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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

The evolution of technology has played a significant part in many lives. As

technology is continually developing, our life has become easier than before. Radical

transformation of society through technological development brings innovations that

offer more benefits to us. The Close Circuit Television Camera (CCTV) can be

considered as one of the product of Technological Development. CCTV system has

become economically viable and has now rapidly gaining popularity in the country.

Closed circuit television (CCTV) is used in certain public areas to protect your

community, including town centres, roads, airports, and on some forms of public

transport. CCTV is a TV system in which signals are not publicly distributed but are

monitored, primarily for surveillance and security purposes. These cameras may be

placed in outdoor or indoor locations and may include infrared recording options.

How effective are closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras in

reducing crime? What is the effect of CCTV on crime in different settings? What is the

effect of CCTV on different crime types? Is CCTV more effective in preventing crime in
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one country compared to another? These are important questions to investigate, but

how they are investigated is just as important.

Although the rationale for CCTV use is that it “prevents crime”, a number of

studies have questioned the assumptions underlying this claim and drawn attention to a

complex range of factors that should be taken into account when assessing CCTV’s

effectiveness. A 2007 report by the Campbell Collaboration claimed that CCTV has a

“modest but significant desirable effect on crime” but that its use should be “more

narrowly targeted” than at present.

CCTV is commonly used for a variety of purposes, which includes the

maintenance of perimeter security in medium- to high-secure areas and installations.

Observing behavior of incarcerated inmates and potentially dangerous patients in

medical facilities. Traffic monitoring and Overseeing locations that would be hazardous

to a human, for example, highly radioactive or toxic industrial environments. Building

and grounds security specially in obtaining a visual record of activities in situations

where it is necessary to maintain proper security or access controls (for example, in a

diamond cutting or sorting operation; in banks, casinos, or airports).

CCTV is finding increasing use in law-enforcement, for everything from traffic

observation to observation of high-crime areas or neighborhoods. Police investigators

across the globe are using footage from surveillance cameras in their investigations of
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crimes. They clearly state over and again, that the videos captured are very effective in

solving crimes because they record and capture the crime as it unfolds and create

valuable evidence for court trials. The use of the footage as evidence of an offense or

crime could result in a guilty plea of the suspects, reducing costs by avoiding court

trials. The videos can be used to prove or disprove allegations against a person. It could

be utilized in the investigations of a missing individual or person or can be used as a

source of material backup for witness testimony. The videos can be used as evidence of

the actions and response provided by the police following the commission of a crime.

If a crime is committed in an area where a surveillance camera has been set up,

the chances of catching the criminal are much higher. Facial recognition software has

improved greatly over the years, which means that if a person is caught on camera

committing a crime, the chances of them being caught is much higher. Posters can be

created and the images can be aired on network television to help spread the word

about the criminal. Without the footage from the CCTV camera, it can be extremely

difficult to gain a quality description of the person who committed the crime, even if

there were eye witnesses.

This study is conducted to assess the effectiveness of requiring selected

establishments in the City of Tagbilaran to install Close Circuit Television Camera

(CCTV) as a measure to reduce crime rate.

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The Supreme Court of the Philippines in the case of “Spouses Bill and Victoria

Hing vs. Alexander Choachuy Sr. and Allan Choachuy,” G.R. No. 179736, dated June

26, 2013, the court ruled:

“The right to privacy is enshrined in our Constitution and in our laws. It is

defined as "the right to be free from unwarranted exploitation of one’s

person or from intrusion into one’s private activities in such a way as to cause

humiliation to a person’s ordinary sensibilities." It is the right of an individual "to be

free from unwarranted publicity, or to live without unwarranted interference by the

public in matters in which the public is not necessarily concerned." Simply put, the

right to privacy is "the right to be let alone."

“The installation of these cameras, however, should not cover places where

there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, unless the consent of the individual whose

right to privacy would be affected, was obtained.”

“Nor should those cameras be used to pry into the privacy of another’s residence

or business office as it would be no different from eavesdropping, which is a crime

under Republic Act No. 4200 or the Anti-Wiretapping Law.”

