CHAPTER II HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY: LITERATURE REVIEW CONTENTS 3.1 Human Resource Development (HRD) - Historical Background 3.2 HRD~ Conceptual Analysis 3.3 HRD in the Tourism Industry“You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful places in the world. But it requires people to make the dream a reality Walt Disney Studies on tourism in India are very few and far between, and predominently impact oriented (Shackley, 1996'; Singh, 1989?; Singh and Singh, 1999; Madan and Rawat, 2000*; Chaturvedi, 2002°; Kuniyal, 2002°; Gardner et al, 2002’). Similarly, a few research as well as general studies have been made over the years, with regard to the problems and prospects of human resource development in the tourism industry in the world and India in particular. The researcher has made an effort to review some of the important works having a great bearing on the present study. 1, Shackley, ML. (1996). Community Impact of the Camel Safari Industry in Jaisalmar, Rajasthan, Tourism Management, Vol: 17 (3), pp. 213-218. 2. T.V. Singh (1989). The Kula Valley Impact of Tourism Development in Mountain Areas, New Delhi, Himalayan Books. 3. T.V. Singh and S. Singh (1999). Coastal Tourism, conservation and the Community case of Goa in Salini Singh, India’s Domestic Tourism: Chaos/Crisis/Challenge? Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 29(2), 2004. pp. 35-46. 4, S. Madan and L. Rawat (2000). The Impacts of Tourism on the Environment of Mussorie, Garhwal Himalaya, India, The Environmentalist, Vol. 20, pp. 249-255. 5.G. Chaturvedi (2002). Ecotourism in Gangotri Region of the Garhwal Himalayas, Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 27 (3), pp. 41-51. 6.J. C. Kuniyal (2002). Mountain Expeditions: Minimizing the impact, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 22, pp. 561-581. 7. J. Gardner, J Development and its impact in Kull Research, Vol. 27 (3). pp. 9-20. , F. Berkes and R.B.Singh (2002). Accelerated Tourism Manali, H.P.,India, Tourism Recreation 61The books, research papers and articles relating to the present study have been reviewed separately in the chronological order in the succeeding pages. 3.1: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD) - Historical Background Human Resource Development (HRD) is a relatively new term, but not a new concept. The original roots of HRD can be traced directly to the earliest form of training, often referred to as vocational education, provided by the apprenticeship system in colonial America in the eighteenth century (Miller, 1987*; Nadler and Nadler, 1989°) Historically, the development of HRD can be traced from training and instructional design, to training and development, to employee development, to human resource development. Perhaps the main advance of HRD as a field of academic study has taken roots in the USA pioneered initially by the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD), and taken further forward by its academic offshoot - the Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD). 8. Miller, P. (1987). Strategic Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management: Distinction, definition, and recognition, Journal of Management Studies, Vol-24, pp. 101-109. 9. Nadler, L and Nadler, Z (1989). Developing Human Resources, London: Jossey-Bass, 3° edition. 68