Appl. Math. Mech. -Engl. Ed.

, 34(9), 1123–1144 (2013)

DOI 10.1007/s10483-013-1732-6
Applied Mathematics
Shanghai
c University and Springer-Verlag
and Mechanics
Berlin Heidelberg 2013 (English Edition)

Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional

phononic crystals based on generalized multipole technique∗

Zhi-jie SHI ()1 , Yue-sheng WANG ()1 , Chuan-zeng ZHANG ()2

(1. Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P. R. China;
2. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany)

Abstract A multiple monopole (or multipole) method based on the generalized mul-
tipole technique (GMT) is proposed to calculate the band structures of scalar waves in
two-dimensional phononic crystals which are composed of arbitrarily shaped cylinders
embedded in a host medium. In order to find the eigenvalues of the problem, besides the
sources used to expand the wave field, an extra monopole source is introduced which acts
as the external excitation. By varying the frequency of the excitation, the eigenvalues can
be localized as the extreme points of an appropriately chosen function. By sweeping the
frequency range of interest and sweeping the boundary of the irreducible first Brillouin
zone, the band structure is obtained. Some numerical examples are presented to validate
the proposed method.
Key words phononic crystal, generalized multipole technique, multiple multipole
method, multiple monopole method, band structure, eigenvalue problem
Chinese Library Classification O175.9, O735
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification 15A18, 78M16

1 Introduction
In the last decades, the interest in the propagation of the elastic/acoustic waves has steadily
grown through phononic crystals which are artificial inhomogeneous composite materials con-
structed by scatterers periodically embedded in a homogeneous host material[1] . One key prob-
lem for these investigations is to compute the band structures (dispersion curves) and search
for so-called complete phononic band gaps, i.e., frequency ranges in which the propagation of
elastic/acoustic waves are forbidden or strongly attenuated. This unique feature indicates the
great prospect in engineering applications such as noise control and designs of new transducers
and filters.
In order to compute the band structures, several numerical methods are proposed. The
most frequently used method is the plane-wave expansion (PWE) method[1–4] . Others include
the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method[5–6] , the wavelet method[7–10] , the multiple
scattering theory (MST) method[11–12] , the finite element method (FEM)[13–15] , the bound-
ary element method (BEM)[16] , the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map (DtN-map) method[17–20] , the
∗ Received Nov. 22, 2012 / Revised Mar. 2, 2013
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51178037 and
10632020), the German Research Foundation (DFG) (Nos. ZH 15/11-1 and ZH 15/16-1), the In-
ternational Bureau of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (No. CHN
11/045), and the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB732104)
Corresponding author Yue-sheng WANG, Professor, Ph. D., E-mail: yswang@bjtu.edu.cn
1124 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

symplectic analysis method[21–22] , etc. However, it is well-known that each of these above
methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, the PWE method and the
FDTD method have the problem of the slow convergence[19]. The FDTD method cannot
yield the band gaps directly, and it needs to convert the solutions from the time-domain to
the frequency-domain[5−6] . The wavelet method is fast, but it requires complex mathematical
knowledge[7–10] . The MST and the DtN-map methods are very convenient, but are only suit-
able for circular and spherical scatterers[17–20] . The BEM must deal with singular integrals and
may miss some roots[16] . In order to make up the deficiencies of the existing methods, a new
numerical method based on the generalized multipole technique (GMT) is proposed to calculate
the band structures of phononic crystals in this paper.
The GMT has been developed independently by different groups, essentially in the 1980s,
to solve electromagnetic boundary value problems[23–30] . The basic idea of this method is to
expand the unknown field with a sequence of multipole (or monopole) sources which are located
outside the domain of interest and satisfy the wave motion equations. It is a semi-analytical
approach where the boundary conditions are fulfilled numerically and the basis functions have
to fulfill the wave motion equations analytically. A generic name for the technique has not yet
been generally available. Some proposed names are the “extended source technique (EST)”,
the “generalized source technique (GST)”[26] , the “discrete source method (DSM)”[31] and so
on. The GMT is the most widely used name. Thus, it is also used in this paper. The
traditional multipole expansion method[11–12,17–20] is performed from a single origin, i.e., all
multipoles are at one origin and share common coordinate axes. Therefore, it only works
for the cylindrical or spherical scatterers, and the series may converge slowly. In order to
improve the convergence rate and to solve the problem of arbitrary shaped scatterers, the
GMT was developed by multiple origins[32] . Depending on the use of different basic functions,
the GMT can be divided into two categories. The first category uses more source points with the
monopole expansion, and is known as the multiple monopole (MMoP) method. The idea comes
from Leviatan and his collaborators[23–26] . The developed methods of this category include the
method of fundamental solutions (MFS)[33–38] , the method of external sources[39–40] , the method
of fictitious sources[41–42] , the method of auxiliary sources[43–44] , etc. The second category uses
less source points with the multipole expansion. This idea was proposed by Hafner and his
colleagues[27–30,45–48] , and is known as the multiple multipole (MMP) method.
At the beginning, the GMT was used to solve electrostatic problems of an arbitrary cross
section[27] . The application of the GMT to the two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering
problems was discussed in [24–25,28–30]. Some guidelines were mentioned concerning the set-
ting of the sources in [30]. The electromagnetic scattering of the periodic structures[49] and the
band diagrams of photonic crystals[46–48] were discussed by Hafner and his colleagues with the
multiple multipole expansion technique. The problem of the scattering of the elastic/acoustic
waves was discussed by Imhof with the MMP method in [50–51]. The correctness and validity
of the GMT (more precisely, the MFS) for solving the eigenvalues of the multiply connected
domain were first discussed by Chen et al.[35] , who proved that the pseudo-eigenvalues for an-
nular problems would occur by using degenerate kernels and circulants when the MFS was
used. Although the pseudo-eigenvalues can be filtered out by employing the singular value
decomposition (SVD) updating techniques[52] and the Burton and Miller method[53] , the oc-
currence of the pseudo-eigenvalues is inconvenient undoubtedly. The pseudo-eigenvalues were
avoided by Tsai et al.[38] by combining the MFS and the mixed potential method. In 2006,
Reutskiy[37] proposed a new method based on the MFS for eigenvalue problems in simply and
multiply connected domains. In this method, the eigenvalue problem is reduced to a sequence
of inhomogeneous problems with the original differential operator by introducing an external
excitation. In order to get the eigenvalues, two regularizing procedures were proposed. To the
authors’ knowledge, the application of the GMT to phononic crystals has not been addressed in
the literature. In this paper, we shall do some explorations in this regard based on the method
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1125

of Reutskiy[37] . As the preliminary study, we will focus on the scalar waves firstly.
The remain of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the basic scalar wave equations
and the boundary conditions in a unit cell are introduced. A brief overview of the GMT and the
derivation of the proposed method for the computation of band gaps of the phononic crystals
are given in Section 3. Some numerical examples to demonstrate the efficiency of the method
are given in Section 4. Section 5 concludes the paper.

