Grammar Reference

UNIT 1, Lesson 2, page 8

Stative (non-action) verbs

Emotions Mental states Wants and preferences Appearance and value
admire agree hope appear
adore assume need be
appreciate believe prefer cost
care consider want equal
dislike disagree wish look (seem)
doubt expect matter
fear guess The senses represent
hate hope feel resemble
like imagine hear seem
love know notice weigh
regret mean see
respect mind smell
trust realize sound
recognize taste
Possession and remember
relationship see (understand)
belong suppose
contain think (believe)
have understand
own wonder
possess

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 UNIT 1, Lesson 8, page 20

Irregularr verbs
Base form Simple past Past participle Base form Simple past Past participle
awake awoke awoken keep kept kept
be was/were been know knew known
beat beat beaten lead led led
become became become leave left left
begin began begun lend lent lent
bite bit bitten let let let
blow blew blown lose lost lost
break broke broken make made made
build built built mean meant meant
buy bought bought meet met met
catch caught caught pay paid paid
choose chose chosen put put put
come came come quit quit quit
cost cost cost read read read
cut cut cut ride rode ridden
dig dug dug ring rang rung
do did done run ran run
draw drew drawn say said said
drink drank drunk see saw seen
drive drove driven sell sold sold
eat ate eaten send sent sent
fall fell fallen shake shook shaken
feed fed fed sing sang sung
feel felt felt sit sat sat
fight fought fought sleep slept slept
find found found speak spoke spoken
fly flew flown spend spent spent
forget forgot forgotten stand stood stood
forgive forgave forgiven steal stole stolen
get got gotten swim wam swum
give gave given take took taken
go went gone teach taught taught
grow grew grown think thought thought
hang hung hung throw threw thrown
have had had understand understood understood
hear heard heard upset upset upset
hide hid hidden wake woke woken
hit hit hit wear wore worn
hold held held win won won
hur hurt hurt write wrote written

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 UNIT 2, Lesson 2, page 28

Infinitive
es and Gerundss
Verbs followed by the infinitive (to + base form of verb)
agree decide mean refuse
appear deserve need request
arrange expect offer seem
ask fail pay volunteer
attempt help plan wait
can(’t) afford hope prepare want
can(’t) wait learn pretend wish
choose manage promise would like

Verbs followed by the gerund (base form of verb + -ing)

admit escape postpone
advise explain practice
appreciate feel like prohibit
avoid finish quit
can’t help forgive recommend
consider give up (stop) regret
delay imagine report
deny keep (continue) risk
discuss mention suggest
dislike mind tolerate
enjoy miss understand

Verbs followed by the infinitive or the gerund

begin hate remember
can’t stand like start
continue love stop
forget prefer try

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 UNIT 2, Lesson 5, page 34

Gerunds as Objects of Prep

positions
Verb + Preposition
admit to complain about insist on rely on
advise against count on keep on resort to
apologize for deal with look forward to succeed in
approve of dream about/of object to talk about
believe in feel like/about pay for think about
choose between/among go along with plan on wonder about

Adjective + Preposition
afraid of careful of good at satisfied with
amazed at/by concerned about happy about shocked at/by
angry at curious about interested in sick of
ashamed of different from nervous about sorry for/about
aware of excited about opposed to surprised at/about/by
awful at famous for ready for terrible at
bad at fed up with responsible for tired of
bored with/by fond of sad about used to
capable of glad about safe from worried about

UNIT 3, Lesson 2, page 48

Participial adjectives
-ed -ing -ed -ing -ed -ing
alarmed alarming embarrassed embarrassing overwhelmed overwhelming
amazed amazing encouraged encouraging pleased pleasing
amused amusing excited exciting relaxed relaxing
annoyed annoying exhausted exhausting satisfied satisfying
bored boring fascinated fascinating shocked shocking
confused confusing frightened frightening surprised surprising
depressed depressing horrified horrifying terrified terrifying
disappointed disappointing humiliated humiliating thrilled thrilling
disgusted disgusting interested interesting tired tiring
disturbed disturbing irritated irritating touched touching

-ed Adjective + Preposition

alarmed at/by disgusted with/by/at frightened of/by surprised at/about/by
amazed at/by disturbed by horrified at/by terrified at/by
amused at/by embarrassed by interested in thrilled at/with/by
bored with/by encouraged by irritated with/by tired of
confused about/by excited about pleased with touched at/by
depressed about exhausted by satisfied with worried about
disappointed in/with fascinated with/by shocked at/by

