The carbon outline is at times passed on as the genuine signature by the forger.

Other forgers will improved it by tracing the carbon outline with suitable ink
stroke before passing the same as genuine.
Indention Process – are indented as canal like outline of the genuine signature is
produce on the fraudulent document (which is placed at the bottom) by tracing
with considerable pressure the outline of the genuine signature with a sharp
pointed instrument. The indented outline is then directly inked and in some
instances first retrace with pencil very lightly before it is finally “inked-in”.

3. SIMPLE FORGERY
 This is the type of forgery commonly known as SPURIOUS signature. The forger
who is confronted with the absence of a model signature will not attempt to
produce a facsimile of the genuine signature but merely signs the same either in
his own handwriting or in a modified (disguise) handwriting, and then devises
ways and means of passing the document for his own personal gain and profit
before the obvious fraud is detected. This is commonly used in fictitious persons’
cases invariably used by the CHECK-THIEF who purloins, endorses and passed
government, corporation or company checks, which procures printed checks,
forms, completes and endorse them with fictitious signature in order to make
them pas as a genuine.
 The determination of the fraudulent nature of this type of forgery becomes very
elementary the moments standards of the genuine signature of the individual
whose signature had been forge are obtain. Comparison of two or more genuine
ones would be enough in arriving at a preliminary.
 Which sufficient standard handwritings of the suspected forger, the identity
through his handwriting may be possible determined.

DISGUISE
Disguise in questioned document means an act or attempts to hide ones identity
through handwriting, hand printing or signature.
Disguise is deliberate division of the natural handwriting into another appearance.

Kinds of Disguise
1) Slants- refers to the slope of the letter in relation to the baseline.
2) Base line- is that actual or imaginary line where the letter rest
3) Top line- is that which guides the writer where the two line rest.
4) Middle line is that line which guided the writer where one line letter rest.
a) Change of capital letter from cursive to block style or vise versa .
b) Change from cursive (conventional style) to block from vise versa
c) Change of style from big to small or vice versa
d) Deteriorating one’s handwriting.
e) Using the wrong hand(ambidextrous)

Pointers in talking request standard to eliminate the possibility of disguise

1. Document must not be shown to the subject, it must be dedicated.
 2. Dedicated next must be carefully selected. It musty contained all words, letters,
numbers, figures that contained in the questioned document.
3. Dictation must be interrupted by interval, so as to obtain the writers writing habit or
characteristics.
4. Sufficient standards must be dictated to facilitate the request for laboratory
examination similarity of writings materials must be observed.
5. Do not forge to have the requested standards be witness by an at least two
individual other than the investigator. Date or time the standard writing or signature was
taken must be recorded, including the name of the investigating officer.
The purpose is to prevent denial of the subject/victim of his executed handwriting or
signature.

PROOF- anything of any kind about the writings, indicated the writer was not thinking
the writing itself.

PROOF OF GENUINENESS
1. Flying starts and flying finishes or flourishing strokes.
2. Vanishing terminal strokes
3. vanishing or tampering strokes
4. hiatus
5. broken and unfinished signature
6. careless correction or retouching
7. ink failure
8. good line quality/smoothness of handwriting
9. genuine writing over writing
THE WORKMANSHIP OF EACH DENOMINATOR OF KNOWN GENUINE CENTRAL
BANKNOTES AND COINS
Compared to the counterfeit bill

Genuine: Counterfeit Bill

Paper-notes are printed on special quality of
paper with numerous red and blue fiber
distributed it random and imbedded on both side
front and back which can be picked of by and
ordinary pin.
Main print- fingers will readily feel the main
print of the face and back. This is due to the
pleasurable thickness of ink deposited on the
paper which gave embosses effect.
Portrait-appears life-like, eye sparkle, tiny dots
and lines forming the face, hair, etc, are clear,
sharp and well defined. It stands out distinctly.
Serial number-letters and numbers are printed
with peculiar style and clarity, uniform in size.
Evenly and well aligned.
Geometric pattern- Borders are executed a minute
details, which is continuous and evenly shaded.
Composition of Paper- made up of quality paper
and 50% rag.
Paper- Notes are printed on inferior quality paper
that does not have the colored fibers. Simulated blue
and red lines maybe evident, but are very few and
not of the right colors which could easily be eraser.
Main print- Fingers will hardly feel the main prints
for they are more stains on the sensitized paper.
Portrait- Appears lifeless and flat due to the absence
of the most of the details, face & or forehead are
unnaturally white or pale. It appears dull smugly and
poorly printed.
Serial number- letters and numbers are poorly
printed and of different style or colors. Unevenly
spaced.
Geometrical pattern- lines of the outer margins
maybe blurred and indistinct.
Composition of paper- made up of an inferior
quality of paper.
Questioned Document:

Document- is said to questioned when it is disputed or attacked, either in whole or

a part, as to date or age, as to its source or origin, as to the material used in their
production, and as to its relation to some other documents.
There are other less violent more subtle toys and product of crime. They do not
bruise, battered, cuts or shed blood. But they are used to steal your money and threaten
your security more than guns, knife and pyrbars. They are just pieces of paper in forensic
business they are called questioned document (by William H. Storer)

EIGHT CLASSIFICTION OF QUESTIONED COCUMENT

 Document with questioned signature.