2 Basic equations and boundary conditions

We consider here a square (see Fig. 1(a)) or triangular (see Fig. 2(a)) lattice with the lattice
constant a. In each primitive cell, there is one cylinder with an arbitrary cross-section (see
Figs. 1(b) and 2(b)). Both solid/solid and fluid/fluid systems will be considered in this paper.
For the solid/solid system, the inclusions and matrix are homogeneous isotropic elastic solids,
while for the fluid/fluid system, the inclusions and matrix are non-viscous liquids. Since the
structures considered here are invariant along the z-axis, the system has the two-dimensional
periodicity in the transverse plane (the xy-plane). It is well-known that the elastic waves
in solids are generally mixed longitudinal and transverse modes propagating with different
velocities. However, if the propagation of the elastic waves is restricted to the transverse plane
(the xy-plane) normal to the cylinder axis (the z-axis), an independent purely transverse mode
may propagate in the system. We also know that only longitudinal waves propagate in the
fluid. Both longitudinal modes in fluids and purely transverse modes in solids are scalar modes,

Fig. 1 Structures of square lattice with arbitrary cylindrical inclusions (a), distribution of sources
for matrix (b), and inclusion (c), where “” stands for monopole sources for field of matrix,
“” stands for monopole sources for field of inclusion, and “♣” stands for external excitation
source

Fig. 2 Structures of triangular lattice with arbitrary cylindrical inclusions (a), distribution of sources
for matrix (b), and inclusion (c), where“” stands for monopole sources for field of matrix,
“” stands for monopole sources for field of inclusion, and “♣” stands for external excitation
source
1126 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

of which the governing equations are similar to those of the two-dimensional electromagnetic
waves. To illustrate the proposed ideas, we shall consider these simple scalar waves.
For purely transverse harmonic waves in a homogeneous isotropic elastic solid, with the
only non-zero displacement component uz (x, y) along the z-axis, the governing equation can be
expressed as follows:

∇2 uz,j (x, y) + kt,j

2
uz,j (x, y) = 0, (x, y) ∈ Ωj , j = 1, 2, (1)
∂ ∂
where (x, y) denotes the position vector, ∇ = ( ∂x , ∂y ) is the two-dimensional Laplacian op-
erator, uz,j (x, y) is the displacement in the z-direction, kt,j = ω/ct,j is the wave number, ω is
√
the angular frequency, and ct,j = μj /ρj is the transverse wave velocity with μj and ρj being
the shear modulus and the mass density, respectively. The subscripts j = 1 and 2 represent the
matrix (Ω1 ) and the inclusion (Ω2 ) (see Figs. 1 and 2).
Due to the periodicity of the system, the consideration can be restricted to one single
primitive cell (the unit cell). On the interface Γ0 between the matrix and the inclusion, the
displacement and traction are continuous. Thus, we have
∂uz,1 (x, y) ∂uz,2 (x, y)
uz,1 (x, y) = uz,2 (x, y), μ1 = μ2 , (x, y) ∈ Γ0 , (2)
∂n(x, y) ∂n(x, y)

where n(x, y) is the unit normal vector of Γ0 .

As is well-known, the acoustic waves propagating in ideal fluid media are also scalar wave
modes. Therefore, in the frequency domain, the displacement of a propagating wave can be
described by a displacement potential Φ(x, y) satisfying the Helmholtz equation similar to
(1)[19,49] , i.e.,
1 2 1
∇ Φj (x, y) + Φj (x, y) = 0, (x, y) ∈ Ωj , j = 1, 2, (3)
ρj λj

where λj is the elastic modulus of the fluid. The displacement vector ul,j (x, y) and the pressure
pj (x, y) are then given by

ρj ul,j (x, y) = ∇Φj (x, y), (4)

2 2 2
ρj pj (x, y) = −λ∇ Φj (x, y) = −λ(−kl,j Φj (x, y)) = ρj ω Φj (x, y). (5)

Then, the conditions on the interface Γ0 , i.e., the continuity of the normal displacement and
continuity of pressure, are written as
1 ∂Φ1 (x, y) 1 ∂Φ2 (x, y)
Φ1 (x, y) = Φ2 (x, y), = . (6)
ρ1 ∂n(x, y) ρ2 ∂n(x, y)

It is noted that (3) and (6), when ρ−1 j and λ−1

j are replaced by μj and ρj , respectively, are
identical to (1) and (2), respectively. Therefore, the following derivation will be presented based
on (1) and (2).

3 GMT and calculation of band structures

The GMT is a versatile and reliable numerical method dealing with scattering problems
with arbitrarily shaped scatterers. It relies on a simple idea: the scattered fields in the various
domains of the considered structure are expressed as a superposition of the fields radiated by
adequate sources located outside the corresponding domains. These sources have no physical
existence (fictitious sources) and can be multipole sources or monopole sources. The weights
of these sources are unknowns to be determined. To obtain these unknowns, over-determined
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1127

inhomogeneous linear equations are solved by the least-squares method, and the inhomogeneous
term of the equations stems from the incident field. In this paper, we shall use the generalized
point-matching technique (GPMT), in which more collocation points than necessary are applied,
i.e., the number of the collocation points is larger than the number of the sources. Then, we
can get the optimal weights of the sources. Once the weights of all the sources are obtained,
we can express the field in any region.
For obtaining the band structures of a phononic crystal, an eigenvalue problem without
the incident field will be solved. In this case, we cannot obtain an exact solution from the
over-determined homogeneous linear equations. However, we note that the fictitious bound-
aries (Bloch boundaries) are introduced in handling the periodic problems. Similarly, we can
introduce an external fictitious excitation that is defined in such a way that all modes are ex-
cited. This excitation is equivalent to the incident field. This concept mimics the measurement
of resonance frequencies, where one always needs an excitation of the resonator and some test
points (or ports) at which the signals are measured. By sweeping the frequency of the excita-
tion, the peaks of an appropriately chosen function in the test points can be readily assigned
to the resonance frequencies of the different modes, yielding the eigenvalues we are looking for.
Next, we will give a brief description of the method. For details, we refer to [30,36,41–44].
According to the idea explained above and instead of the homogeneous equation (1), we
consider an inhomogeneous problem in the matrix domain Ω1 of the unit cell as shown in
Figs. 1(b) and 2(b), which is described by the inhomogeneous wave equation

∇2 uz,1 (x) + kt,1

2
uz,1 (x) = f (x), x = (x, y) ∈ Ω1 , (7)

where f (x) is the excitation performed by the source with the same wave number kt,1 placed
at the position xex = (xex , yex ). The equation in the inclusion domain Ω2 remains unchanged
as (1). If we note that uex (x) is indeed a particular solution corresponding to f (x), the dis-
placement fields in Ω1 and Ω2 can be expressed according to the GMT as follows:
N1

uapprox
z,1 (x) = uex (x) + a1,n F1,n (x), x = (x, y) ∈ Ω1 , (8)
n=1
N2

uapprox
z,2 (x) = a2,n F2,n (x), x = (x, y) ∈ Ω2 , (9)
n=1

where the superscript “approx” denotes the approximation to the actual fields. aj,n (j = 1, 2)
can be understood as the unknown weights of the sources Sj,n which are located outside the
corresponding domains. Fj,n (x) are fields radiated by the sources Sj,n and satisfy the governing
equation (1). N1 and N2 are the numbers of the sources for the fields in the matrix and inclusion,
respectively. According to the Vekua theory[54−55] , Fj,n (x) forms a complete basis of the series
(8) and (9). In the MMP method[44] , Fj,n (x) takes the form
∞

