Experiment No: 05

Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

Objective:

In this lab frequency modulation will be discussed and also frequency deviation and deviation
ratio will be calculated.

Equipment:

ACS2956A Signal Source

DCS297M Power Supply
Oscilloscope 5MHz
Voltmeter 3V dc
Function Generator 600 ohm

Theory:

Frequency modulation is described that a carrier may be modulated by changing its frequency in
accordance with the signal. A frequency-modulated signal has many sidebands, dependent on the
amplitude as well as the frequency of the signal.

Frequency modulation provides improved immunity from interfering signals, at the cost of an
increased bandwidth compared with AM (amplitude modulation).

Frequency modulation is widely used for radio transmissions for a wide variety of applications
from broadcasting to general point to point communications.

Frequency modulation, FM offers many advantages, particularly in mobile radio applications

where its resistance to fading and interference is a great advantage. It is also widely used for
broadcasting on VHF frequencies where it is able to provide a medium for high quality audio
transmissions.

In view of its widespread use receivers need to be able to demodulate these transmissions. There
is a wide variety of different techniques and circuits that can be used including the Foster-Seeley,
and ratio detectors using discreet components, and where integrated circuits are used the phase
locked loop and quadrature detectors are more widely used.

Procedure:
 Set the function generator to deliver a square wave output at 0.1 Hz.
 Set the manual frequency control C to the approximate position for 455 kHz then, using
the frequency meter, set the frequency to 455 kHz as accurately as you can.
 Set the attenuator to O dB. Apply the input signal at Bx and set the sensitivity control B
to maximum.
 Next, set the function generator output to 6V peak-to-peak.
 What is happening now to the frequency, as shown on your oscilloscope and by the
frequency meter?
 Try varying the function generator output voltage. There will be variation in the
frequencies displayed.
 Table 5.1

Signal frequency Input voltage V (pk to pk) Frequency deviation kHz (approx.)
2
0.1 Hz Square wave 4
6

Table 5.2

Signal frequency Input voltage V Frequency deviation Deviation Bandwidth

kHz (2D)
(kHz) (pk to pk) kHz (approx..) Ratio (D)

2
20 4

2
5 4

6
How frequency deviation is an indication of channel bandwidth?

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For the input signal to be vm=5cos(2pi3500t). If the channel bandwidth is 20kHz, find the
deviation ratio?

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Why the deviation ratio of 4 is not valid for the above signal? (channel bandwidth is 5kHz)

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What is the approx. carrier frequency in an FM wave when its highest frequency component is
800Hz and the bandwidth of the signal is 50Hz?

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State the difference between frequency modulation index and deviation ratio?

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Lesson learnt:

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Student’s comment:

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