Despite issues raised by individuals and groups who are against the use of

surveillance cameras in public places due to issues of privacy, many governments, cities
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and businesses around the world are installing CCTV surveillance systems as part of

their efforts to protect the public against crimes and property damage. If a crime has

already occurred, the video of the incident is a valuable piece of evidence for law

enforcement and can make capturing and prosecuting criminals much easier and less

costly.

Theoretical Background

The first CCTV system was installed by Siemens AG at Test Stand

VII in Peenemünde, Nazi Germany in 1942, for observing the launch of V-2 rockets. The

noted German engineer Walter Bruch was responsible for the technological design and

installation of the system.

In the Philippines, these Closed Circuit Television Systems has only been

introduced and used widely just several years ago. In Quezon City, they only started

implementing a “No CCTV, No Business Permit” policy last 2014 which is just two years

ago.

While several cities are now requiring businesses to install CCTV cameras, the

barangay, the smallest administrative division in the Philippines, are also now being

required to install security systems in their respective areas. Currently, both businesses
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and barangays are obligated to install CCTV through ordinances that their local officials

implement in their cities or provinces. (1:2016)

However in the case of Boston Marathon bombing in 2013. Using CCTV footages

in different positions in downtown Boston, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was able

to focus its investigation on the Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev brothers as the

possible perpetrators of the heinous crime. The FBI’s release of the CCTV footages and

the corroborating photographs on its website led to the Tsarnaev brothers’ identification

and eventual capture. (2:2014)

Locally, we have the highly sensational case of Vhong Navarro, who was mauled

by businessman Cedric Lee and his friends for allegedly raping 22-year-old Denise

Cornejo at a plush condominium in Bonifacio Global City. But the CCTV footage released

by the National Bureau of Investigation showed that Navarro and Cornejo were not in

the condo unit at the same time. In fact, the footage showed Cornejo entering her

building’s elevator and then exiting the building shortly after Navarro arrived. She did

not appear like she had just escaped from a rape attempt and, instead, casually

examined herself in the elevator mirror. (3:2014)

In Davao City, Former Mayor Rodrigo Duterte has ordered shopping malls,

commercial centers and movie houses to install, operate and maintain high definition

CCTVs in their entrance and exit points, and other strategic areas. (4:2014)
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A major setback of CCTV technology is the lack of a standard and clear outline

on the uses of CCTV and the targeted population. (5:2004) are one of the few who

attempt to clarify its uses. Based on their study, they found that CCTV is generally used

for information on access control, conduct control, registering evidence, flow control

and the planning of deployment. In terms of selection of targeted individuals or groups,

Norris and Armstrong (1999) created eight categories of suspicion targeted by video

surveillance operators.

The Philippine National Police (PNP) has apparently been meeting with different

government and non-government agencies to speed up the installation of more CCTV

cameras all over Metro Manila, especially in crime-heavy areas. (6:2002)

According to Jewitt (7:2007), in many parts of America, Europe, and Asia, CCTV

surveillance proved one of the best ways of crime prevention as the criminal cases

decreased proportionately as more of the cameras came into existence.

According to Guha (8:2002), in most of the stores where the surveillance

security applies, the commodities or area covered deems specific and clear. The case

withstanding, the security personnel can protect the main item or area of focus by

connecting it to alarm notification in case of criminal moves. In this kind of protection,

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the activities and movements in a particular area must fit into a program from which

deviation alerts the alarm.

The presence of the surveillance services assures the people that the surveyed

areas deem more secure than the areas under no surveillance hence more people

access the protected areas compared to the areas with no CCTV (9:2006)

CCTV helps in monitoring and not the actual eradication of crimes. According to

Guha (10:2002), most of the people wonder about those who commit intentional

crimes publicly. Some people know the repercussions of the activities they engage in,

especially the criminal activities yet they still go ahead and do them. The CCTVs provide

evidence that the people actually committed the crimes but do not deter them from the

same.

CCTV does a great job in prevention and reduction of the criminal activities

committed throughout the economy. However, paradoxically, there are factors that

reduce the effectiveness of the cameras. The surveillance prevents crime to high levels

due to various factors. First, the cameras provide evidence of crime hence it deems

easier to track the criminals. (11:1999)

Undoubtedly, CCTV footages are great help to authorities in investigating the

commission of crimes. But are they admissible in evidence; if so, how should they be
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presented in evidence before our courts of law? How should they be authenticated as to

make them Admissible in evidence?