(1)
Fj,n (x) = Hm (kj |x − xj,n |)eimθj,n , (10)
m=−∞

(1)
where xj,n = (xj,n , yj,n ) is the position of the nth source Sj,n . Hm (·) is the first kind Hankel
function of the mth order. In practical calculations, we take the truncation m ∈ [−M, M ]. In
the MMoP method (e.g., the method of fundamental solutions[37] and the method of fictitious
sources[42]), Fj,n (x) simply takes the form
(1)
Fj,n (x) = H0 (kj |x − xj,n |). (11)

In the present method, the particular solution uex (x) takes the same form as (11)[37] .
1128 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

To determine the unknown weights aj,n , the boundary conditions (2) are imposed on a set
of collocation points xk (k = 1, 2, · · · , Nc1 ) along the interface Γ0 . In addition, the periodicity
of the structure implies that all field quantities should satisfy the Bloch theorem, that is, the
displacement and the traction should satisfy
uz,j (x + xm ) = eikxm uz,j (x), (12)
∂uz,j (x + xm ) ∂uz,j (x)
μj = eikxm μj , (13)
∂n(x + xm ) ∂n(x)
√
where i = −1. xm = m1 e1 + m2 e2 , where m = (m1 , m2 ) ∈ Z 2 , and e1 and e2 are the
primitive translation vectors. k = (kx , ky ) is a real Bloch wave vector belonging to the first
Brillouin zone (FBZ). The application of the Bloch theorem (see (12) and (13)) to the boundary
of a unit cell and the combination with the continuity condition (2) lead to the following matrix
equation:
Ar (ω, kx , ky )a = b(ω, kx , ky ), (14)
where Ar is an over-determined rectangular matrix with the number of the rows larger than that
of the columns, the vector a includes the unknowns {a1,n } and {a2,n }, and the vector b stems
from the external excitation source. The specific forms of (14) for the square lattice and the
triangular lattice are listed in Appendix A. Then, we can get an optimal solution (aopt opt T
1 , a2 )
of (14) based on the least-square method with the given frequency ω and the Bloch wave vector
(kx , ky ).
We define a norm of uz,1 as[37]

 Nt
 1 
f1 (ω, kx , ky ) =  |uz,1 (xt,l )|2 . (15)
Nt
l=1

Then, inserting the optimal solution aopt

1 into (8), we can obtain the following eigenvalue search
function from (15):

 Nt  N1 2
 1   (1)  
f1 (ω, kx , ky ) = 
(1)
H0 (k1 |xt,l − xex |) + aopt
1,n H0 (k1 |xt,l − x1,n |) , (16)
Nt n=1
l=1

where xt,l = (xt,l , yt,l ) denotes the test points randomly distributed in the matrix domain Ω1 ,
and Nt is the number of the test points. When a Bloch vector is given along the boundary of
the irreducible FBZ, and the frequency range of interest is swept, which does not necessarily
start from zero, the maximum points of the search function f1 (ω, kx , ky ) will be found. These
maximum points correspond to the eigenvalues we are looking for. Sweeping the boundary of
the irreducible FBZ, we can obtain the band structures. This search function is generally used
in the MMP method. It is noted that residual errors are inevitable in the least-square method.
According to (14), we can get the residual error vector in the form of
E(ω, kx , ky ) = Ar (ω, kx , ky )aopt − b(ω, kx , ky ). (17)
Then, we can define another search function
f2 (ω, kx , ky ) = E(ω, kx , ky ). (18)
In order to improve the calculation accuracy, we introduce an alternative search function as
follows[47] :
(1/f1 (ω, kx , ky ))1/p
f3 (ω, kx , ky ) = , (19)
(f2 (ω, kx , ky ))p
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1129

where p  2 is the order of the search function. Then, the eigenvalues to be determined are
characterized by the minima of the search function f2 or f3 . These functions are generally used
in the MMoP method.
However, if the above method is used directly, the resonance curve of f3 , f1 , or f2 as a
function of the frequency ω may have no extreme points, see the numerical example in the next
section for details. To solve this problem, Reutskiy[37] proposed two regularizing procedures
which can mark out the extreme points clearly. The first one is to introduce a damping term
in the governing equation (1). Then, instead of (1), we have

∇2 uz,j (x, y) + (kt,j

2
+ iεkt,j )uz,j (x, y) = 0, (x, y) ∈ Ωj , j = 1, 2, (20)

where ε is a small parameter. Then, the basis function (11) can be modified as follows:

(1)
Fj,n (x) = H0 (χj |x − xj,n |), χj = kj2 + iεkj . (21)

Here, the branch Re(χj )  0 is taken. In the second one, we introduce a shift δk1 between
the wave numbers of the external exciting source and the studied mode, and then we take the
particular solution to (7) as follows:
(1)  
uex (x) = H0 (k 1 |x − xex |), k1 =k1 + δk . (22)

These two regularizing techniques are named as ε-procedure and δ-procedure, respectively[36] .
In general, accurate results can be obtained by any one of the two procedures. However, the lat-
ter one is generally used because the calculations of Hankel functions with a complex argument
in the first procedure are computationally demanding.

4 Numerical results and discussion

In this section, some numerical examples are presented for different systems including
solid/solid and fluid/fluid square or triangular lattices with circular or non-circular inclusions.
In order to validate the present method, the results are compared with those of the FEM.
4.1 Solid/solid systems with circular inclusions
As the first example, we consider purely transverse waves propagating in square and trian-
gular lattices of aurum (Au) circular cylinders embedded in the epoxy matrix. The material
parameters are ρ1 = 1 180 kg/m3 and ct1 = 1 157 km/s for epoxy and ρ2 = 19 500 kg/m3 and
ct2 = 1 239 km/s for Au. The impedance (ρj ctj ) ratio of Au and epoxy is 17.7. The filling
fraction is f = 0.4. The MMP method is first used to compute the band structures of the
square lattice system. The field inside the cylinder is modeled with a Bessel expansion of the
order MB at its center, and the field outside the cylinder is simulated with one multipole ex-
pansion of the order MH,in at its center and four multipole expansions of the order MH,out
at the nearest-neighboring centers. It is noted that the Bessel expansions can be replaced by
some multipole expansions located outside the cylinder. A monopole function at the certain
point of the cell is chosen as the excitation. The distribution of the multipole sources for the
square lattice system with circular inclusions is shown in Fig. 3(a). Nc1 and Nc2 collocation
points are set on the interface and the external boundary of the cell, respectively. We choose
MB = MH,in = MH,out = 8, Nc1 = 52, and Nc2 = 104. The position of the external excita-
tion source is set at xex = (0.2a, 0.1a), and the regularizing parameter in the δ-procedure is
δω = δk a/(2π) = 1.0. This implies that the number of the unknowns is (2MB + 1) × 6 = 102
and the number of the equations is 2 × Nc1 + Nc2 = 208. The eigenvalues are obtained from the
search function f1 . Figure 4(a) illustrates the band structures calculated by the MMP method
and the FEM. The vertical axis is the normalized frequency ωa/(2πct1 ), and the horizontal axis
represents the edges of the irreducible Brillouin zone. The results of the FEM are provided
1130 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

by the acoustic module of COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a by the default triangular mesh with
Lagrange quadratic elements. We find that the results from the two methods are in perfect
agreement for this system. The computing time of the MMP method to obtain the whole band
structures (the first four bands) is 290 s on a PC with Intel(R) E7200 and 2.53 GHz. It is noted
that the results of the method are strongly dependent on the order of the multipole expansions
and the number of the collocation points. If the order and the number of the collocation points
are not large enough, some eigenvalues may be lost. For example, some eigenvalues at high
frequencies are lost when we choose MB = MH,in = MH,out = 7. If the order and the number
of the collocation points are too large, the computing time will increase dramatically and it
may even lead to the computer overflow. In addition, the MMP method may have difficulties
in yielding accurate results for inclusions with sharp ridges[32] . We therefore would like to look
for an alternative technique.

