lX.

War and Peace

Exercise1
letch the words with their definitions'
bullets are fired through
t. cartridge a' the part of a gun that the
gun that could fire many
b. an old typt of wide-mouthed
2. mountedtrooPs small bullets at short range
weaPons
c. the thicker end of certain
3. trigger the knucklesfor use as a weapon
d. metal cover worn over
4. baton (alsoknuckleduster)
andabullet for shooting
a tubecontainingexplosivepowder
5.fencing from a gun
heavystones'
;i;;;;""pon usedin formertimesto throw
6. barrel
iron balls,etc.
over which a
7. blunderbuss g. .';';;;;;ce to which a gun will shoot' or
missilewill travel
8. gunsmith swords
h. the sport of fighting with . ,.
drawn Uy t'uia' equal in height with the archerand
9. butt i. a bow
usedto shootarrows
r0. flintlock of gun with a long barrel
;. ut "*fy type covering for the body' worn
ll. muzzle k. a protective, usually mltal
when fighting (a suit ot)
sharpedges
12. missile f. u iigt t tf,ir, ,*otd with two lit by a
m. an old-fashioned gun in which the gunpowderis
13.brass-knuckle
spark struck from a flint
14.longbow n. fighterson horseback
a spring when Pressurers
o. a small devicethat releases
15.cataPult
apPlied,so asto fire a gun
repairsguns
16.stock p. u p.ttott who makesand by police
a weaPon'especially
q. a shortthick stickcarriedas
17. range officers(alsotruncheon)
at a target
armour r. an object or weaponthat is thrown.orfired
18.
holds againstthe shoulderwhen
s. the part of a gt"'ihut one
19.raPier firing it
the bulletsarefired
t. the openend of a gun' out of which
20. musket
. ... .. ' ' ' ' ' ' 'SaAILDI
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SACNA'I'IVHf, v9l
 IX. WAR AND PEACE

ise 3
tnces havebeen removed from the text. Find their right place to complete
[€ two extra sentenceson the a-j list which you do oot ,r""a.
until the 16thcenturythat smallarmsusinggunpowderbeganto fulfill their
IYoodenstocksnow helpedthe firer to aim, absorbthe recoiland hold the hot
ignition mechanismor lock let him fire exactlyat the right moment.The
is a fypical infantry musketof the early lZthcentury.A later form of ignition,
bck,wentonestagefurther....1... Its mechanism couldbesetin two positions-
ing and one for safety.It was not only to dominate the battlefieldsof all the
r of the period, but was an important civilian weapon,used for dueling,
c.andshootinggame....2...
ilre 16ftcenturysworddesignschanged, with somebladesbecomingnarrower,
morepointed.. . .3. . . The greatestswordscamefrom Toledoiri spain,Milan
lsolingenin Germany,manyof the armstheyproducedareartisticallysuperb
f the craftof sword-making.Gentlemencontinuedto wearsmallswordsuntil
he 1700s,by which time duelswerebeingfoughtwith pistols.
irnsmithsbeganto makespecial-dueling pistolsin matchedpairs,which they
H into a casewith all the necesidryaccessories for both makingthe bullets,
ry and loading the pistols which were mtrzzle-loaders;refinementssuch as
pecial triggerswereadded.
r madefor self-defense wereholsterpistolsandblunderbusses suitedto close-
h,ontationswhich were usedto defendshipsaswell as travellers.The charge
r leadballsgavea betterchanceof hitting the target....5...
ryinningof the 1800s,flintlock firearms-muskets,carbinesandpistols- had
chiefweaponsof armiesin both EuropeandNorth America.In the Napoleonic
ts provedsuchformidableweaponsthat they oftendestroyedthe effectiveness
Itroops,who reliedmoreon swordsand lancesthan firearms....6...
I for combatingcrime and keepingpublic order that camealong with the
:in the lgth centuryincludedbatons,rattles,swords,pistols,brass-knuckles
tw-enforcement equipment.In the earlylgthcenturypercussionignition was
ryment in the historyof firearms.It offeredinstantaneous ignitionandgreatly
esistance to wet-weather.Early percussiongunswere still muzzle-loaders,
rrparatedfrom thepowderandball. ...7... A pistolis simplya short-barreled
f,ned to be usedwith one handbut needingmuchpracticeto fire accurately.
l9e centurya greatvarietyof pistolsweredesignedfor both military and
---8...Thewestwardexpansion of theus in the lgthcenturycoincidedwith
npid developmentin firearmsespeciallythe revolversmadeby samuelcolt
catingWinchesterrifles.
rg at a selectionof arms from all over the world it is possibleto seehow
mtries producedthem to suit their own specialrequirementsand cultures,
their evolutionwassimilar.
 IX. WAR AND PEACE l6s

