick the Independent variable coefficients from the next screen
B0 = 1.375 Constant

2 B1 =-1.333 TAR

3 B2 = -5.532 NIC

y-hat = 1.375 + 1.333x1 - 5.532x2

CO = 1.37 - 5.53TAR + 1.33NIC
R-SQ = .9432 high and the p-value = 0 so reject H0 and you can use the equation to predict

D) CO = 1.37 - 5.53TAR + 1.33NIC; My answer does not match so either the author is wrong, I am wrong, or A2MULREG
is wrong. Need to run it with another program.
Yes, because the R2 is high

19) number of hours she spent exercising each week. The results are shown below.
F = Fitness rating 72 88 63 84 47 52 90 31 64
A = Age 39 27 41 48 56 59 22 64 35
E = Hours of exercise per week 2 6 4 9 0 3 11 3 4
Put Fitness is L1, Age in L2 and Hours Exercise in L3.

Dependent variable column is L1

Independent variables are columns L2, L3
Press 2nd MATRIX select MATH select “List>matr( press ENTER
Enter L1,L2,L3,
Press 2nd MATRIX select [D]
It should look like this: List>matr(L1,L2,L3,[D]
If it does, press ENTER
Press PRGM select A2MULREG press ENTER ENTER
Press ENTER to go to 2nd screen
select 1:MULTREGRESSIO press ENTER
Output: How many ind var…..respond 2 (IND means independent)
Output: col of var 1….respond 2
Output: col of var 2….respond 3
1st output screen, press ENTER
pick the Independent variable coefficients from the next screen
B0 = 73.497 Constant

2 B1 = -.589

3 B2 = 3.09

y-hat = 73.497 -.589x1+ 3.09x2

Author C) F ^ = 93.20 - 0.869A + 2.19E; My answer does not match so either the author is wrong, I am wrong, or
A2MULREG is wrong. Need to run it with another program.
I checked the sum of the squares with my formula and with the author’s. Mine was 1722 and with his equation it was
1952. Since mine is smaller, my answer is closer to being correct or is correct. See below.
residual = observed y – predicted y = y - ŷ
Least-Squares Property. A straight line has the least-squares property if the sum of the squares of the residuals is the smallest sum
possible.

20) identify R2, adjusted R2, and the P-value. See 18.

Put the data in L1, L2, L3

Dependent variable column is L1
Independent variables are columns L2, L3
Press 2nd MATRIX select MATH select “List>matr( press ENTER
 Enter L1,L2,L3,
Press 2nd MATRIX select [D]
It should look like this: List>matr(L1,L2,L3,[D]
If it does, press ENTER
Press PRGM select A2MULREG press ENTER ENTER
Press ENTER to go to 2nd screen
select 1:MULTREGRESSIO press ENTER
Output: How many ind var…..respond 2 (IND means independent)
Output: col of var 1….respond 2
Output: col of var 2….respond 3
1st output screen….R-SQ = .9432,Adjusted R-SQ= .934, p-val = 0
C) .943, .934, .000

(n − 1) (15 − 1)
Adjusted R 2 = 1 − (1 − R 2 ) = 1 −
n − ( k + 1) 15 − (3 + 1)
21) …obtain the regression equation. Use the estimated equation to find the predicted value when exercise value was 2 and
whose smoking value was 2.
Don’t forget to put the data in matrix [D]. B0 = 73.497 Constant

Do it like number 19. 2 B1 = -.589

y-hat = 67.67 + 9.22x1 – 2.89x2 3 B2 = 3.09

y-hat = 67.67 + 9.22 (2) – 2.89(2) = 80 answer A) 80 beats per minute

22) …find the best regression equation. Don’t forget to put the data in matrix [D].

Put the data in L1…L4

Dependent variable column is L1

Independent variables are columns L2, L3, L4

Press 2nd MATRIX select MATH select “List>matr(

Enter L1, L2, L3, L4,
Press 2nd MATRIX select [D]
It should look like this: List>matr(L1, L2, L3, L4, [D]
If it does, press ENTER
Press PRGM selectA2MULREG press ENTER ENTER
Press ENTER to go to 2nd screen
select 1:MULTREGRESSIO press ENTER
Output: How many ind var…..respond 3
Output: col of var 1….respond 2
Output: col of var 2….respond 3
Output: col of var 3….respond 4

1st output screen press ENTER

2nd output screen
B0 = -442.601 Constant
2 B1 = 12.129
3 B2 = 3.578
4 B3 = -23.844
y-hat = -442.601 + 12.129x1 + 3.578x2 - 23.844x3

Answer A) Y ^ = -442 + 12.1 X1 + 3.58 X2 -23.8 X3

23) …scatter plot…consider only linear, quadratic, logarithmic, exponential, and power models….compare
the values of R2.
x (seconds after release) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Put in L1
y (distance in feet) 16 63 146 255 403 572 Put in L2
Set up the plot: Press 2nd STAT PLOT press ENTER
On
Type: scatter icon
Xlist: L1
Ylist: L2
Mark: box

Press CLEAR or 2nd QUIT

Press 2nd CATALOG

Press a “D”….above the x-1 key
Scroll down to DiagnosticOn and press ENTER ENTER
clear out Y1=……Press Y= and clear any equation in there using the CLEAR or DEL key(s)
Press 2nd QUIT

Now do the below right and record the R2 =.

linear R2 = .96026
quadratic R2 = .99991
To save time, after
STAT CALC 8:LinReg (a+bx) L1,L2,Y1 each plot,
(for the Y1, press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1) press 2nd Enter and put
Press ENTER…record the r2 = the cursor right on
To see the scatter plot…Press ZOOM then 9:ZoomStat LinReg (a+bx) (for
Press 2nd QUIT and go on to the next one example)
Then press STAT
STAT CALC 5:QuadReg L1,L2,Y1 CALC 5:QuadReg (for
(for the Y1, press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1) example)
Press ENTER…record the r2 = Then you won’t have to
To see the scatter plot…Press ZOOM then 9:ZoomStat type L1,L2,Y1 the each
Press 2nd QUIT and go on to the next one time

logarithmic R2 = .80944 STAT CALC 9:LnReg L1,L2,Y1

(for the Y1, press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1)
Press ENTER…record the r2 =
To see the scatter plot…Press ZOOM then 9:ZoomStat
Press 2nd QUIT and go on to the next one

exponential R2 = .93574 STAT CALC 0:ExpReg L1,L2,Y1

(for the Y1, press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1)
Press ENTER…record the r2 =
To see the scatter plot…Press ZOOM then 9:ZoomStat
Press 2nd QUIT and go on to the next one

power models R2 = .99997 STAT CALC A:PwrReg L1,L2,Y1

(for the Y1, press VARS, Y- VARS, Function, Y1)
Press ENTER…record the r2 =
To see the scatter plot…Press ZOOM then 9:ZoomStat
Press 2nd QUIT and go on to the next one

We can see that the power model R2 = .99997 is slightly better than the quadratic R2 = .99991
y = axb is the same as y = ax2 + bx + c when b = 2 in y = axb and b and c are zero in y = ax2 + bx + c. So, you could say that y = axb is a
quadratic with b and c zero (see below).

Press Y= to see y = 5.952x2.002 (after running A:PwrReg L1,L2,Y1) which is very close to the author’s answer C) y = 15.95x2