Fig. 3 MMP models of phononic crystal in square lattice (a) and phononic crystals in square lat-
tice (b) and in triangular lattice (c) with circular inclusions, where × stands for multipole
(monopole) sources for field in matrix,  stands for multipole (monopole) sources for field
in inclusion,  stands for test points,  stands for external excitation, and + stands for
collocation points

Now, we use the MMoP method to re-calculate the above considered problem and replace
the multipole sources by more monopole sources. The distribution of the monopoles sources
for the square lattice systems are shown in Fig. 3(b). The sources inside the inclusion are
distributed along a circle with the radius r1 = 0.19a, the sources outside the inclusion are
distributed along a circle with the radius r2 = 0.52a, and the sources outside the unit cell are
distributed along a circle with the radius r3 = 0.75a. We chose the numbers of the sources
within the inclusion, outside the inclusion, and outside the unit cell as N1 = 12, N2 = 20, and
N3 = 36 and the numbers of the collocation points on the interface and unit cell boundary
as Nc1 = 26 and Nc2 = 48, respectively. This implies that the number of the unknowns is
N = N1 + N2 + N3 = 68 and the number of the equations is 2 × Nc1 + Nc2 = 100. The setting of
the position of the external excitation source and the regularizing parameter in the δ-procedure
are the same as in the MMP method. The eigenvalues are obtained from the search function
f3 . The results of the MMoP method are shown in Fig. 4(a). From this figure, we can see
that the results from the MMoP method are in perfect agreement with those obtained from
the MMP method. However, the computing time is reduced to 88 s. This greatly reduces the
computational cost. In addition, the setting of these sources is more flexible. Therefore, this
method is more suitable for systems with non-circular inclusions. In summary, both methods
can yield accurate results, but the MMoP method is much simpler and faster than the MMP
method in band structure computation. Therefore, we will concentrate our further discussions
on the MMoP method.
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1131

Fig. 4 Band structures of transverse wave modes in 2D phononic crystals consisting of Au cylinders
in epoxy matrix with filling fraction f = 0.4, where scattered dots and solid lines are for GMT
and FEM, respectively, and shadowed regions designate complete band gaps
 √
For the triangular lattice, the radius of the inclusion is r = a f 3/(2π) = 0.332 1a with
the filling fraction f = 0.4. Similar to the square lattice, we choose r1 = 0.18a, r2 = 0.50a,
r3 = 0.68a, N1 = 12, N2 = 20, N3 = 30, Nc1 = 24, Nc2 = 48, δω = 0.9, and xex = (0.2a, 0.1a).
The results are given in Fig. 4(b), which shows perfect agreement with the FEM results. The
computing time of the MMoP method to obtain the whole band structures (the first five bands)
is 87 s.
From the above example, it is shown that the developed GMT can compute the band
structures of the transverse wave modes for various phononic crystal systems accurately and
efficiently. It is noted that the convergence and accuracy are affected by the number and
the position of the fictitious sources, the number of the collocation points, the regularizing
parameter and the position of the external excitation soured and so on. Next, we shall discuss
the influences of these factors on the convergence and accuracy of the MMoP method.
4.1.1 Influences of the monopole sources
We first discuss the influences of the monopole sources by computing the eigenfrequency
of the fourth√ band at k = (π/(2a), 0) for the square lattice and the fifth band at k =
(π/(3a), π/( 3a)) for the triangular lattice, see Figs. 4(a) and 4(b), respectively. Figure 5
shows the convergence of the computation with the number of the monopole sources when the
number of the collocation points is large enough. Fast and good convergence is observed al-
though the curves in Figs. 5(a)(1), 5(a)(3), 5(b)(1), and 5(b)(3) exhibit slight oscillations with
the amplitude less than 5 before complete convergence. From the figure, we can get the
minimum number of the monopole sources with N1 = 12, N2 = 14, and N3 = 36 for the square
lattice or N1 = 12, N2 = 16, and N3 = 30 for the triangular lattice.
According to the previously suggested rules for setting monopole sources[30,32], the distance
between the sources and the interface is usually about 0.2 × (the shortest wavelength within the
frequency range interested), and the distance between the adjacent sources should not exceed
the distance between the sources and the interface. However, if these rules are violated not too
drastically, the results are still acceptable[30] . In the example shown in Fig. 4(a), we take the
normalized frequency range ωa/(2πct1 ) ∈ [0, 1.2]. The shortest wavelength within this range
is λmin = 0.83a. Therefore, the optimal distance between the sources and the boundaries is
δ = 0.2λmin = 0.17a. Then, we take the distance between the interface and the sources within
the inclusion as δ1 = δ and the distance between the interface and the sources outside the
inclusion as δ2 = δ. Taking into account that the boundary of the unit cell is square and in
order to strengthen the influences of the sources outside the unit cell to vertices of the square, we
choose the minimum distance between
the source and the unit cell as δ3 = 0.04a. Note that the
radius of the inclusion is r = a f /π = 0.36a. We can get the distribution radii of the sources
to be r1 = 0.19a, r2 = 0.53a, and r3 = 0.75a. Then, we set the distances between adjacent
1132 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

sources within and outside the inclusion and outside the unit cell to be s1 = 0.1a, s2 = 0.16a,
and s3 = 0.13a, respectively, and assume that all the sources are uniformly distributed. Then,
we can get the numbers of the sources as N1 ≈ 2πr1 /s1 ≈ 12, N 2 ≈ 2πr2 /s1 ≈ 20, and
N3 ≈ 2πr3 /s3 ≈ 36. The above given values provide a rough rule of thumb for setting the
location and number of the sources. A rough rule of thumb for the triangular lattice can also
be established similarly.