o Exercise3
nerAng, Eight sentenceshavebeen removed from the text. Find their right place to complete
missile, it. There are two extra sentenceson the a-j list which you do not need.
It wasnot until the l6s centurythat smallarmsusinggunpowderbeganto fulfill their
r They potential Woodenstocksnow helpedthe firer to aim, absorbthe recoilandhold the hot
7could barrel;an ignition mechanismor lock let him fire exactlyat the right moment.The
r of the matchlockis a typical infantry musketof the early lTthcentury.A later form of ignition,
baking thewheel-lock, wentonestagefurther.. .. 1... Its mechanismcouldbesetin two positions-
2.' . ,ot one for firing and one for safety.It was not only to dominate the battlefieldsof all the
things major wars of the period, but was an important civilian weapon,used for dueling,
riously self-defense and shootinggame....2...
During the l6mcenturysworddesignschanged, with somebladesbecomingnarrower,
fboth longerand morepointed.. ..3. . . The greatestswordscamefrom Toledoin Spain,Milan
ow by in Italy andSolingenin Germany,manyof the armstheyproducedareartisticallysuperb
irrope examples of the craftof sword-making.Gentlemencontinuedto wearsmallswordsuntil
the end of the 1700s,by which time duelswerebeingfoughtwith pistols.
mel, a . ' '4... Gunsr4ithsbeganto makespecialduelingpistolsin matchedpairs,which they
iled or suppliedfitted into a casewith all the necessary accessories
for both makingthe bullets,
words and cleaningand loading the pistolswhich were muzzle-loaders; refinementssuch as
sightsand specialtriggerswereadded.
..10. . . Firearmsmadefor self-defense wereholsterpistolsandblunderbusses suitedto close-
er was -rangeconfrontationswhich wereusedto defendshipsaswell astravellers.The charge
f,esits of numerousleadballsgavea betterchanceof hitting the target....5...
bel or At the beginningof the 1800s,flintlock firearms-muskets,carbinesand pistols- had
more becomethe chiefweaponsof armiesin both EuropeandNorth America.In the Napoleonic
l"lly u warsmusketsprovedsuchformidableweaponsthat they often destroyedthe effectiveness
trirg. of mountedtroops,who reliedmoreon swordsand lancesthan firearms....6...
15.. . . Weaponsfor combatingcrime and keepingpublic order that camealong with the
ilwear policeforcein the 19thcenturyincludedbatons,rattles,swords,pistols,brass-knuckles
and otherlaw-enforcement equipment.In the earlylgthcenturypercussionignition was
nsians a vital developmentin the historyof firearms.It offeredinstantaneous ignition and greatly
rpeof improvedresistanceto wet-weather.Early percussionguns werestill muzzle-loaders,
s and with thecaPseParated from thepowderandball. ...7... A pistolis simplya short-barreled
rurAi, firearmdesignedto be usedwith one handbut needingmuchpracticeto fire accurately.
r1868 During the lgth centurya greatvariety of pistolsweredesignedfor both military and
bt the civilianuse.. . .8. . . The westwardexpansionof the US in the l gthcenturycoincidedwith
r and a period of rapid developmentin firearmsespeciallythe revolversmadeby SamuelColt
10.. . . and the repeatingWinchesterrifles.
By looking at a selectionof arms from all over the world it is possibleto seehow
differentcountriesproducedthem to suit their own specialrequirementsand cultures,
but mainly,their evolutionwassimilar.
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ul-lllnq e qlllvrpJo/vrs
Surlunqaql se,'\.suodea.& pollulu lEnsnunlsou eqlJo euo .E

S!I5NiI'I'IVHf, 991
 x.wAB4xIllEAcE

h-in
2. a. ;*"'.-.;H; :ii5ffiilJff:frtrilifli"*"
gavehim
Ihe doctor t"""
b. The "'^.',e L,rr missed.
rnissed.
----but
a ..."" at the enetrtt
enemy "*"--.
He took . slow spet
4r slow
-^r ' ' ' ' "' at speed.
times fired solid metal
of olden
3. a. The cannon
hade golr"""' '
bvrecvcring
arortune
L b.
Xllt}o;;;;il l'l""*'""u'
ryean
l*f
' ''""
t:.tl"'u,::*il:l1'i;find'a'pearl withinanovster
rhetunnel
4. a.
th the b. oncein.awnili:^'.llllffi;;;
der
artiuery
The buildingwas
ilsobe dress"""' her like a glove'
5. a. The party only two hours'
gun with a silencer' jigsawtogetherin
b. il .:..'.. tt" pittt' of the
n'a n d I n"t ::' ' - ' ;;t
c. I wasso glad

cessl0n

d fights
""":Til;::::T::fi':Til#,,*rl#r::'#:"::
-
erobe u'll" 'pearhead:T;H:lt;t:;;T;;;ade
down the river
r of tosstashed
""a
rafts they o"d fo' the journey
z' tne
tlPtt'
togetherwith strong '- ^.
3.Agroup.fp.;P;.i*tiegripofdespairmayturnunpredictableandevendan- impression
gerbrrs. which madea strong
-crafted.speech
: delivereda carefully
her
^ I|;;:?ffi;*' -facewltn the
tns rips
L'vr of
vL her
---- fingersandthensmiled
felt my vith
5. i;t blind woman on the
steel recognit,ol;u.o,,, Caesarin the Senate
stabbedlulius
-- Brutus,
inclusiveof
rlrLruo"-
6' The conspirators' , r---^.oA\ in olaster'
ldes of March' I
redberries 7'gi;.when in':'l:t,::*J;:ilfililJ3ff ?'l:ffi["J'll'l]*'ney
rvlsi;him as t1P,
wasused-
GunPowder "1 andunfor-
prefer*t:ti"* "r isunforgivable
'r"*t::|'-l'J.:ff,1:li7u;'"'which
" attacks
Terrorist qll'l""::11:
e' in recent
p"ulic conscience
gettabler"r itt. e a political battlefteld(battleground)
educationhasbe
10'Unfortunately'
years'

ng on horses 5
des on it I Exgrcisg tnuotisingand
uI a coup dbtot?
en a wor' a 'revolution'
^^'^'"'tina'tn
differencebetwe
A. What is the
ly to be fired
B.rrytodifferentiateone"*t::::,f
c'i' ;;:\:;il::;:f";;:"'::'i:::T::?it::'
sentences: u orindependence'
war
vvarof
word. illustrativeexamples/ :r;:; ;, of attrition'
-,otng'rftoa'^y::;:;,:ff,i;';::."'J'i'T;'";*tt''i'tion'
g target.
war ol w
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 IX. WAR AND PEACE t69

b. The Ten ... . ... lie at the baseof the Christianmoral code'
c. A . . .. ... raid setfire to their military barracksand the hangars'
d. The British troopswereunder the . .. '. ' ' of GeneralBurgoyne'
rt o
e. The Queenis . .. .. .. of the British armedforces'
4. conquer / conquerable/ conqueror/ conquering
conquest/
a. William the ....... wascrownedin Westminster Abbeyon ChristmasDap 1066.
b. The Spanish. .. . ... in SouthAmericabrought two old civilizationsto an end.
c. Alexanderthe Greatwasthe greatest. . " . .' hero of his time'
one/
d. The Frenchinvaderswerewrong when they thoughtRussiawas ....... .
e. The two climbersfailedin their attemptto ....... the peaksof Everest'
E€ld.
EtrCE
o Exercise7