Authentication is the process of convincing the court that a document is what it

purports to be; of proving the origin of the image and that it has not subsequently been

altered (or, where alteration has occurred, proving the nature of the alteration). Such

alteration could include, for example, image enhancement or image manipulation.

An electronic document is admissible in evidence if it complies with the rules on

admissibility prescribed by the Rules of Court and related laws and is authenticated in

the manner prescribed by the Rules. (Rule 3, Sec. 2, A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC, Re:

Rules on Electronic Evidence).

There is a new law in the country about CCTV cameras in business

establishment. It is called “The Philippines CCTV Camera Act of 2012. It was introduced

by former Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago last December 3, 2012. The said law

focuses on business establishments only by requiring all businesses in the country to

install as well as maintain CCTV cameras within their scope of premises. The bill on

CCTV for businesses states that cameras should be installed on entrance, exits and

other workstations within the establishment except the restrooms, changing rooms and

other similar places.

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As basic concept of security and safety dictates the existence of measures that

shall ensure the effective implementation of such however with the defying and

redefiance of major establishment owners the researchers find it necessary to create a

comprehensive study on the obsernance of the implementation of requiring some major

establishment in the city to comply with the installation of the innovative technology on

Close Circuit Television Camera (CCTV).

The concept of CCTV has been a major concern not only to mega establishment

but to some points in the city which is vital in resolution of some cases like e.g. traffic

and criminal in nature. To conceptualize this study is aimed to disseminate the

importance of the installation of CCTV.

Installation of Close-Circuit Level of Awareness of

Television Camera in major Establishment Owners on the
establishment in the City of CCTV
Tagbilaran

 Compliance in terms of the

 Effective Implementation
creation of City Ordinance on
CCTV Installation  Satisfaction on the
Installation
o Law Enforcement
 Research and Material
o Budgetary
Installation
Requirement

o Installation Facility
Network

Figure 1
Theoretical Framework
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Legal Basis

The Law is formally named as The Philippines CCTV Camera Act of 2012 which

was formally introduced by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago in December 2012 in

front of all the Senate. Recent reports confirm that Law will now only impact all the

business establishments. It means that in accordance with the changes Law will now

enforce all the businesses currently operating within in the country to install & maintain

CCTV cameras within their premises.

This recently introduced Law states that CCTV cameras must be installed within

specific spots such as, entrance, exit, test rooms, changing rooms & other relative

spots. A sign showing that CCTVs installed within the premises are only for your safety.

Must be there & visible to the human eye. Owners will have to follow the procedure to

store at least 60 days of Footage alongside maintain the confidentiality of the record.

The Bill of Rights of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines has only one

provision which expressly mentioned and recognized the right to privacy, that is Section

3 which states the privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable

except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires

otherwise, as prescribed by law.

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The right to privacy under Article 26(1) of the Civil Code covers business

offices where the public are excluded therefrom and only certain individuals are allowed

to enter.

Article 26(1) of the Civil Code, on the other hand, protects an individual’s right to

privacy and provides a legal remedy against abuses that may be committed against him

by other individuals. It states:

Art. 26. Every person shall respect the dignity, personality, privacy and peace of mind

of his neighbors and other persons. The following and similar acts, though they may

not constitute a criminal offense, shall produce a cause of action for damages,

prevention and other relief:

(1) Prying into the privacy of another’s residence;

xxxx

Related Literature

In the Article IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance

Technology by Emily Robinson published on July 06, 2011 that came f r o m t h e

w e b s i t e w w w . e z i n e a r t i c l e s . c o m s t a t e d , s t a t e d t h a t C C T V cameras are

used only in high profile events. Indeed this may be the fact in the days to come.
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They are made compulsory by government as to avoid any miscreant's problems

and untowardly incidents. These modern day tools if properly put into use can do

wonders in the area of security.

This article is related to the present study because the

researchers believe that CCTV is a very useful tool to solve problems in the society

because it serves as credible evidence. In May 22, 2009, Mr. Andy J. Thompson

wrote an article entitled “CCTV Security Cameras – do they help fight crime” where

stated that“ The UK has more CCTV camera coverage than any other country.