Fig. 5 Convergence of computed results with numbers of monopole sources N1 , N2 , and N3

In the proceeding discussion, we give a rough rule for setting the sources, but there is still a
certain degree of freedom for setting the position of the sources. Generally, the sources should
be far enough from the interface. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show the convergence of the results
with the increase in the distance between the sources and the interface when the numbers of the
sources are fixed (N1 = 12, N2 = 20, and N3 = 36 for the square lattice and N1 = 12, N1 = 20,
and N1 = 30 for the triangular lattice) and the number of the collocation points is large enough
(Nc1 = 40, Nc2 = 80 for the square lattice and Nc1 = 40, Nc2 = 78 for the triangular lattice).
From Fig. 6, we can see that the results are convergent when the number of the sources and the
collocation points are large enough. No convergent result is obtained when the sources are too
close to the expanded domain. For example, no convergence is observed when r1 = 0.33a for
the square lattice, see Fig. 6(a)(1). This is because that some numerical dependencies will be
induced when the distance between the adjacent sources is too small[30] . A similar behavior is
shown in Fig. 6(b)(1) for the triangular lattice case.
4.1.2 Influences of collocation points
In the above examples, we assume that the number of the collocation points is large enough
in order to guarantee the convergence. On the other hand, the number of the collocation points
should be kept to a minimum to reduce the computing time. In the following, we shall discuss
the influences of the number of the collocation points when the number of the fictitious sources
is fixed. Here, we choose N1 = 12, N2 = 20, and N3 = 36 for the square lattice and N1 = 12,
N2 = 20, and N3 = 30 for the triangular lattice unless otherwise stated. Figures 7(a) and
7(b) show the convergence of the computation with the number of the collocation points when
the sources are fixed. The collocation points are uniformly distributed on the interface and
the boundary of the unit cell. We can see that the results are convergent with the increase
in the number of the collocation points. The minimum numbers of the collocation points for
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1133

convergence are Nc1 = 26, Nc2 = 44 for the square lattice and Nc1 = 18, Nc2 = 36 for the
triangular lattice. In practical calculations, we take Nc2 = 48 to guarantee the convergence.

Fig. 6 Influences of position of source on computed results

Fig. 7 Convergence of computed results with number of collocation points

4.1.3 Influences of regularizing parameter

In the proposed method, the regularizing parameter plays a key role for searching the eigen-
values. Figures 8(a) and 8(b) present the influences of the regularizing parameter on the
response curves for the square and triangular lattices, respectively. From these figures, we can
see that the minimum points of the response curves become evident with the increase in the
regularizing parameter, see Figs. 8(a)(1)−(5) and 8(b)(1)−(5). However, when the regularizing
parameter is too large, the response curve will become less steep again and the position of
the extreme points will be shifted, see Figs. 8(a)(6) and 8(b)(6). This may lead to inaccurate
results. In general, we take the regularizing parameter to be 0.1  δω  2.5. Of course, there
are other possibilities for regularizing the response curves, such as using double-precision cal-
1134 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

culations, and increasing the number of the collocation points. However, they will increase the
computational cost.

Fig. 8 Influences of regularizing parameters on response curves

4.1.4 Influences of external excitation source

To search the eigenvalues in the GMT, we introduce a fictitious external excitation which is
defined in such a way that all modes are excited. This concept mimics the measurement of the
resonance frequency. This procedure was first introduced in the method of auxiliary sources
(MASs)[43] , and later was extended to the MMP method by Moreno et al.[46] and Smajic et
al.[48] and to the MFS by Reutskiy[37,39–40] . Interestingly, the type and the location of the
external excitation have several options. For convenience, we choose the excitation having the
same form as the fictitious sources, see Eq. (11). The influences of the location of the external
excitation on the response curve and the convergence are shown in Figs. 9(a) and 9(b) for the
square and triangular lattices, respectively. From Figs. 9(a)(1)−(3) and 9(b)(1)−(3), we can
see that the convergence is not sensitive to the location of the excitation. However, one should
not place the excitation on the high-symmetry points of the unit cell. Otherwise, some modes
may not be excited, leading to the loss of the roots, see Figs. 9(a)(4)−(6) and 9(b)(6).
4.2 Solid/solid systems with non-circular inclusions
It is well-known that the shape of the inclusion has a great impact on the band structures[11] .
One important advantage of the GMT for computing band gaps of phononic crystals is that it
can treat the systems with arbitrarily shaped inclusions. We compute the above investigated
Au/epoxy square lattice with the filling fraction f = 0.4 where the circular cylinders are replaced
by square, equilateral triangular, or elliptical cylinders, as shown in Fig. 10.
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1135

Fig. 9 Influences of external excitation on response curves, where  stands for external excitation

Fig. 10 MMoP models of phononic crystals in square lattice, where × stands for monopole sources
for field in matrix,  stands for monopole sources for field in inclusion,  stands for test
points,  stands for external excitation, and + stands for collocation points
√
In the square inclusion system, the side length of the square inclusion is r = a f = 0.632 5a.
The sources inside the inclusion are distributed along a square with the side length a1 = 0.50a,
the sources outside the inclusion are distributed along a circle with the radius r2 = 0.50a, and
the sources outside the unit cell are distributed along a circle with the radius r3 = 0.75a. We
chose the numbers of the sources to be

N1 = 32, N2 = 36, N3 = 36
1136 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

and the numbers of the collocation points to be

Nc1 = 56, Nc2 = 60.

The regularizing parameter is δω = 0.9 and the position of the external excitation source is
selected as xex = (0.2a, 0.04a), as shown in Fig. 10(a).
Figure 11(a) shows the band structures calculated by the MMoP method (scattered dots)
and the FEM (solid lines) for the case of the square inclusion with the square lattice, and
Figs. 11(b) and 11(c) show the band structures calculated by the MMoP method (scattered
dots) and the FEM (solid lines) for the lases of the equilateral triangular cylinders and the
elliptical cylinders with the square lattice. We can see that the results obtained by the two
methods are in perfect agreement.

Fig. 11 Band structures of transverse wave modes in 2D phononic crystal consisting of Au in epoxy
matrix in square lattice with f = 0.4, where scattered dots and solid lines are for MMoP
method and FEM and shadowed regions designate complete band gaps

The influences of the sources and the collocation points on the convergence are shown in
Fig. 12, where the eigenfrequency of the fifth band at k = (π/(2a), 0) is calculated. It is shown
in Fin. 12(a) that with the increase in N2 , the calculation converges fastly with slight oscillations
of the very small amplitude (generally less than 5). Figure 12(b) shows the influences in the
sources’ position. The results are convergent with the increase in the distance between the
sources and the interface when the number of the sources is fixed at a large enough value.
The convergence of the results with the number of the collocation points when the sources’
position is fixed is shown in Fig. 12(c). Generally, we can see that the necessary numbers of the
sources and the collocation points to get convergent results are larger than those for the square
inclusions and the circular inclusions because a square inclusion has sharp corners.
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1137

Figure 13 shows the influences of the regularizing parameter and the external excitation
on the response curve, which is similar to the circular inclusion case. Similar convergence
behaviors may be found for triangular or elliptical inclusions. Therefore, no further discussion
will be presented here.

Fig. 12 Convergence of computed results with sources and collocation points for square inclusions in
square lattice

In the equilateral
 triangular inclusion system, the side length of the equilateral triangle
√
inclusion is r = 2a f / 3 = 0.961 1a. The sources inside the inclusion are distributed along a
equilateral triangle with the side length r1 = 0.82a which is concentric with the inclusion. The
sources outside the inclusion are distributed along a circle with the radius r2 = 0.61a which is
concentric with the inclusion. The sources outside the unit cell are distributed along a circle
with the radius r3 = 0.75a. We choose the numbers of the sources to be N1 = 30, N2 = 33, and
N3 = 36 and the numbers of the collocation points to be Nc1 = 51 and Nc2 = 84. Here, the
numbers of the sources and the collocation points are larger than those in the circular inclusion
case because the triangular inclusion has sharp corners. The regularizing parameter is chosen as
δω = 0.9 and the position of the external excitation source is xex = (−0.1a, −0.02a) as shown in
1138 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

Fig. 10(b). Figure 11(b) shows the band structures calculated by the MMoP method (scattered
dots) and the FEM (solid lines). We can see that the results obtained by the two methods are
in perfect agreement in all frequency regions for this inclusion system.