rired A. Fill in the blanks with words derived from the onesprinted in capitals'
By l360 the tensionbetweenNorth and Southhad becomeextreme.In
1859,JohnBrown,an ... 1... zealothadtried to begina slaverebellionin ABOLISH
virginia by attacking an army munitions depot. Brown was quickly
capiured,tried and hanged,...2... many Northernershailedhim as a wHERE
martyr. Southernwhites, however,now believedthat the North was
preparingto end slaveryby bloody ...3... . Althoughurgedto remainin wAR
ih.-Urrior,,they nominatedtheir own seParate...4... candidateand PRESIDE
threatenedto secedeif theRepublicanswere...5... ' TheNorthsupported VICTOR
AbrahamLincolnandhewon the . ..6... . A fewweekslater,SouthCarolina ELECT
voted to leavethe Union, soonjoined by all the other southernstates.
Thesel l statesproclaimedthemselves an ...7.' ' nation- the Confederate DEPEND
prd-
APPARENT
Statesof America- and the AmericanCivil War began.. . .8.' ' , the South
waswaginga war not just for slavery,but for independence - a second
?r American Revolution.The confederates usuallyhad the advantageof
fightingon their hometerritory andtheir ...9... wasexcellent.Theyhad Y9-11t
excellentsoldiers,cavalrymenand generals, but theyweregreatly.. ' 10..' NUIVIBER
NET
by union Northernforces.The southernrailroad...11...andindustrial
basecould not supporta modern war effort. The Union navy quickly
SHORT
imposeda blockade,which createdserious...12... of war materialand
re To fight the war,both sidessuspended
.orrr.r-., goodsin the Confederacy.
I
somecivil liberties,printed mountainsof papermoneyand resortedto
conscription.

B. Fill in eachgap with one word only.

Lincoln'stwo priorities were to keepthe united statesone country and to ... 1... the
Accordingly,
nationof slavery. on |anuary1, 1863,he ...2... theEmancipationProclamation,
irarr- After
which grantedfreedomto all slavesin areasstill controlled by the Confederacy.
somevictories,the . . .3. . . of the Southernarmy, GeneralRobertE. Lee,marchednorth
 'l
ol " " ':' se,l\aHS
'Iauuosredeloqn aql Jo Jpqeqrro;1eads '9
i " s€,n\
' 1131e1patutul rooq eqJ'
'aoardralseru
...,..,,'oi;t,,#,1*ff"ur#H:11.:i.ii.,:i*
ssolfe
aql
peo.r
'n:r''

aql il
ilv i
'€
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. ....::.a8rel ;
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'qi ...
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ffill"tt ro; 'I
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tt:::l:-lt^^ $IwIq eqiluI HtiI 's
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puuls eseqlop a1l rrerur*
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t-

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s"itifior I'q '$1tuap!noauue
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aua\ pue /,lplos'p''o^ "q1
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uo-ff'rt'nuod*I:l1l:t"tu*
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 171
IX. WAR AND PEACE

event ot war'
8. . .. . . .. shall be enforced only in the
Eht and intolerance'
g. Religious ... .... have alwaystaken a stand againstdiscrimination
t€re
in 1991'
rant 10. Latvla ...'." from the SovietUnion
or)/.
reek
;did
r Exercise9
to the text below' Find them and remove
There are ten extra words that do not belong
r the
them.
the
tond most of the leadingnuclearscientistsof
that By the time world war II beganin 1939, manufacture
wasstill a possibility'but that to
ler - world werewell awarethat an atomicbomb of manymore
moreresearchand the assistance
sucha device*o,,ra ,.q,,ire a greatdeal advised
Fermi and their own colleagues
trnce branchesof engineering.In the uS, Einstein, on 2 December
presidentRooseveltto startproductionof an atombomb immediately'
nent
by Enricof.tltt demonstrated the first controlled
DOt a lg42 anAmericanresearchteamheaded
of Chicago'
releaseof the atomicenergyat the University
engineers began-the constructionof a hugesuch
Meanwhileat oak Ridge,Tennessee, after
oi the elementUranium 235' andsix years
factoryto obtain relativeli largeamounts ready
Roosevelt,the first atombombwasquite
Einsteinhad first spokenwitliPresident Mexico' the
groundnearAlamagordoin New
to test.on 16 fuly 1945at a secrettesting It was
I "ht'gt multi-colouredsurgingcloud"'
rank bomb wasbeingexplodedand produc.i l0 million
the centrelf the explosionreachedabout
)nun- thusestimatedthat the temperatureat asif exploding
degreesC andi ;;;;;.ient to a 20kiloton bomb' thatls' aboutthe same
zolooOtonnesof ordinary chemicalexplosive' in
Mexico,a bomb wasdroppedon Hiroshima
only threeweeksafte;the first testin
}a p a n andth,..auy,lateraseco n d b o mb wa s d ro p p e d o n Na g a s a k i. T h e re s u lt s w e r e
II to an end'
horrifying but just frought World War

d for? r Exercise10
underlined words'
ADM, A. Ask questionsto be answeredby the
Rooseveltannouncedthat the
In Septemb er l939,war eruptedin Europe.President was
indifferent'In september1940'whenBritain
united stateswouldbe neutral'but not destroyers
gavethe British50 average
rcedin threatened by a Germaninvasion,the united states the
Atlantic'Two weekslater'Congressapproved
render, in returnfor navalbasesin the western "lend-lease"
first peacetime militaryconscriPtionin-Americanhistory'Theyalsoenacteda
As forceshadinvadedManchuria,
bill to helpboth e,ioi'-u'a the SovietUnion. }apanese bybanning
respondedto this aggression
ChinaandFrenchIndochinaby 1941,Roosevelt
oil to )apanand by fteezing|apanesecredits
Americanexportsof scrapiron, steeland
in the United States.
|apanesebomberss.trulkat PearlHarbournaval
d on December7. 1941carrier-based
o, damagedeight battleshipsand destroyed
basein Hawaii.The surpriseattack,urrk days
immediatelydeclaredwar on Japan'Four
almost 200 aircraftih.-urrit.d States
 l4stnbuoi'uto[tun'q)uall'(7oot7'17o7't1uo7'elltol'n$"(ds'ndrys\oqs&utls'[o1s
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,6w2ua,nltasap'Ioluout-uno)'ltolnor'louasto'aJ!$twJo'qsnqwo:sa8ueqr eql
d'russatau
ua'r1t aql Euoururuory asootlD
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I eslf,laxS I