 Document containing alleged. (Alteration of words, part of the word, part of the
word figure or part of the finger either by mechanical or chemical erasures)
 Document questioned as to the materials used in the production. (Kind or types of
writing material, paper, ink, and pencil or graphite.)
 Document questioned as to their age or date. (Date the document was executed,
date the paper was manufacture, date of the ink… specific date or ink cannot be
determined even tru chemical analysis…but it can be establish approximately.
 Holograph document questioned or disputed. (Holographic is a document
completely written, prepared and signed by the person himself without the
assistance of any person even a lawyer.)
 Typewritten documents (which are questioned for the purpose of ascertaining
their sources, determining their date, and whether or not, they contained
fraudulent alteration or substituted pages.) document questioned as to its
typewriting.
 Pica- characterized by ten letters per inch.
 Elite- characterized by twelve
 Letters per inch.
 Teletype- characterized by six letters per inch.
 Special Typewriter- Characterized by 14 to 16 letter per inch
 Documents questioned because they can identify some persons through
handwritings. (Anonymous letter, Poison letters, threat letter, ransom letters and
the likes.
 Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attack or disputed, (writing
which was executed in an abnormal writing condition such as over fatigue, under
pressure, old age, stress ill in moving vehicle and the likes which may effect the
normal manner of writing.)

POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN COLLECTING STANDARDS TO BE

SUBMITTED FOR LABORATRORY EXAMINATION
1. Submit at least a minimum of 10 to 25 standards handwriting or
signatures. Sufficient standard is advisable to facilitate the request for
examination.
 2. If the questioned was written in ink, secure standard ink. If it is in pencil
or graphite, secure standard of the same kind of writing material.
3. Submit standard written prior to the date of the questioned and or after, but
all within a few years or at least two years before and two years after.
4. Similarity of writing formation- submits standards with the same writing
formation as questioned. If the questioned is in the block style, secure
standards on block style, if it is in cursive or conventional secure the same
writing formation of standards and if it is in script, secure the same
standards writing.
5. As much as possible submit standard of similar size as of the questioned,
similar in shape, ruling composition, texture. If the questioned signature is
in ink, secure standards written in check.
6. Do not submit Xerox copy for laboratory examination reason why?... in
Xerox copy there are elements which are eliminated. Elements of writing
characteristics which may be vital in the examination to be conducted.
Such as pen pressure. Oftentimes the carbon of the Xerox machine
contribute additional detail to the original copy, details which is not
present in the original document, such As period and other diacritical
marks.
7. Obtain sufficient standard, sufficient here means that all elements
necessary for the examination of the documents are present.
8. Request for laboratory examination must be addressed to the director of
the PNP Crime Laboratory Services, based in Camp Crame Quezon City.
It must course thru an investigating agency, such as the police, CIS,
Barangay or case of private request it may course to the Chief PNP, or to
the Director of the PNP Crime laboratory unit.

CARE AND PRESERVATION OF THE DOCUMENT

Document being disputed should be handled and cared for in a manner that will
not impair its value as evidence. Such precaution may seem unnecessary, but if frequent
happens that both through carelessness or ignorance the evidential value of a document of
great importance is seriously impaired and important interests are just imperiled.

As early as practicable exact physical condition of every part of a suspected

document should be carefully observed in details and made a matter of definite, written
record and thereafter the document should be preserved, as far as possible, in exactly the
condition it is when the first suspected. It is usually of special interest to one of the
parties to insist that the document be properly protected and cared for.

In this connection the following negative directions are necessary:

1. Disputed documents should not be cut, torn or in any manner mutilated in the
slightest degree.
2. Document should not be touched with an eraser of any kind, with pen, pencil or
sharp instrument of any character;
3. Documents should not be folded in any new place;
4. Document should not be folded and unfolded unnecessarily;
5. Expect by special permission, no chemicals, should be applied to papers of the
opposing party in any manner that will injure or deface them, and test of this kind
should be made only by those properly qualified to make them;
6. Those examining it should not be allowed to point closely at letters or any parts
of it, with a pencil’
7. Sharp pointed dividers or measuring instrument should not be put upon a
questioned writings except with the greatest care and only by those skilled in the
use of instrument, and a direct tracing should not be made of it by anyone at
anytime.
8. Do not underscore with pencil what are considered to be identifying
characteristics.