Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs
CHAPTER 1: Understanding the Rizal
Law
 RA 1425 – Rizal Law, passed in 1956
 bill – a measure which if passed through the
legislative process, becomes a law
 unexpurgated – basically untouched. In the
case of the novels of Rizal, unexpurgated
versions were those that were not changed
or censored to remove parts that might
offend people
 bicameral – involving the two chambers of
Congress: the Senate and the House of
Representatives
How a bill becomes a law (The Legislative
Process)
STEP 1: Bill is filed in the Senate Office of
the Secretary
It is given a number and calendared for first
reading.
STEP 2: First Reading
The bill’s title, number, and author(s) are
read on the floor. Afterwards, it is referred
to the appropriate committee.
STEP 3: Committee Hearings
The bill is discussed within the committee
and a period of consultations is held. The
committee can approve (approve without
revisions, approve with amendments, or
recommend substitution or consolidation
with similar bills) or reject. After the
committee submits the committee report,
the bill is calendared for second reading.
STEP 4: Second Reading
The bill is read and discussed on the floor.
The author delivers a sponsorship speech.
The other members of the Senate may
engage in discussions regarding the bill and
a period of debates will pursue.
Amendments may be suggested to the bill.
RIZAL
STEP 5: Voting on Second Reading
The senators vote on whether to approve or
reject the bill. If approved, the bill is
calendared for third reading.
STEP 6: Voting on Third Reading
Copies of the final versions of the bill are
distributed to the members of the Senate
who will vote for its approval or rejection.
STEP 7: Consolidation of Version from the
House
The similar steps above are followed by the
House of Representatives in coming up with
the approved bill. If there are differences
between the Senate and House versions, a
bicameral conference committee is called to
reconcile the two. After this, both chambers
approve the consolidated version.
STEP 8: Transmittal of the Final Version to
Malacañan
The bill is then submitted to the President
for signing. The President can either sign
the bill into law or veto and return it to
Congress.
From the Rizal Bill to the Rizal Law
 April 3, 1956 – Senate Bill No. 438 was filed
by the Senate Committee on Education
 April 17, 1956 – former Senate Committee
on Education Chair Jose P. Laurel sponsored
the bill and began delivering speeches for
the proposed legislation.
 Claro M. Recto – main author of the Rizal
Bill
 Debates started on April 23, 1956
 House Bill No. 5561 – an identical version of
Senate Bill 438, was filed by Representative
Jacobo Z. Gonzales on April 19, 1956
Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs
 May 2, 1956 – the House Committee on
Education approved the bill without
amendments
 May 9, 1956 – debates commenced
 Major point of the debate:
o Whether the compulsory reading of
the texts Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo appropriated in the
bill was constitutional
 Senator Jose P. Laurel – proposed
amendments to the bill on May 9, 1956. In
particular, he removed the compulsory
reading of Rizal’s novel and added that
Rizal’s other works must also be included in
the subject. However, he remained
adamant in his stand that the unexpurgated
versions of the novels be read.
 May 14, 1956 – similar amendments were
adopted to the House version.
 May 17, 1956 – the Senate and House
versions were approved
 June 12, 1956 – the approved versions were
transmitted to Malacañan
 President Ramon Magsaysay – signed the
bill into law which became Republic Act No.
1425.
ABOUT CLARO M. RECTO (February 8, 1890 –
October 2, 1960)
 Claro Mayo Recto – main sponsor and
defender of the Rizal Bill
- known as an ardent nationalist
- man of letters
 Born in Tiaong, Tayabas (Quezon) on
February 8, 1890
 Parents
o Claro Recto, Sr.
o Micaela Mayo
 Primary education in his hometown
 Secondary education in Batangas
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 College education in Manila
 Completed AB degree at the Ateneo
 Awarded maxima cum laude in 1909
 Finished law degree in 1914 from University
of Santo Tomas
POLITICAL CAREER
 1919 – he was elected as representative of
the third district of Batangas in the House of
Representatives
o Later, he became the House
Minority Floor Leader
 1931 – he was elected as a senator in the
Senate
o Key positions: Minority Floor
Leader  Major Floor Leader
 Senate President Pro-
Tempore
 1935 – he became Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court
 1934-1935 – He was selected president of
the assembly
- He was also instrumental in
the drafting of the constitution of the
Philippines
 He served as diplomat and was an
important figure in international relations
Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto RIZAL
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs
o Many paths were taken towards the
formation of the nation-states.