*:]lt*O
'uude{epEAuIol perroJueaqpeq se{lv aql JI ralear8re; uaaqe l9 Ptttolto /
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uerun{ ,,fire11}uaPlsard'pue
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adoqeql uI'sPuelsleuoq asauede{ aql apEAuIol paredard
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aql pue saulddl1l{deql
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eql safroJrleql
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rapun'salfiv Jql'275I se
patrarlper.ilrqf,rnqcuolsulM ralsrurw alulld luoJJalnsserd
q?noqtry
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"*.::o:aqt q IIld 'fi
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sa}els
pagndg' ,e,r,r;odtuouora aql azryqou ol samssatuPe$ApffiJdffi{ool luauuralo8
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salrun aql .salelspallun eql uo l?/vtParelf,apdlelt pue'dueur-laD
zLl
SADNA'I'IVH3
 IX. WAR AND PEACE 173
Unites 1. Thesoldiar:*k-------fromthedevastatedvillageignoringthefewsurvivors.
irurred 2. Accordin6thp, thc countryis now under..:.... .
nrsand 3. The bodic$dhsohad been....... coveredthe wholefield.
rbomb 4. 4....-.. ref .rfi lill gunsusedin seabattles,
5. The soldirnmiltilcd in an ....... .
6. The .._----df '-3ld hsted 900daysbut failed,eventually.
lnges:
7. How coold tc noqe resistin thosehorrible deep... .... they had to hide in
Vypto-
I WorIdhH
fregic,
8. The drill in*rrrr'.s -...... for havingtortureda trainee.
:
9. He washllcd \r a -------who shotat him from behinda tall chimney.
pearly 10. The worldr
nected I l. Thereareryocid q6 whereforeign....... get toughtraining.
i

!Italy. 12. My sonhecbcn in ----_-.for twenty-threeyears.

:.. 3. . . 13. In accordererrfh th€ terms of the ....... evacuationof foreigntroops begins
hican next rveek
i-.6. . . 14. Have)"otlFi en-virtcaaboutthe numberof ....... that showan officer'srank?
,April 15. The bombary noka hoy killing hundredsof Londoners.
Fnans
i

;.8. . . r Exercis:e
12
lwere SeveralgrouP$of rordr hrve been removed from the text below. Fill in the gapswith
lattle the ones that logkrlly ft in there.
Ifour
nally As history tells us, nten Admiral Raederactually inquired on Hitler on 2I May 1940,
I
whetherhisprwftrrs negiliveviews...1..., theFuhrerremaineduninterested. And although
hnd- Goering seernsto brve eipressedinitial enthusiasmfor an immediate cross-Channel
hese pursuit of the defearedenemy,he soon shelvedthe notion ...2... . So it was not until
fima early in |uly that s€riousthought was given by the Germansto attemptingan invasion,
v29 and ...3..' by the upperhierarchywho firmly, andwith cogentreasons, couldnot believe
,now that the British would persistin a hopelessresistance.
l*ift Theprolongeddday in startingto makearrangements . ..4... . By themiddleof |uly when
iima Luftwaffebeganto sendnumerousaircraft acrossthe channel,RAF Fighter Command
It. .. ' '.5. '. and rebuiltits exhausted reservesof aircraft,but had beengiventime to carry out
an importantreoqganization of its troups,. ...6.. . . Moreover,beforethe end of that month,
i*d
L" when far heavierattackswere being made againstinland targets,the first CHL Radar
1 Stationswere coming into service,making it more difficult for the Germans...7... .
Therefore,the RAF was ableto withstand the preliminary Germanonslaughtin August
andremainintactat thecrucialmomentin September ...8... wasmeantto setsail.By mid
I Septembermuch elsehad alteredin the British favour.By then, the beachdefenceswere
fke strongerand many army units had beenrebuilt and ...9... that the conceptof yielding
\nl, defencecould make way to a more mobile and aggressivestrategywhich might have
?st, destroyedtheenemyclose to thebeaches. Indeedthewholebusiness of handlinginvasion
!
craft in the narrowsof the Straitsof Dover ...10... would havebeena dauntingone.
ulsap
(ueu .ruoor
Bur,ru ,,,[Jl1ll..,r",r'i,"riTlr[
snorceds
)spue il,',]ff""l,"Jirgl#;
mou{ a^o."leqrsraeq^{
tursnpunora
qano-r
drarr
ra,rolrnnrr.rnrl-{.l:f:jillfljlr,,'T.e .r
a8ars .las
lualrl rlf,eaJo saf,ualuesearrll eql gu q sduE
aqt q llJ ol sprorr^pulc .g
$ot parou8r-_perreJap
pr -;yo 1nd_ pa^leqs.01
uorlsanb- eurruexe_ -
fddes
_ {se _ arrnbur .f
luegodurr_1p_ e^rsr)ep_ gurssard_
la!tre F;r;;, ;
r[ uo
Fa18
8uura1ap ;j,,,""H$
1'Ji::;,il1T,_;Hl"*fi,: i
alqxeg _^luurlduror_ alrssrrlrqns_ Buplarr(.i
Fuat talq8nels_ tlnpsse_ _
{rpne lqe"nlr,ro .i
r?t" ,fu1unor{n_ rorrrl.r, _ jrlsaurop_
puepr .€
ForJ 8uor1s_ Eununuof,_ elqrtsrserrr _ lua8o: .7
P,(q qJJees- uorlulol _ aseql_
lnsrnd .1
rJo 'tno auo ppo aql.V
FET
Fo l
Farlt
EI osl)rax3 i
F31"1 u.'nlneJo Mep ralroqspue suoqrpuof,
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$lf,eneIa^aJ_Mol alerqtreol .u
dq esr-rdrns
nlo - i Uoddnsuef,rreruvueql pue qsrlrJg.ur
Vun 3;o 1rpalnd ereq lq8rurrapfH .l
s&al
Eot suorr
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dxr,".i#j:AH:il1? "#iH
lus /papeaq-gluqreqler prrrrrord re.M i
lr ueql uola .l
pa8ueqr,(puerr;rugrs uaeqeleq plno^/vr .q
lo
pasuuqr
peq
urelrrs;ffiffilll]it3:il:i
:
auo aql tuog .i luereJJlpr(1e1o1