Related Studies

A recent study examined the effectiveness of UK security cameras as it

pertains to crime prevention. CCTV is clearly an effective deterrence to criminal

activity.” It was also stated that CCTV video is often used in police

investigations and the writer believes that most people are convinced of the

effectiveness of video surveillance and may even feel a certain amount of comfort in

knowing that it adds to their sense of personal safety and they understand

that their chances of being a victim of crime are reduced when they find

themselves in an area monitored with CCTV cameras. In relation to the present

study, the researchers believe that CCTV is a very effective tool to distinguish

criminals and secure public places. Lester J. Hester’s article “CCTV System- The
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Advantages and Disadvantages” published in Ezine Articles stated that CCTV is

highly u s e f u l f o r c r i m e p r e v e n t i o n a s i t i n c r e a s e s t h e c h a n c e o f

t h e perpetrator being caught, aiding police investigations, preventing theft from the

till, proving innocence by sense of protecting and defending the people in any

accusations, but CCTV does not always works in proper system. It could not

display every single square of your office, banks, stores, and other areas.

Although you set the location of the system in a very careful way, you still

cannot get total guarantee of security level.

Close –Circuit Television

Cameras (CCTV)

Measure for
Installations Level of
of Close-Circuit
CrimeTelevision
Rate Cameras in Awareness
Selected for
Establishments in theEstablishment
Reduction City of
Tagbilaran Owners
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Figure 2
Conceptual Framework
THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

Main Problem:

1. What is the level of compliance of Selected establishments in the City of

Tagbilaran in terms of:

a. Installation of Close-Circuit Television Cameras (CCTV)
b. Adherence to ordinances imposed by the city government (e.g. CCTV

Installation)
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2. What is the level of usefulness and effective implementation of Mandatory

requirements for installation of Close-Circuit Television Camera (CCTV).

3. What is the level of efficiency and expertise of companies who offers and install

CCTV Cameras.

Sub-Problem:

1. What is the level of awareness of establishment owners for CCTV installations?

2. What is the means of dissemination of the usefulness or importance of installing

CCTV Cameras within selected establishment in the City of Tagbilaran?

Null Hypothesis

The researchers would like to prove that there is collateral degree of relationship

between the installation of Close Circuit Television (CCTV) and the reduction of crime

rate for the effective implementation and use of such high technology equipment.

There is no relationship between the strict implementation of the CCTV law and

the reduction of crime rate.

Significance of the Study

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The researchers undertook this study for the benefit of selected

establishment owners in the City of Tagbilaran.

To Selected Owners of Establishments. The study will be an effective

means or machination in the strict implementation of the use of Close Circuit Television

Camera (CCTV) in aide of the owners measure to secure its establishment and in the

protection of their customers and other persons that may be covered by the installation

of such CCTV Camera. The installation is a measure to reduce the crime rate especially

in solving crimes.

To the Students/Researchers. Towards the end of the conduct of the

thorough evaluation of the data gathered by the researchers, they will be able to impart

knowledge on the advantages of the installation of CCTV Camera. The researchers will

provide a concrete data analysis on the results after the conduct of surveys.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focused on selected establishment within the City of Tagbilaran. It

specifically concentrated on the effective implementation on the installation of Close

Circuit Television Camera (CCTV) as measure for crime reduction.

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The following limitations were also considered in the conduct of the study:

reluctance of the respondents to answer the questionnaire due to their busy work

schedule. There was a delay on the retrieval of the questionnaires because some of the

respondents are not in their respective houses. Furthermore, the researchers also

explained earnestly to the respondents the value and importance of the output of the

study and asked them to answer the questionnaires wholeheartedly. Financial and time

constraints were solved through the help of their parents.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study utilized the descriptive normative method with the aid of a self-made

questionnaire prepared by the researchers as the main data gathering tool. The

questionnaire is valuable method in gathering the desired data from the perceptions of

the respondents.
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By means of these research instrument consisting of a series of questions and

other prompts information from respondents are easily gathered. Although they are

often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case.

The researchers by the aid of a questionnaire aimed to determine the level of

awareness of establishment owners in the implementation of the Close Circuit

Television Camera (CCTV) its advantages especially in the reduction of crime.

The data that will be gathered shall be subjected to a statistical analysis by the

aid of a statistician who shall interpret the data gathered from a numerical value to a

narrative interpretation which shall be the basis for the researchers in terms of the

assessment of the statement of the problem.

