NAME: CARLOS BABU

STUDENT ID: s11147301

DATE: 28/02/18

WEEK: 4

PARTNER: S11135637

Experiment 4: Experiments on Cooling

Aim
To study the rate of cooling liquids and use it to;

 Verify the Newton’s law of cooling and;

 Determine the specific heat of a liquid

Apparatus
2 Calorimeters with lid and stirrer, 2 thermometers, 2 stopwatches, oil, 2 Electric hot plates, 2
x 500 ml glass beakers.

Method
This experiment content of two parts, Part A and B. Therefore refer to lab manual on page 16
and 17 for the steps.

Theory/ Introduction

When an object is at a different temperature than its surroundings, it will gradually cool down
or heat up until the temperatures are equal. Everyone has experienced this. Newton’s law of
cooling states that the rate of heat loss is proportional to the excess temperature over the
surroundings. In this experiment, the investigation will based on heating water and oil from
each initial temperature up to 85° simultaneously and observe the temperature cooling until the
temperature reach 50°. Therefore the heat lost and heat gain is given by;

𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑑𝑇 (1)

Where m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity and dT is the change in the temperature
of the body.
If the change in heat of a body occurs in a time dt, then the rate of loss of heat is given by;

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑚𝑐 (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

(-) sign has been introduced to indicate the loss of heat.

Since the rate of loss of heat 𝑑𝑄/𝑑𝑡 is proportional to the rate of cooling 𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑡 from
equation (2), we can verify Newton’s law of cooling if we could show that

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
[− ∝ (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑅 )] [ − = 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑅 )]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Where 𝑇𝑅 is the room temperature, (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑅 ) is the exercise temperature of the body over the
surrounding and 𝑘 is a constant of proportionality.
 Results and Discussion

Room Temperature (𝜃𝑅 ) = 30° ± 1

TABLE 1 (WATER)

Cooling system results of water.

Time in Minutes (M) Temperature in Degree Celsius (° C)

1 79
2 77
3 76
4 74
5 73
6 72
7 71
8 70
9 69
10 68
11 68
12 67
13 66
14 65
15 65
16 64
17 63
18 62
19 61
20 61
21 60
22 60
23 59
24 58
25 58
26 58
27 57
28 57
29 56
30 55
31 55
32 55
33 54
34 54
35 53
36 53
37 52
38 51
39 50
 Graph of Temperature Against Time of Water
90

80

70
Temperature (°C)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Time (Mins)

TABLE 2 (WATER)

T (°C) ± (°C) (𝑻 − 𝑻𝑹 ) ± (°C) 𝒅𝑻/𝒅𝒕 (°C/min)

75 45 2.0
70 40 1.1
65 35 0.5
60 30 0.6
55 25 0.5

Graph of Change in Tempareture Against Change in Time of

Water
50
45
40
Temperature (ºC)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time (mins)
Nature of the Graph
From the graph above it states the relationship between the changes of temperature against
change in time. According to Newton’s Law of cooling, “states that the rate of change of the
temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the
ambient temperature (i.e. the temperature of its surroundings).

Therefore the graph verifies it that as the change of time increases, the temperature also
increase. This simply mean that change of temperature is directly proportional to change of
time.

TABLE 1 (OIL)

Cooling system results of Oil.

Time Temperature
1 78
2 75
3 73
4 70
5 67
6 66
7 65
8 63
9 62
10 60
11 59
12 58
13 56
14 55
15 54
16 53
17 52
18 51
19 50
 Graph of Temperature Against Time of Oil
90
80
70
Temparature

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10
Time (mins)15 20 25

TABLE 4 (Oil)

T (°C) ± (°C) (𝑻 − 𝑻𝑹 ) ± (°C) 𝒅𝑻/𝒅𝒕 (°C/min)

75 45 5.0
70 40 4.0
65 35 2.9
60 30 2.0
55 25 1.3

Graph of Change in Tempareture Against

Change in Time of Oil
50
45
Temperature (ºC)

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (mins)

Nature of the Graph

The graph above shows that as the time increases, the temperature also increase. Therefore it
is said that time is directly proportional to temperature. This also verified Newton’s law of
cooling.
Analysis/Simple Calculations
 𝒅𝑻
Simple Calculation for rate of cooling ( ) of Water
𝒅𝒕
𝑑𝑇 10
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (75) → = = 𝟐. 𝟎
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑𝑇 10
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (70) → = = 𝟏. 𝟏
𝑑𝑡 9

𝑑𝑇 5
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (65) → = = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑑𝑡 10
𝑑𝑇 10
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (60) → = 15.3 = 𝟎. 𝟔
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇 5
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (55) → = = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑑𝑡 10.2

Calculation of the Mass of Water

𝑀𝑤 → 331.0 − 249.6 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝒈

𝒅𝑻
Slope of graph ( ) of Water
𝒅𝒕
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1) (40 − 30)
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 → = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) (1.5 − 0.6)