Fig. 13 Influences of regularizing parameter and external excitation on response curve for case of
square inclusions in square lattice

In the elliptical inclusion system, the semi-major axis and the semi-minor axis of the inclusion
are b = 0.40a and c = 0.32a, respectively. The sources inside the elliptical inclusion are
distributed along an ellipse with the semi-major and semi-minor axes being b1 = 0.36a and
c1 = 0.28a, the sources outside the elliptical inclusion are distributed along an ellipse with the
semi-major and semi-minor axes being b2 = 0.44a and c2 = 0.36a, and the sources outside the
unit cell are distributed along a circle with the radius r3 = 0.75a. We choose the numbers of
the sources as N1 = 28, N2 = 32, and N3 = 36 and the numbers of the collocation points as
Nc1 = 40 and Nc2 = 80. The regularizing parameter is taken as δω = 0.9 and the position of
the external excitation source is xex = (0.2a, 0.1a), as shown in Fig. 10(c). We can see that the
results obtained by the two methods are in perfect agreement in all frequencly regions for this
inclusion system.
The above three examples verify the applicability of the MMoP method for non-circular
inclusion systems, even for the inclusions with sharp ridges.
4.3 Fluid/fluid systems
In this section, we consider the problem of the acoustic wave propagation in fluid/fluid
phononic crystals. Firstly, we consider the systems composed of a square or triangular lattice
of circular water cylinders surrounded by the mercury medium. The material parameters are
ρ1 = 13 600 kg/m3 and ct1 = 1 451 km/s for mercury and ρ2 = 1 000 kg/m3 and ct2 = 1 490 km/s
for water. The impedance ratio of the mercury and the water is 12.6. The filling fraction is
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1139

f = 0.35. The computation of this system has encountered some difficulties in other methods[19]
since the large acoustic mismatch between water and mercury makes the convergence of the
PWE and the FDTD methods very slow. However, there is no such difficulty in the GMT
(including the MMP and the MMoP) method because the settings of all the parameters in the
GMT method do nothing with the material properties and only depend on the geometry of the
considered structure. According to the rules for setting the parameters discussed in Subsection
4.1, we chose r1 = 0.18a, r2 = 0.48a, r3 = 0.75a, N1 = 12, N2 = 20, N3 = 36, Nc1 = 26,
Nc2 = 48, δω = 0.9, and xex = (0.2a, 0.1a) for the square lattice and r1 = 0.17a, r2 = 0.44a,
r3 = 0.68a, N1 = 12, N2 = 20, N3 = 30, Nc1 = 24, Nc2 = 42, δω = 1.2, and xex = (0.2a, 0.1a)
for the triangular lattice as in the corresponding solid/solid systems with circular inclusions.
Figure 14 illustrates the band structures calculated by the MMoP method (scattered dots)
and the FEM (solid lines). We can see that the results from the two methods are almost
identical. This proves the applicability of the GMT for fluid/fluid systems with a large acoustic
mismatch.

Fig. 14 Band structures of 2D phononic crystal consisting of circular water cylinders in mercury
matrix with f = 0.35, where scattered dots and solid lines are for MMoP method and FEM
and shadowed regions designate complete band gaps

Finally, we consider the square lattice systems composed of non-circular water cylinders
embedded in mercury with the filling fraction f = 0.35. For the square or elliptical inclusions, all
the parameters we chosen are the same as those in the solid/solid systems for the corresponding
inclusions as discussed in Subsection 4.2 in spite of that the filling fraction is changed slightly.
This shows the flexibility and the stability of the proposed method again. Figure 15 shows the

Fig. 15 Band structures of 2D phononic crystals consisting of water in mercury matrix with filling
fraction f = 0.35 in square lattice, where scattered dots and solid lines are for MMoP method
and FEM and shadowed regions designate complete band gaps
1140 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

band structures calculated by the MMoP method (scattered dots) and the FEM (solid lines).
We can see that the results obtained by the two methods are in good agreement in all frequency
regions.

5 Conclusions

In this paper, we present a method for band structure calculations of scalar waves in two-
dimensional phononic crystals based on the GMT. In this method, the fields are expanded by
the fundamental solutions with multiple origins, which make it possible to deal with the systems
containing non-circular inclusions. An additional excitation source is introduced, and thus the
original eigenvalue problem can be transformed into a response problem. The extreme points
of the response curve correspond to the eigenvalues to be searched. Numerical calculations
are performed for two-dimensional phononic crystals of the square or triangular lattice with
inclusions of different shapes. The following conclusions can be drawn from the numerical
results:
(i) Both MMP and MMoP methods of the GMT can yield accurate results for solid/solid
and fluid/fluid phononic crystals with various acoustic impedance ratios. They exhibit some ad-
vantages such as good stability, fast convergence, and direct computation in arbitrary frequency
regions. The MMoP method is much simpler and faster than the MMP method.
(ii) All parameters in the MMoP method have nothing to do with the material properties,
while only depend on the geometry of the structure under consideration. This makes it more
convenient to deal with systems having a large acoustic mismatch.
(iii) An important feature of the MMoP method is that it can handle systems with arbitrarily
shaped inclusions, which is difficult for other methods based on expansions of cylindrical wave
functions, such as the MST method and the DtN-map method.
As a meshless method, the developed method has certain characteristic features such as
locality, flexibility, no-meshing, etc. In addition, the method can deal with various interface
conditions (such as fluid-solid interaction conditions and weak interface conditions[56] ) more
flexibly than the FEM.
Although only scalar waves in 2D phononic crystals are analyzed in the present paper, the
proposed method can be extended to the mixed wave modes. In this case, the elastic waves
are generally of mixed longitudinal and transverse modes propagating with different velocities,
which will bring some difficulties in the selection of sources, collocation points, regularizing pa-
rameters, external excitation, etc. This issue is now under our consideration. Furthermore, the
method is also expected to be applied in the computation of localized defect modes, viscoelastic
phononic crystals, three-dimensional systems, etc.

References
[1] Kushwaha, M. S., Halevi, P., Martinez, G., Dobrzynski, L., and Djafarirouhani, B. Acoustic band
structure of periodic elastic composites. Physical Review Letters, 71, 2022–2025 (1993)
[2] Cao, Y. J., Hou, Z. L., and Liu, Y. Y. Convergence problem of plane-wave expansion method for
phononic crystals. Physics Letters A, 327, 247–253 (2004)
[3] Sigalas, M. M. and Economou, E. N. Elastic and acoustic wave band structure. Journal of Sound
and Vibration, 158, 377–382 (1992)
[4] Wu, T. T., Huang, Z. G., and Lin, S. Surface and bulk acoustic waves in two-dimensional phononic
crystal consisting of materials with general anisotropy. Physical Review B, 69, 094301 (2004)
[5] Cao, Y. J., Hou, Z. L., and Liu, Y. Y. Finite difference time domain method for band-structure
calculations of two-dimensional phononic crystals. Solid State Communications, 132, 539–543
(2004)
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1141