It shall also be the method of how the researchers will be able to precisely

formulate its conclusions and recommendations if necessary. The questionnaire shall be

personally distributed by the researchers unto their respondents who shall see to it that

the questions in the questionnaire are properly understood and honestly filled-out by

their respondents.

Research Environment and Subjects

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The researcher intends to conduct the distribution of questionnaire among

establishment owners in the City of Tagbilaran. The respondents shall be ask to answer

the questions to the best of their knowledge provided under every number. The

research locale is purposely design and made in order to duly determine the desired

data necessary for this study.

This subject which primarily focuses on the implementation of the CCTV Camera

allows the researchers to conduct a substantial, independent, original research project

in a specified area of environment and sustainability. The project comprises a review of

a body of literature, a review and discussion of methodology and/ or an evaluation of

research or experimental protocols and some original research.

Research Instrument

In gathering the basic and necessary informations to conceptualize or visualize

the main purpose of the study, the researcher would like to employ a Research

Questionnaire. This simple method of gathering data will enable the researchers to

completely make its conclusions and recommendations as part of the purpose why a

need to conduct the research.

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The questionnaire was formulated in a manner that the respondents could easily

understand and truthfully points out the exact answer to every question. All items found

in the questionnaire were explained and discussed to the respondents so that they

could fully comprehend the questions.

The questionnaire shall serve as the primary means of data gathering as it would

be statistically evaluated to come up with a narrative explanation of the data. It would

like to ensure that the desired answer to each question are supplied easily such that a

question may suggest for an answer either a Yeas or Nays.

The directions on how to answer the questionnaire must be fully explained to the

respondent to avoid the possible confusion and misinterpretation that would eventually

result in the failure of the research study. In as much as the direction was already

explained the respondents are encourage to have some comments in order for the

researchers to consider an avenue for change and growth for both the researcher

intellectual capacity and moral values that they may encountered all throughout the

research process.

Data Gathering Procedure

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The researchers secured the official permission for the conduct of the study from

the OIC Dean of the College of Criminal Justice, Mrs. Ivy Guir-Caliao. A letter of request

for the cooperation of the respondents in accomplishing the questionnaire was also

attached to each questionnaire to ensure fast and complete return.

The data gathered were collected and tabulated for purposes of analysis and

interpretation and then were subjected to statistical treatment to test the hypothesis.

The findings became the bases for conclusions and recommendations which include a

proposed policy design.

Data Analysis

The interpretation of the data gathered was on percentage basis. In

determining the percentage, the frequency of responses to each item was divided by

the total of cases and them multiplied by one hundred. The following formula was used.

P= f X 100
n
where:

P= Percentage

f= Frequency

n= is the number of respondents

Statistical Treatment
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The data gathered through the use of the questionnaire were subjected to

statistical treatment, computation and analysis. The purpose was to determine the

difference of the responses of the two different group of respondents. It was subjected

to a T- test using the formula.

Formula:

T= X1+ X2

S1 +S2

N1+ N2

where:

T= T –test

X1= mean of the first group

X2= mean of the second group

S1= variance of the first group

S2= variance of the second group

N1= number of case of the first group

N2=number of the second group

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally in order to give the readers a

clearer understanding of this research:

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1. Close Circuit Television Camera - is a TV system in which signals are not

publicly distributed but are monitored, primarily for surveillance and security

purposes.

2. Installation - the act of putting something in place so that it is ready for use.

Fixed or semi-fixed with accompanying assemblies, accessories and parts. It

generally includes provision of or connection to services required to make the

installed equipment ready for operation.

3. Crime Rate - Crime rates are indicators of reported crime activity standardized

by population. They are more refined indicators for comparative purposes than

are volume figures. Also defined as the number of offenses per 100,000

population, is derived by first dividing a jurisdiction’s population by 100,000 and

then dividing the number of offenses by the resulting figure.

4. Reduction of Crime Rate – means the measure of evaluating the diminishing

rate of commission of community based crimes which is more relatively and

correlatively calculated with demographic data for its undemanding tabulation.

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5. Establishments in the City – means the respondent required to answer the

questionnaire on how CCTV camera plays an important role in the reduction of

crimes in the City of Tagbilaran.