elep
laler
ureeuorp
rarvrod,.
rf;lJJJ:1lti:T"fll :
qrsua:1s
srrro
e",os;:::*Tl,i1iffi,".l':
arsq,(aqrentr
qreuuex
rage
paldepv)
e al''rf, ol pauaddeqe^eq "r-"-rll:d,:3'::{':1,':"n1f:i*::::#"i:K;n
lou trFl.' ueql req^' puv iperrsepaldoedpue srepearraqJo
duuuros separerosr suvsn eql gu;rrea1 ,r*g rng aql
"'vr" ' uaaqa 3.l areql pueerrgvJo sea;eagrelEurleururop
plno' lurltr puv izr6l pue
pe^Ief,erlou peq erssnuJlpauaddeq p'nr) aql ul ...8I...
rv6r Jos.reer(
arreq1q81ur
aqrJo ,,;o1srqaq] 'lI euop eq puq r"q inr',rn, oq^ roJ _ ...2I... plrorvr
'lng 'ros qsqrr' 3r{l peqrnol
rooq ,(-relrpuueurac
:,1";ffi;':1i,'i"11#,:t
se,"ptfi ,(epaqlJoJJels ;,;;l-::,.,::1i.':::::
JosJalrr) 'unoopad
qs'us 3".,"*,rlru5"
snora8uep
,(suar
aq,
"q, ffi;',',H:fi liltj^
SADNg.ITVH:)
 IX. WAR AND PEACE

2. a. The troops.... ' '. at the enemylinesandthe battlebegan'

b. Canyou believethat they .'.'... me $50for delivery?!
c. It is impossible- I ..... " the batterythe otherday!
3 . a. Shespokewithout '.. '. " abouthis divorce'
b. For once,he droppedhis customary... .... andburstinto laughter.
c. All countrie, havetheir gold ... .... to supPortthe issueof papermoney'
-ori
4. a. Who'sin chargeof training this infantry """'?
b. You must havethe centralprocessing. . . . ... of your computerchanged.
c . Th em e tr eisa ...'...oflengthwhereasak ilo re f e rs t o we ig h t '
5. a. They havehad to laYoff a lot of
b. My unclewasa ....... officerin the lastyearsof his militarycareer.
on it.
c. The clef at the beginningof the . . . . ... showsthe pitch of the notes

r Exercise14
blockade'buried'
Fill in the blanks with the 25 words from the List:alike, anti-craft,
cost,deprived,division,episode, exceeded, frozen,genocide,
express, horrific,infrastructure'
legendary,lethal, tinlcedilons-rlnge,looted, modern,perished,short,starvation,survival'
unprecedented. '
in its existence'the
During II World war Leningradlived throughthe mosttragic ' " 1' "
g00-daysiegelastingfrom september1941to |anuary1944.In1941, the German troops
of militiamen,citizensoldierswho
. werestopped...2...";ustoutsideLeningrad.A ...3...
the city' resolving
werebuiiy ur*.a una hastilytrained,playeda vital role in defending
did not enterthe city'
to protectit at the ...4... ofih.i, o*rr lives.Althoughthe enemy
5 siegein thehistory
Leningradwascut off from the restof the countryandthe most ' ' ' ' ' '
weredestroyed
of man began.Lots of factories,schools,hospitalsand other civil "'6"'
numbedby fierce
by air raid-sand ...7... artillery bombardment.weakenedby hunger,
defendtheir nativeland
frostsand ...8... of electricityand water,peoplestruggledto
and, with energyand resoluteness, and fought for...9... in the vast city' In winter
Life' This wasthe name
Leningradwassuppliedwith food and munitionsby the Roadof
givento the route,100-kilometre-long, which ...10..' the city with the,osinovetscape
shore'Theuninterrupted
on LakeLadogaand,whenthelakewas' . ' 11.. ', with itswestern
livesof numerousdrivers'
activityof this . . .12... routewasmaintainedat the costof the
sappers, railwaymen,soldiers,pilots,.''13"' gunners'and artillerymen'
front' A monument
In )anuary1943,the ...14...wasbrokenon a narrowshipof the
at the Piskarevskoe
to the courageand fortitude of the citizensof Leningradstands
who "'16"' during the
MemorialCemetery....15... here are about450,000Persons
largestlossof life ever
siege.The two-and-a-halfyearsiegecausedthe greatestand the
knownin a . . .L7.. . city.over 1,500,000 peoplediedin Leningradduringhewar - civilians
andsoldiers. . . l g. . . - andthe evacuation
of 1,400,000more,mainlywomenandchildren,
Economic
many of whom died during evacuationdue to ...19... and bombardment'
thoseof the Battleof
destructionand humanlossesin Leningradon both sides' "20 ' ' '
 IX. WAR AND PEACE t75

fils 2. a. The troops... . ... at the enemylinesand the battlebegan.