[6] Wang, G., Wen, J. H., and Han, X. Y. Finite difference time domain method for the study of band
gap in two-dimensional phononic crystals (in Chinese). Physics Letters, 52, 1943–1947 (2003)
[7] Yan, Z. Z. and Wang, Y. S. Wavelet-based method for calculating elastic band gaps of two-
dimensional phononic crystals. Physical Review B, 74, 224303 (2006)
[8] Yan, Z. Z. and Wang, Y. S. Wavelet-based method for computing elastic band gaps of one-
dimensional phononic crystals. Science in China Series G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy,
50, 622–630 (2007)
[9] Yan, Z. Z., Wang, Y. S., and Zhang, C. Z. Wavelet method for calculating the defect states of
two-dimensional phononic crystals. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, 21, 104–109 (2008)
[10] Yan, Z. Z., Wang, Y. S., and Zhang, C. Z. A method based on wavelets for band structure analysis
of phononic crystals. Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences, 38, 59–87 (2008)
[11] Kafesaki, M. and Economou, E. N. Multiple-scattering theory for three-dimensional periodic
acoustic composites. Physical Review B, 60, 11993–12001 (1999)
[12] Mei, J., Qiu, C., and Liu, Z. Multiple-scattering theory for out-of-plane propagation of elastic
waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 17, 3735–
3757 (2005)
[13] Axmann, W. and Kuchment, P. An efficient finite element method for computing spectra of
photonic and acoustic band-gap materials: scalar case. Journal of Computational Physics, 150,
468–481 (1999)
[14] Li, J. B., Wang, Y. S., and Zhang, C. Z. Dispersion relations of a periodic array of fluid-filled
holes embedded in an elastic solid. Journal of Computational Acoustics, 20, 1250014 (2012)
[15] Wang, Y. F., Wang, Y. S., and Su, X. X. Large band gaps of two-dimensional phononic crystals
with cross-like holes. Journal of Applied Physics, 110, 113520 (2011)
[16] Li, F. L., Wang, Y. S., Zhang, C. Z., and Yu, G. L. Boundary element method for bandgap calcu-
lations of two-dimensional solid phononic crystals. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements,
37, 225–235 (2013)
[17] Wu, Y. M. and Lu, Y. Y. Dirichlet-to-Neumann map method for analyzing interpenetrating
cylinder arrays in a triangular lattice. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 25, 1466–1473
(2008)
[18] Li, F. L. and Wang, Y. S. Application of Dirichlet-to-Neumann map to calculation of band gaps
for scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals. Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 97,
284–290 (2011)
[19] Li, F. L., Wang, Y. S., and Zhang, C. Z. Bandgap calculation of two-dimensional mixed solid-fluid
phononic crystals by Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps. Physica Scripta, 84, 055402 (2011)
[20] Zhen, N., Li, F. L., Wang, Y. S., and Zhang, C. Z. Bandgap calculation for plane mixed waves in
2D phononic crystals based on Dirichlte-to-Neumann map. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 28, 1143–1153
(2012)
[21] Hou, X. H., Deng, Z. C., and Zhou, J. X. Symplectic analysis for wave propagation in one di-
mensional nonlinear periodic structures. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition),
31(11), 1371–1382 (2010) DOI 10.1007/s10483-010-1369-7
[22] Hou, X. H., Deng, Z. C., Zhou, J. X., and Liu, T. Q. Symplectic analysis for elastic wave propa-
gation in two-dimensional cellular structures. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 26, 711–720 (2010)
[23] Leviatan, Y., Li, P. G., Adams, A. J., and Perini, J. Single-post inductive obstacle in rectangu-
lar waveguide. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT-31, 1806–1812
(1983)
[24] Leviatan, Y. and Boag, A. Analysis of electromagnetic scattering from dielectric cylinders using
a multifilament current model. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 35, 1119–1127
(1987)
[25] Leviatan, Y. Analytic continuation considerations when using generalized formulations for scat-
tering problems. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 38, 1259–1263 (1990)
[26] Ludwig, A. The generalized multipole technique. Computer Physics Communications, 68, 306–314
(1991)
1142 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG

[27] Ballisti, R. and Hafner, C. The multiple multipole method (MMP) in electro and magnetostatic
problems. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 19, 2367–2370 (1983)
[28] Hafner, C. and Klaus, G. Application of the multiple multipole (MMP) method to electrodynam-
ics. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, 4, 137–144 (1985)
[29] Hafner, C. and Ballisti, R. The multiple multipole (MMP) method. COMPEL: The International
Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2, 1–7 (1983)
[30] Hafner, C. The Generalized Multipole Technique for Computational Electromagnetics, Artech
House, Boston, 157–266 (1990)
[31] Eremin, Y. A., Orlov, N. V., and Sveshnikov, A. G. Models of electromagnetic scattering problems
based on discrete sources method. Generalized Multipole Techniques for Electromagnetic and Light
Scattering (ed. Wriedt, T.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 39–80 (1999)
[32] Cheng, C. H. The Generalized Multipole Technique in Spectral Domain for the Underground Elec-
tromagnetic Scattering Problems (in Chinese), Ph. D. dissertation, Southeast University, Nanjing
(1993)
[33] Fairweather, G. and Karageorghis, A. The method of fundamental solutions for elliptic boundary
value problems. Advances in Computational Mathematics, 9, 69–95 (1998)
[34] Karageorghis, A. The method of fundamental solutions for the calculation of the eigenvalues of
the Helmholtz equation. Applied Mathematics Letters, 14, 837–842 (2001)
[35] Chen, J. T., Chen, I. L., and Lee, Y. T. Eigensolutions of multiply connected membranes using
the method of fundamental solutions. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 29, 166–174
(2005)
[36] Reutskiy, S. Y. The method of fundamental solutions for eigenproblems with Laplace and bihar-
monic operators. Computers, Materials and Continua, 12, 177–188 (2005)
[37] Reutskiy, S. Y. The method of fundamental solutions for Helmholtz eigenvalue problems in simply
and multiply connected domains. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 30, 150–159
(2006)
[38] Tsai, C. C., Young, D. L., Chen, C. W., and Fan, C. M. The method of fundamental solutions
for eigenproblems in domains with and without interior holes. Proceedings of The Royal Society
A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 462, 1443–1466 (2006)
[39] Reutskiy, S. Y. The method of external sources (MES) for eigenvalue problems with Helmholtz
equation. Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences, 12, 27–39 (2006)
[40] Reutskiy, S. Y. The methods of external and internal excitation for problems of free vibrations of
non-homogeneous membranes. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 31, 906–918 (2007)
[41] Tayeb, G. The method of fictitious sources applied to diffraction gratings. Applied Computational
Electromagnetics Society Journal, 9, 90–100 (1994)
[42] Tayeb, G. and Enoch, S. Combined fictious sources-scattering-matrix method. Journal of the
Optical Society of America A, 21, 1417–1423 (2004)
[43] Bogdanov, E. G., Karkashadze, D. D., and Zaridze, R. S. The method of auxiliary sources in
electromagnetic scattering problems. Generalized Multipole Techniques for Electromagnetic and
Light Scattering (ed. Wriedt, T.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 143–172 (1999)
[44] Kaklamani, D. I. and Anastassiu, H. T. Aspects of the method of auxiliary sources (MAS) in
computational electromagnetics. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 44, 48–64 (2002)
[45] Hafner, C. Post-modern Electromagnetics: Using Intelligent Maxwell Solvers, John Wiley and
Sons, New York (1999)
[46] Moreno, E., Erni, D., and Hafner, C. Band structure computations of metallic photonic crystals
with the multiple multipole method. Physical Review B, 65, 155120 (2002)
[47] Moreno, E., Erni, D., and Hafner, C. Modeling of discontinuities in photonic crystal waveguides
with the multiple multipole method. Physical Review E, 66, 036618 (2002)
[48] Smajic, J., Hafner, C., and Erni, D. Automatic calculation of band diagrams of photonic crystals
using the multiple multipole method. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal,
18, 172–180 (2003)
Band structure calculation of scalar waves in two-dimensional phononic crystals based on GMT 1143