6. City of Tagbilaran – the capital city of the Province of Bohol, is a component

city in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is the seat of the

island province of Bohol with a population of 105,051 as of 2015 census. In the

2016 electoral roll, it had 59,949 registered voters. Encompassing a land area of

32.7 km2 (12.6 sq mi), with a coastline of 13 km (8.1 mi) on the southwestern

part of the island, the city shares its boundaries with the towns

of Cortes, Corella, and Baclayon. Tagbilaran is the principal gateway to Bohol,

630 km (390 mi) southeast of the national capital of Manila and 72 km (45 mi)

south of the regional capital, Cebu City.

7. Level of Awareness – means the state or ability to perceive, to feel or to be

conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns. In this level of consciousness,

sense data can be confirmed by an observer without necessarily implying

understanding. More broadly, it is the state or quality of being aware.

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ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This study is composed of only one chapter.

Chapter I, the Problem and Its Scope, contains the introduction, the

rationale, the theoretical background, the theoretical framework, the scope and

limitation of the study, the research methodology which includes the research design,
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research environment and subjects, the research instrument, the data gathering

procedure, the statistical treatment and the definition of terms.

BIT INTERNATONAL COLLEGE (BIT-IC)

100 Gallares Street, 6300 Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Research Questionnaire

We the 4th year Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BS-Crim) Students, in partial

compliance of the academic requirement hereby conducts these Research Survey for

the Thesis Entitled: “CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION CAMERA (CCTV) IN SELECTED

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ESTABLISHMENT IN THE CITY OF TAGBILARAN: MEASURES FOR CRIME RATE

REDUCTION”.

The respondents of the research survey are owners of selected establishment in

the City of Tagbilaran. The questions to every item are made in a manner that it shall

be easily complied with the respondents. Please answer the survey questionnaire

honestly. Thank you.

Place a check mark on the item ( ) of your answer.

Name of Respondent: ________________________ Age: ________

Resident of: _______________________________ Sex: _________

Educational Attainment: ______________________

Present Employment: ________________________

I. Put a check mark on the ( ) of your choice.

1. What is the nature of your business?

( ) Commercial Establishment

( ) Private Leasing Establishment

( ) Others Pls. Specify __________________________

2. How long have you been into the business?

( ) one (1) year but less than three (3) years

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( ) three (3) years but less than five (5) years

( ) five (5) years but less than eight (8) years

( ) eight (8) years or more please specify ___________

3. Where is your business strategically located?

( ) City Central/Main

( ) City Extension

( ) City Proper

4. In what time do you think the public is more safe, with the use of CCTV Camera

or Monitored by CCTV?

( ) 12AM-6PM

( ) 6AM-10AM

( ) 10AM-12PM

( ) 12PM-2PM

( ) 2PM-6PM

( ) 6PM-12AM

Level of Awareness on the Implementation of Close Circuit Television Camera

(CCTV)
No A little A Lot Completely
1. Does the use of CCTV concern

you?
2. Do you think CCTV help

reduces crime?
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3. Do you think CCTV is an

invasion of privacy?
4. Does the use of CCTV makes

you feel protected and safe

against crime?
5. How reliable CCTV for you?
6. How useful is CCTV?
7. Did you noticed that

establishment in the City of

Tagbilaran uses CCTV?

8. Is there a CCTV Camera in

your neighbouring

establishment?
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Stephen 2016 (https://rightsecurity.com.ph)

2. James 2014 (www.philippinedailyinquirer /08:30 AM October 17, 2014)

3. Rey Francis 2014 (http://www.philstar.com/psn-metro/2014/01/28)

4. Rudriguez 2013 ( Philippine Daily Inquirer 10:25 PM October 03, 2013)

5. Muller and Boos (2004) (www.technoset.com/rsnt.ph)

6. Stuwart, 2002 (www.technoset.com/rsnt.ph)

7. Jewwitt 2007 (www.technoset.com/rsnt.ph)

8. Guha 2002 (www.technoset.com/rsnt.ph)

9. Gipps 2006 (www.technoset.com/rsnt.ph)

10. Guha 2002 (www.technoset.com/rsnt.ph)

 31

11. Murphy 1999 (www.technoset.com/rsnt.ph)