Ito b. Canyou believethat they ....... me $50for delivery?!
h€ c. It is impossible - L .. . ... the batterythe otherday!
Gd 3. a. Shespokewithout ....... abouthis divorce.
b. For once,he droppedhis customary. .. . . .' and burst into laughter.
nv
c. All countriesmusthavetheir gold . . . . ... to supportthe issueof papermoney.
la
4. a. Who'sin chargeof trainingthis infantry'.. ....?
l* ....." of your computerchanged.
b. Youmusthavethe centralprocessing
c. The metreis a ....... of lengthwhereasa kilo refersto weight'
5. a. They have had to lay off a lot of
b. My uncle was a ... .... officer in the last yearsof his military career.
c. The clef at the beginning of the ....... showsthe pitch of the noteson it.

r Exercise14
Fill in the blanks with the 25 words from the list: alike, anti-craft, blockade,buried,
cost,deprived, exceeded,
division,episode, express,frozen,genocide,horrific, infrastructure,
modern,perished,
legendary,lethal,linked,long-range,looted, short,starvation, survival,
unprecedented.
DuringII WorldWar Leningradlivedthroughthe mosttragic... 1... in its existence, the
900-daysiegelas'tingfrom September1941to |anuary1944.In1941,the Germantroops
werestopped...2...just outsideLeningrad.A ...3... of militiamen,citizensoldierswho
werebadlyarmedand hastilytrained,playeda vital role in defendingthe city,resolving
to protectit at the ...4... of their own lives.Althoughthe enemydid not enterthe city,
Leningradwascut off from the restof the countryandthe most . . .5. . . siegein the history
of man began.Lotsof factories,schools,hospitalsand other civil ...6... weredestroyed
by air raidsand ...7... artillerybombardment. Weakened by hunger,numbedby fierce
frostsand ...8... of electricityand water,peoplestruggledto defendtheir nativeland
and, with energyand resoluteness, and fought for ...9..' in the vast city. In winter
Leningradwassuppliedwith food and munitionsby the Roadof Life.This wasthe name
givenio the route,100-kilometre-long, which ...10...the city with the OsinovetsCape
on LakeLadogaand,whenthelakewas...11...,with itswesternshore.Theuninterrupted
activityof this ...L2... routewasmaintainedat the costof the livesof numerousdrivers,
sappers, railwaymen,soldiers, pilots,. '.13... gunners,and artillerymen.
In |anuary1943,the ...14...wasbrokenon a narrowshipof the front.A monument
to the courageand fortitude of the citizensof Leningradstandsat the Piskarevskoe
MemorialCemetery....15... hereare about450,000Personswho ".16." during the
siege.The two-and-a-halfyearsiegecausedthe greatestand the largestlossof life ever
knownin a . . . 17... city.Over 1,500,000 peoplediedin Leningradduringhewar - civilians
andsoldiers...l8... -andtheevacuationof l,400,000more,mainlywomenandchildren,
many of whom died during evacuationdue to ...19... and bombardment. Economic
destructionand humanlossesin Leningradon both sides. ..20...thoseof the Battleof
 TUI 'L 'se{Elsnu }sa^reJeql se>leuroq^ .I
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SADNA'I'IVHC 9Lr
 t77
IX. WAR AND PEACE

sword'
L2. Hewho lives by the sword dies by the
13. WeaPonsbreed Peace'
14. In wars all suffer defeat,even the victors'
15. All may begin a war' few can end it'

E xe rci se16
follow it are TRIIE' FALSEor NOT
ead the text and note if the statementsthat
rYEN.
Asiain 1954'PresidentEisenhower dispatched
fter theFrenchwithdrewfrom Southeast government in south
pro-western
,rrericanadvisersandaidto helpsetup a democratic,
of miiitary officerstrainedSouthViet-
ietnam.Under PresidentKennedy,thousands
warplanesin combat'In August1964'
amesesoldiersand sometimesflew vietnamese
of Tonkin reportedattacksby North viet-
ro Americandestroyerssailingin the Gulf
launchedair strikesagainstNorth Vietnamese
Emesetorpedoboats.Presid.rriloh.rron in
combatsoldiersweresentto vietnam
ravalbasesin retaliation.The first American force
trooPshad arrived.Meanwhile,the Ai
{arch 1965.By 1968,500,000American
vi.t.tu*, first bombingmilitarybasesand
paduallysteppedupB-S|raidsagainstNorth
Hanoi'But this massiveapplication
Qutes,later hitting factoriesandpowerstationsnear
Vietnam'
only in devastating
f military forcesucceeded
protectingAmerican invoivement in this undeclaredand' manyfelt'
Demonstrations
in the United States'Therewere some
mjustified warbrokeout on'coliele campuses
In October 1967' 200'000demonstrators
riolent clashesbetweenstudentsirrd poiic..
demandingPeacemarchedonthePentagoninWashington.Atthesametime,unrestin of life
numbersof Americansfrom all walks
lhe cities also erupted.Ever increasing in the 1968election,
;;;;;;;,r,uoii.-.nt of the united statesin rndochina,and
president)ohnsonfacedstrongchallenges from antiwarDemocrats'on May 31' facing
endlessconflict in Vietnam'Johnson
a humiliatingdefeatat the poils arrda seemingly
io negotiatean endto the VietnamWar'
withdrewfrom the presideniialraceandoffereJ graduallyreplacing
presidentNixonpursueda policyof "vietnamization'in Indochina,
of communistbasescontinued'
Americansoldierswith vietnamese.But heavybombing
soldierslnCambodia'That actioncaused
and in the springof l971NixonsentAmerican
in the nation'shistory'During a-demon-
the most massiveand violent camPusprotests As
NationalGuardsmenkilled four students'
strationat Kent StateUniversityin Ohio, signed a
at home,by 1973Nixon had Peace
a resultof the Americanpeople'sreaction conscription'
home and ended
treatywith vietnam, broughiAmericansoldiers
at its beginning'
l. Francewasinvolvedin the VietnamWar
before1964'
2. Americanpilots took part in the combat
attacksat sea'
3. The Americansreactedto Vietnamese
4.Initially,thetargetofAmericanairattacksweretownsandvillagesinVietnam.
basesweredestroyed'
5. In 1968lotsof North Vietnamesenaval
6. The B-52raidsdevastated the North Vietnamesearmy'
7.| n | g 6 T the r e h a d beennoofficialdeclarati o n o f wa rf ro mt h e A me ric a n s .
 IX. WAR AND PEACE 177

qgasaki. 12. He who lir-esb"r-rircs*r,orddies bv the sword.