Numerical Expression for Temperature (T)

𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻
− 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒌(𝑻 − 𝑻𝑹 ) And − 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒌𝑻
Equate both Equation

𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑅 ) = 𝑘𝑇

𝑘𝑇 + 𝑘𝑇𝑅
→𝑇=
𝑘

(11.1 × 30) + (28 × 11.1)

→𝑇=
11.1

→ 𝑻 = 𝟓𝟖°𝑪

𝒅𝑻
Simple Calculation for rate of cooling ( ) of Oil
𝒅𝒕
 𝑑𝑇 (75 − 70)
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (75) → = = 𝟓. 𝟎
𝑑𝑡 (1 − 0)

𝑑𝑇 (70 − 60)
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (70) → = = 𝟒. 𝟎
𝑑𝑡 (6.5 − 4)

𝑑𝑇 (65 − 60)
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (65) → = = 𝟐. 𝟗
𝑑𝑡 (8.5 − 7)

𝑑𝑇 (60 − 50)
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (60) → = = 𝟐. 𝟎
𝑑𝑡 (15 − 10)

𝑑𝑇 (55 − 50)
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (55) → = = 𝟏. 𝟑
𝑑𝑡 (17 − 10)

Calculation of the Mass of Oil

𝑀𝑜 → 348.4 − 287.1 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝒈

𝒅𝑻
Slope of graph ( ) of Oil
𝒅𝒕
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1) (35 − 25)
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 → = = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟖
(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) (3 − 1.3)

Calculation of specific heat Capacity of Calorimeter (𝑪𝒄 )

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑀𝑤 𝐶𝑤 + 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 ( ) 𝑤 = (𝑀𝑜 𝐶𝑜 + 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 )( )𝑜
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒇𝒐 𝑪𝒄 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕. (𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆)

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑀𝑤 𝐶𝑤 + 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 ( ) 𝑤 = 𝑀𝑜 𝐶𝑜 ( ) 𝑜 + 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 ( ) 𝑜
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
(𝑀𝑤 𝐶𝑤 + 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 ) ( ) 𝑤 − 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 ( ) 𝑜 = 𝑀𝑜 𝐶𝑜 ( ) 𝑜
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑀𝑤 𝐶𝑤 + 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 ( ) 𝑤 − + 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑐 ( ) 𝑜
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑪𝒐
𝑑𝑇
𝑀𝑜 ( ) 𝑜
𝑑𝑡

(0.0814 × 4184) + (0.349 × 4.186 × 0.85) − (0.3488 × 4.186 × 3)

𝑪𝒐 =
(0.062 × 3)

𝑪𝒄 = 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝑱 𝒌𝒈−𝟏 𝑲−𝟏

 DISCUSSION
The cooling system of the object depends on the environmental temperature of the surrounding.
Example is, when heating water up to a certain temperature, and place it to different system
such ice and normal water. For understanding we realize that the system in ice will reduce fast
compare to normal system (water).

However, from the experiment of cooling (water compare with oil), and from observation, there
are some different between the two system. As from the result, the time taken for oil to reach
50 degree Celsius is 19 minutes while water, it takes about 39 minutes. The reason for this is
because of differences in specific heat capacity. The specific heat capacity of water is 4184
Joules per kg, and oil has different specific heat capacity.

Furthermore, the findings from the experiment was successfully done. But there are errors
associated with the results obtain. This was identifies from the analysis calculation above.
These resulted on not obtaining the exact theoretically values requires.

But exactly, the main purpose of the experiment was successfully obtain. The experiment
proves the Newton’s law of cooling. These is clearly stated at the graphs drawn. As the time
increases, the temperature also increases. This verifies Newton’s law of cooling.

In addition to that and using the results to get the specific heat capacity of the other substances
used in the practical. Example is the specific heat capacity of calorimeter.
 CONCLUSION

The experiment was successfully carry out and mange to obtain what was required which is
verifying the Newton’s law of cooling is true. From the results, it makes it possible to achieve
the main objective of the experiment. Therefore as shown on the graphs above, it clearly
stated that Newton’s law of cooling is true. Also by using the mathematical calculation, the
values of the specific heat capacity of the other apparatus (calorimeter meter) was found.
 REFERENCE
Dr. Ajal Kumar, 2012 Ph102 Classical Physics Lab Manual University of the South Pacific,
Suva, Fiji.

Newton’s Law of cooling, Value @ Amrita, Virtual Amrita Laboratories Universalizing

Education
Retrieved from: http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=354&cnt=1
(Retrieve date: 6/03/2018)

Elizabeth Gieseking, Newton’s Law of Cooling an Experimental Investigation, The

University of Georgia. Retrieved from:
http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMAT6680Fa2014/Gieseking/Exploration%2012/Newton%27s%
20Law%20of%20Cooling.htm
(Retrieve date: 6/03/2018)