[49] Hafner, C. MMP computation of periodic structures. Journal of the Optical Society of America,
12, 1057–1067 (1995)
[50] Imhof, M. G. Multiple multipole expansions for acoustic scattering. Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America, 97, 754–763 (1995)
[51] Imhof, M. G. Multiple multipole expansions for elastic scattering. Journal of the Acoustical Society
of America, 100, 2969–2979 (1996)
[52] Chen, J. T., Huang, C. X., and Chen, K. H. Determination of spurious and multiplicities of true
eigenvalues using the real-part dual BEM. Computational Mechanics, 24, 41–51 (1999)
[53] Burton, A. J. and Miller, G. F. The application of integral equation methods to the numerical solu-
tion of some exterior boundary-value problem. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical,
Physical and Engineering Sciences, 323, 201–210 (1971)
[54] Vekua, I. N. New Methods for Solving Elliptic Equations, North-Holland Publishing Company,
Amsterdam (1967)
[55] Hafner, C. and Smajic, J. Efficient and accurate boundary methods for computational optics.
Lecture Note Series of the IMS, NUS, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 1–76
(2005)
[56] Gurtin, M. E. and Murdoch, A. I. A continuum theory of elastic material surfaces. Archive for
Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 57, 291–323 (1975)

Appendix A
Application of the Bloch theorem (see (13) and (14)) to the boundary of a unit cell of the square
lattice leads to the following equations:

uz,1 ((x, y) + (a, 0)) = ei(kx ,ky )(a,0) uz,1 (x, y), (x, y) ∈ Γ1 , (A1)

∂uz,1 ((x, y) + (a, 0)) ∂uz,1 (x, y)

μ1 = ei(kx ,ky )(a,0) μ1 , (x, y) ∈ Γ1 , (A2)
∂n((x, y) + (a, 0)) ∂n(x, y)

uz,1 ((x, y) + (0, a)) = ei(kx ,ky )(0,a) uz,1 (x, y), (x, y) ∈ Γ3 , (A3)

∂uz,1 ((x, y) + (0, a)) ∂uz,1 (x, y)

μ1 = ei(kx ,ky )(0,a) μ1 , (x, y) ∈ Γ3 . (A4)
∂n((x, y) + (0, a)) ∂n(x, y)

Combining (2) with (A1)−(A4) and taking Nc1 and Nc2 collocation points on the interface Γ0 and
the external boundary of the unit cell, respectively, we have
2 3 2 3
UΓ0 ,1 (ω) UΓ0 ,2 (ω) UΓ0 ,ex (ω)
6 7 6 7
6 TΓ0 ,1 (ω) TΓ0 ,2 (ω) 7 6 TΓ0 ,ex (ω) 7
6 7 6 7
6 72 3 6 7
6 UΓ12 ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 7 a1 6 UΓ12 ,ex (ω, kx , ky ) 7
6 7 6 7
6 74 5=6 7
6 TΓ12 ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 7 a2 6 TΓ12 ,ex (ω, kx , ky ) 7 , (A5)
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
6 UΓ ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 7 6 UΓ ,ex (ω, kx , ky ) 7
6 34 7 6 34 7
4 5 4 5
TΓ34 ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 TΓ34 ,ex (ω, kx , ky )

where UΓij ,k and TΓij ,k stem from the displacements and tractions on the corresponding boundaries Γij
and in the corresponding domain Ωk , respectively, and the subscript ex denotes the external excitation.
(A5) is the specific form of (4) for a square lattice.
For the triangular lattice, applying the Bloch theorem to the boundary of a unit cell leads to similar
results, which are given by

uz,1 ((x, y)+(a, 0)) = ei(kx ,ky )(a,0) uz,1 (x, y), (x, y) ∈ Γ1 , (A6)

∂uz,1 ((x, y)+(a, 0)) ∂uz,1 (x, y)

μ1 = ei(kx ,ky )(a,0) μ1 , (x, y) ∈ Γ1 , (A7)
∂n((x, y)+(a, 0)) ∂n(x, y)
1144 Zhi-jie SHI, Yue-sheng WANG, and Chuan-zeng ZHANG
“ “ a √3a ”” a
√
3a
uz,1 (x, y) + , = ei(kx ,ky )( 2 , 2 ) uz,1 (x, y), (x, y) ∈Γ3 , (A8)
2 2
√
∂uz,1 ((x, y) + ( a2 , 3a
)) a
√
3a ∂uz,1 (x, y)
μ1 √
2
= ei(kx ,ky )( 2 , 2
)
μ1 , (x, y) ∈Γ3 , (A9)
∂n((x, y) + ( a2 , 3a
)) ∂n(x, y)
2

“ “a √
3a ””
√
a 3a
uz,1 (x, y) + ,− = ei(kx ,ky )( 2 ,− 2
)
uz,1 (x, y), (x, y) ∈Γ5 , (A10)
2 2
√
∂uz,1 ((x, y) + ( a2 , − 3a
)) a
√
3a ∂uz,1 (x, y)
μ1 √
2
= ei(kx ,ky )( 2 ,− 2
)
μ1 , (x, y) ∈Γ5 . (A11)
∂n((x, y) + ( a2 , − 3a
)) ∂n(x, y)
2

By combining (2) with (A6)−(A11) and taking Nc1 and Nc2 collocation points on the interface Γ0 and
the boundary of the unit cell, respectively, the following matrix equation can be obtained:
2 3 2 3
UΓ0 ,1 (ω) UΓ0 ,2 (ω) UΓ0 ,ex (ω)
6 7 6 7
6 TΓ0 ,1 (ω) TΓ0 ,2 (ω) 7 6 TΓ0 ,ex (ω) 7
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
6 UΓ12 ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 7 6 UΓ12 ,ex (ω, kx , ky ) 7
6 7 6 7
6 72 3 6 7
6 TΓ12 ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 7 A1 6 TΓ12 ,ex (ω, kx , ky ) 7
6 7 6 7
6 74 5=6 7
6 UΓ34 ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 7 A2 6 UΓ34 ,ex (ω, kx , ky ) 7 , (A12)
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
6 TΓ ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 7 6 TΓ ,ex (ω, kx , ky ) 7
6 34 7 6 34 7
6 7 6 7
6 UΓ ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 7 6 7
6 56 0 7 6 UΓ56 ,ex (ω, kx , ky ) 7
4 5 4 5
TΓ56 ,1 (ω, kx , ky ) 0 TΓ56 ,ex (ω, kx , ky )

which is the specific form of (14) for a triangular lattice.