*orians 13. Weaponsbreer:E€a;e-
ry" that 14. In wars all zulrcr deleat. er-enthe victors.
nlations 15. All mal- t'egr. a -r-r":"rer.-,;311end it.

therine
fensive r Exercise16
to Nazi
Read the tert and no& if the statements that follow it are TRIIE, FALSE or NOT
GIYEN.
After the French ra-it}ldrfli-rrornSoutheastAsia in 1954,PresidentEisenhowerdispatched
American adrtsersand ard to help set up a democratic,pro-Westerngovernment in South
Vietnam. Lrnder Fr*$.:eti liennedr', thousands of military officers trained South Viet-
namesesoldiers an.i .ianld-:rresllen Vietnamesewarplanesin combat. In August 1964,
two American des:'o'$er$ in the Gulf of Tonkin reported attacks by North Viet-
'"rfung
namesetorpedo L'".'a,rikesl*i^entfohnson launched air strikes againstNorth Vietnamese
naval basesin retaitanon. l-he tlrst American combat soldiers were sent to Vietnam in
March 1965. By L968, 500,000American troops had arrived. Meanwhile, the Ai force
gradually steppedup B-52 raids againstNorth Vietnam, first bombing military basesand
routes,later hitting factoriesand power stationsnear Hanoi. But this massiveapplication
of military force succeededonly in devastatingVietnam.
Demonstrations protecting American involvement in this undeclared and, many felt,
unjustified warbroke out on college campusesin the United States.There were some
violent clashes'between studentsand police. In October 1967,200,000demonstrators
demanding peacemarched on the Pentagonin Washington. At the sametime, unrest in
the cities also erupted. Ever increasing numbers of Americans from all walks of life
opposed the involvement of the United Statesin Indochina, and in the 1968 election,
President|ohnson faced strong challengesfrom antiwar Democrats. On May 31, facing
a humiliating defeat at the polls and a seemingly endlessconflict in Vietnam, |ohnson
withdrew from the presidential race and offered to negotiatean end to the Vietnam War.
PresidentNixon pursued a policy of "Vietnamization' in Indochina, graduallyreplacing
American soldierswith Vietnamese.But heavybombing of Communist basescontinued,
and in the spring of 1970Nixon sent American soldiersin Cambodia. That action caused
the most massiveand violent campus protests in the nation'shistory. During a demon-
stration at Kent StateUniversity in Ohio, National Guardsmen killed four students.As
a result of the American people'sreaction at home, by 1973 Nixon had signed a peace
treaty with Vietnam, brought American soldiers home and ended conscription.
l. France was involved in the Vietnam War at its beginning.
2. American pilots took part in the combat before 1964.
3. The Americans reacted to Vietnameseattacksat sea.
4. Initially, the target of American air attackswere towns and villages in Vietnam.
5. In 1968lots of North Vietnamesenaval baseswere destroyed.
6. The B-52 raids devastatedthe North Vietnamesearmy.
7. In L967there had been no official declaration of war from the Americans.
Felse^eP ldlrunlroddo poo8 e l{rns dn """' aqs aur8erul '71
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Fsaql 'tq8ru aqt roJ aldoedoml usql arour dn ""'tpef, a A 'II
t sralqtly 'nod ssardurlo1 tsn( iro1s aloqr'r aqr dn " " "' aqs '0I
I aql '1sedqauoaurosdn "''"' lr€ls aldoad uar{rvr}I et?q I '6
t'raqt111,, '8
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lJP eraql 'a1erdpeals e te dn " " "' sdea>1 '/
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nads aql
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I

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I
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i

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9I 'J?,rvr srql pasoddo sluepnls uBfrJauv aql r(1u9
..perJrlsn[un,, '6
'sI '8
1n;aread sew Lg6T ur uolSurqse A ul uoqerlsuoruap aqJ

SADNII'I]VH3 8Ll
 IX. WAR AND PEACE 179

15. When he startedyellingin the phone,I simply....... uP.

16. I wonderif he will everbe ableto . . . . . .. up this nastyhabit.
ns and 17. We arehavingsomeworkers....... up the wholehousethis spring.
18. A policemanwaskilledwhenthe booby-trapped car '...... up.
19. It is importantfor a community to ....... uP their customsand traditions.
20. Theywereaccidentally ....... uP in a streetriot.

r Exercise18
rcrcis€ Fill in eachgap with one word only.
*t up, Flyinghasbeenoneof the . .. I . .. cherished dreamsof mankind.Onedayit became . . .2...
and,amongother things,humanscould seefrom...3... the hugedrawingson Nazca
Plateaunobody had ever seenor heardof before.Planeshelpedshrink distancesand
of the time, makingtravellingeasier,fasterand accessible .'.4'.. everyone.
Unfortunately, the most sophisticated metal birds havebeen createdfor a kind of
gabuse primitive use:war.All of us know . . .5... the contributionof aircraftwasin the Battleof
Britain,in the warsin Vietnam,Koreaor formerYugoslavia, in the Gulf War or the wars
d ter- in Afghanistanor Iraq. If we just think how many peopleare killed if a planecrashes
...6... in a populatedarea,it is almost...7... us to accepthow manypeoplea military
plane can kill using its full capacities.If we take into considerationonly the aircraft
producedin the ...8... half of the 20thcentury,afterthe famousAmericanU-2 and
LockheedSr-71Blackbirdof the 60s,the RussianSU-27 and SU-37camewith more
powerfulenginesandcouldfly for a longertime. Havingvectortraction,the turbo-reactors
!d" Fill are mobile and the pilots can control them. ...9... planesare symbolsof agility,pure
ftrasal weaponryand killing machines.SU-37reachesa speedof 1,400km/hour at the sea
: ...10... and Mach 2.35at high altitudes.It can fly 4,000kilometers...11... refuel.It's
tre on
s, pick, sucha toughplane,that it canlandwith its landing...12..' up.
TheMIGs arealsoknown for their high performance. MIG-29,which cameto replace
MIG-23 and MIG-25 that weretoo heavy,markedthe beginningof a new generationof
planes- fast,safeand highly manoeuvrable fightersto carry cannonand missiles.It is a
single-seat tacticalfighterwith several variants.MIG-21Fishbedis . .. 13...of flyingtwice
the speedof soundand it hasalreadygot threeimprovedvariants- LancerI, II and IIL
MIG-31is the heaviest fighter,the heaviest steelbird of prey ...I4... morethan40 tons.
It lookslike a MIG-25but it is heavier,betterdefended, faster(Mach3),andverymodern.
It hasa ...15...of morethan 120km;this meansit is an interceptor shootandleaveand
thereare...16...planesthatcancatchit. It costs$40million andrespects Stalin'sdevice:
"Higher,faster,furtherl'
The Gruman F-14 Tomcat,the main planeof the US marine,is one of the greatest
fighters- it was...17...asa long rangeinterceptorfor Russian bombers.
Thesearejust someof the deadlybirds that ... 18... off from differentmilitary bases
in the world or lie in . . . 19.. . on the greataircraftcarriersroamingthe oceans.Don t let's
forgetthat far . ..20... sophisticated suchbirds droppedthe PearlHarbouror Hiroshima
devastating bombs.
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uorlf,arrp par;nads e ur dlprnb pue dluappns aloru ol .I I
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ipearley aurl Jo porrad e loJ pooJ ou ro alu{ lea o} .L
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bSst,IJo tuo.r^r*'qls euop Supreq ro; la.r8a.rdeap 's
Sururnq
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,ir prng
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,euI lreq
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pru'un8
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ndaqg
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Eolpl z
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ha peq
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uel slH
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:'
SADNA1'IYH3 08r
 IX. WAR AND PEACE l 8l