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 UNIT 4, Lesson 2, page 68

Phrasal verbs: Separable transitive

Phrasal verb Meaning Phrasal verb Meaning
bring … up raise (children) look … up try to find (in a book, etc.)
bring … up call attention to make … up invent
call … back return a phone call pass … up decide not to use
call … off cancel pay … back repay
check … out examine pick … out choose
cheer … up cause to feel happier pick … up lift; stop to get
clean … up clean completely point … out indicate
clear … up explain put … away put in an appropriate place
close … down close by force put … back return to its original place
cover … up cover completely put … off delay
cross … out draw a line through put … together assemble
cut … up cut into small pieces set … up prepare for use
do … over do again shut … off stop (a machine, etc.)
figure … out understand sign … up register
fill … in complete with information start … over start again
fill … out complete (a form) take … back return
fill … up fill completely talk … into persuade
find … out learn information talk … over discuss
give … back return tear … down destroy
give … up quit, abandon think … over consider
hand … in submit throw … away put in the trash
hand … out distribute turn … down lower the volume; reject
help … out assist turn … off stop (a machine, etc.)
leave … out omit turn … on start (a machine, etc.)
let … down disappoint turn … up make louder
look … over examine write … down write on a piece of paper

Phrasal verbs: Inseparab

ble transitive
Phrasal verb Meaning Phrasal verb Meaning
count on depend on get over feel better after something bad
fall for feel romantic love for look after take care of
get off leave (a bus, train, etc.) look into investigate
get on board (a bus, train, etc.) run into meet accidentally
get through finish stick with not quit, not leave

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 Phrasal verrbs: Intransitive
e
Phrasal verb Meaning Phrasal verb Meaning
act up cause problems go on continue
break down stop working (a machine) go out leave
catch on become popular grow up become an adult
catch on learn, understand hang up end a phone call
close down stop operating hold on wait
come back return keep on continue
come in enter keep up go as fast as
dress up wear special clothes lie down recline
drop in visit by surprise look out be careful
drop out quit pay off be worthwhile
eat out eat in a restaurant run out not have enough of
end up reach a final place or condition show up appear
find out learn information sign up register
get ahead make progress, succeed sit down take a seat
get along have a good relationship stand up rise
get back return start over start again
get off leave (a bus, train, etc.) stay up remain awake
get on board (a bus, train, etc.) take off depart (a plane)
get together meet turn out have a particular result
get up rise from bed wake up stop sleeping
give up quit watch out be careful
go away leave a place or person work out be resolved
go back return work out exercise

UNIT 6, Lesson 8, p. 120

Reported
d speech: Change
es to preserve meaning
Direct speech Reported Speech
Lidia said, “My apartment is near the stairs.” Lidia said (that) her apartment was near the stairs.
The landlord told us, “They didn’t pay last month’s Tim’s landlord told us (that) they hadn’t paid last
rent. month’s rent.
The building manager said, “I’ve called the plumber The building manager said (that) he had called the
about the leak in your bathroom.” plumber about the leak in my bathroom.
The building manager told me, “The plumber is fixing The building manager told me (that) the plumber was
the leak.” fixing the leak.
He explained, “My neighbor’s dog was barking all He explained (that) his neighbor’s dog had been
night.” barking all night.
The tenants said, “We’ve called the landlord about The tenants said (that) they had called the landlord
that problem.” about that problem.
The landlord replied, “I’ll call your neighbor about the The landlord replied (that) he would call our
situation.” neighbor about the situation.
My neighbor told me, “You should send a letter of My neighbor told me (that) I should send a letter of
complaint to the landlord!” complaint to the landlord.*

* Note: Do not change the modals should, could, might, and ought to when changing direct to reported speech.

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 UNIT 8, Lesson 5, page 154

Non-count nouns
Drinks Food Abstract ideas School subjects Other
coffee beef pasta advice art furniture
juice bread pepper beauty ESL homework
milk broccoli pie fear geography information
soda butter rice happiness history jewelry
tea cereal salad help language arts mail
water cheese salt love math medicine
chicken soup luck music money
Community chocolate spinach time physical education paper
problems fish sugar science
crime fruit yogurt social studies
garbage ice cream technology
graffiti jam/jelly world languages
noise lettuce
traffic mayonnaise
trash meat

UNIT 10, Lesson 5, page 194

Verbs and expressions used reflexively

allow oneself be proud of oneself help oneself see oneself
amuse oneself behave oneself hurt oneself take care of oneself
ask oneself believe in oneself introduce oneself talk to oneself
be angry at oneself cut oneself keep oneself (busy) teach oneself
be hard on oneself dry oneself look at oneself tell oneself
be oneself enjoy oneself prepare oneself treat oneself
be pleased with oneself feel sorry for oneself remind oneself

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