13. an automaticgun giving a continuousrapid fire of bullets

14. to destroysth.by tearingit into pieces
15. a deadbody of a humanbeing

B. Translatethe text.
EdeC"
k rn-as
Ette{i
r Exercise20
r frr$- A. Readthe text and fill in the gapswith the right prepositions or conjunctions.
rsand
His tank toppedthe crestand thereopenedup ...1... him the mostfrighteningsighthe
b lips
had everseen.The opengroundbelow,stretchingto a faintly seenline of trees...2...
nered
2 kilometresaway,wasswarming. . .3... menacingblackshapes comingfast...4... him.
il or,-er
Theyweretanks,movingin roughline-abreast about2000metresapart,less. . .5.. . 1,000
hlling
metresoff and closingthe rangequickly.Another line wasfollowing behind and a third
l The
just comingout of the trees.The world seemedfull of Soviettanks.
Elmer
He gavequick ordersto the Squadronand to his own gunner,but alreadya sudden
Eered
hugeflash seqn...6... his periscopehead,followedat once by a greatblack cloud of
Dselt-,
smokewith a h6artof flame, . ..7... a volcanoin eruption,showedwherea forwardanti-
-tank missilelauncherfrom somewhere...8... him to the left had found its first target.
;here
In the samemomenthe wasstunnedand deafenedby a thunderousblow,...9... from
lfhen
sometitanic hammer,outsidethe tank low down to the right, and was thrown hard
niper
... 10... the sideof the cupolaasthe tank slewedround and shudderedto a violenthalt.
c had
At the sametime a giganticclang,which seemedto rend his skull, told of a solid shot
;er to
skiddingoff the slopingfront plate ... 11... penetrating.The tank'smain armament,its
rPart
gun,wasuseless now.The thing to do wasto getthe crewout, all threeof themmiraculously
still alive,beforethe next projectilebrewedthem up.
I him
In a daze,tremblinglike a leaf,he found himselfon the ground,not quite knowing
rPse.
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I into
filled the sky low overhead,hurtling ...13... a lightningspeedwith rocketscrashing
astheypassed.Tankshe knewasSovietT-72scamechargingby in what seemedendless
streams, the groundshaking...14...themandthe air throbbingwith theshrill clamour
of their tracks.SquatBMP armouredinfantry-carriersfollowed,gunsblazingto their
flanks.Flameswere soaring...15... the sky with rich black cloudsof smokefrom
burning tankswith their ammunition explodingin them. He could seeno sign of any
of his Squadron.His own tank crewhad vanished.This wasthe war they had expected,
not knowing really what to expect.For him, unhurt but alone,helplessand desolate,
it alreadyseemedasgood asover.(Adaptedfrom TheThird WorldWarby GeneralSir
fohn Hackett& others)
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 IX. WAR AND PEACE 183

11.We love peace,as we abhor pusillanimity;/But not peaceat any price. (Douglas
|errold)
12.Peacerulesthe day,wherereasonrulesthe mind. (William Collins)
Or to 13. Peacewill comesoon and cometo stay,and so comeas to be worth keepingin all
future time. It will then havebeenprovedthat amongfree men there can be no
successful appealfrom the ballot to the bullet,and that they who takesuchappeal
road aresureto losetheir casesand pay the cost.(AbrahamLincoln)
14. So long as mankind shall continueto lavishmore praiseupon its destroyersthan
uponits benefactors, war shallremainthe chiefpursuitof ambitiousminds.(Edward
Gibbon)
15.An empirefoundedby war hasto maintainitselfby war. (Charles,Baronde Mon-
tesquieu)
16.To bepreparedfor war is oneof the mosteffectualmeansof preserving peace.(George
Washington)
17. One to destroy,is murderby the law:/ And gibbetskeepthe lifted hand in awe;/To
hink murder thousandstakesa speciousname,/War'sgloriousart, and givesimmortal
fame.(AndrewYoung)
ified 18. In the arts of life man inventsnothing;but in the arts of deathhe outdoesNaure
herself,andproducesby chemistryandmachineryall theslaughterof plague,pestilence
and famine.(GeorgeBernardShaw)
19. We supplicateall rulers not to remain deaf to the cry of mankind. Let them do
everythingin their power to savepeace.By so doing they will sparethe world the
horrors of a war that would have disastrousconsequences, such as nobody can
foresee.(PopeJohnXXIII)
20. Sincewarsbeginin the minds of men,it is in the mindsof men that the defences of
peacemustbe constructed. (UNESCO)

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