Chapter 2: Nation and Nationalism 1. In the "classical" nation-states, many
 bayan/banua - indigenous Filipino scholars posit that the process was an
concepts of community and territory that evolution from being a state into a nation-
me be related to nationalism state in which the members of the
 nation - a group of people with a shared bureaucracy (lawyers, politicians, diplomats,
language, culture, and history etc.) eventually moved to unify the people
 nation-building - a project undertaken within the state to build the nation-state.
with the goal of strengthening the bond of 2. A second path was taken by subsequent
the nation nation-states which were formed from
 nation-state - a state ruling over a nation nations. In this process, intellectuals and
scholars laid the foundations of a nation and
 patriotism - a feeling of attachment to
worked towards the formation of political
one's homeland
and eventually diplomatic recognition to
 sovereignty - the authority if govern a
create a nation-state.
polity without external
3. A third path taken by many Asian and African
interference/incursions
people involved breaking off from a colonial
relationship, especially after World War II
 NATION
when a series of decolonization and nation-
o A group of people that shares a
(re)building occurred. During this time,
common culture, history, language,
groups initially controlled by imperial
and other practices like religion,
powers started to assert their identity to
affinity to a place, etc.
form a nation and build their own state from
o -is a community of people that are
the fragments of the broken colonial ties.
believed to share a link with one
4. A fourth path was by way of (sometimes
another based on cultural practices,
violent) secessions by people already part of
language, religion or belief system,
an existing state. Here, a group of people
and historical experience, to name a
who refused to or could not identify with the
few.
rest of the population built a nation,
 NATION-STATE
asserted their own identity, and demanded
o A state governing a nation
recognition. In contemporary world, the
o -is a fusion of the elements of the
existing nation-states continuously strive
nation (people/community) and the
with projects of nation-building especially
rate (territory).
since globalization and transnational
o The development of nation-state
connections are progressing.
started in Europe during the periods
 STATE
coinciding with the Enlightment.
o A political entity that wields
o The "classical" nation-state of Europe
sovereignty over a defined territory
began with the Peace of Westphalia
o -is a political entity that has
in the seventeenth century.
sovereignty over a defined territory.
Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs
o States have laws, taxation,
government, and bureaucracy -
basically, the means of regulating life
within the territory.
o This sovereignty needs diplomatic
recognition to be legitimate and
acknowledged internationally.
o The state's boundaries and territory
are not fixed and change across time
with war, sale, arbitration and
negotiation, and even assimilation or
secession.
NATION AND NATIONALISM
 -one of major component of the nation-
state is the nation
 This concept assumes that there is a bond
that connects a group of people together
to form a community.
 The origin of the nation, and
concomitantly nationalism, has been a
subject of debates among social scientists
and scholars.
 In this section, three theories about the
roots of the nation will be presented.
1. The first theory traces the root of the nation
and national identity to existing and deep-
rooted features of a group of people like
race, language, religion, and others.
o Often called primordialism, it argues
that a national idenitity has always
existed and nations have "ethnic
cores."
o In this essentialist stance, one may
be led to conclude that divisions of
"us: and "them" are naturally
formed based on the assumption
that there exists an unchanging core
in everyone.
2. The second theory states that nation,
national identity, and nationalism are
RIZAL
products of the modern condition and are
shaped by modernity.
o This line of thinking suggests that
nationalism and national identity are
necessary products of the social
structure and culture brought about
by the emergence of capitalism,
industrialization, secularization,
urbanization, and bureaucratization.
o This idea further posits that in pre-
modern societies, the rigid social
hierarchies could accommodate
diversity in language and culture, in
contrast with the present times in
which rapid change pushes statehood
to guard the homogeneity in society
through nationalism.
o Thus, in the modernist explanation,
nationalism is a political project.
3. The third theory- a very influential
explanation about nation and nationalism
maintains that these ideas are discursive.
o Often referred to as the constructivist
approach to understanding
nationalism, this view maintains that
nationalism is socially constructed and
imagined by people who identify with a
group.
o Benedict Anderson argues that nations
are "imagined communities" (2003).
He traces the history of these imagined
communities to the Enlightenment
when European society began
challenging the supposed divinely-
ordained dynastic regimes of the
monarchies.
o This idea was starkly exemplified by the
Industrial Revolution and the French
Revolution.
o The nation is seen as imagined because
the people who affiliate with that
Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs
community have a mental imprint of
the affinity which maintains solidarity;
they do not necessarily need to see and
know all the members of the group.
o With this imagined community comes a
"deep, horizontal comradeship" that
maintains harmonious co-existence
and even fuels the willingness of the
people to fight and die for that nation.
o Anderson also puts forward the
important role of mass media in the
construction of the nation during that
time. He underscored that the media
are
3.1. fostered unified fields of communication
which allowed the millions of people within a
territory to "know" each other through printed
outputs and become aware that many others
identified with the same community
3.2. standardized languages that enhanced
feelings of nationalism and community
3.3. maintained communication through a few
languages widely used in the printing press
which endured through time.
NATION AND BAYAN
 In the Philippines, many argue that the
project of nation-building is a continuing
struggle up to the present. Considering the
country's history, historians posit that the
nineteenth century brought a tremendous
change in the lives of the Filipinos,
including the actual articulations of nation
and nationhood that culminated in the
first anti-colonial revolution in Asia led by
Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan.
 Scholars note the important work of the
propagandists like Rizal in the sustained
efforts to build nation and enact change in
the Spanish colony.
RIZAL
 The works of Virgilio Enriquez, Prospero
Covar, and Zeus Salazar, among others,
attempted to identify and differentiate
local categories for communities and social
relations.
 The indigenous intellectual movements
like Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Bagong
Kasaysayan introduced the concepts of
kapwa and bayan that can enrich
discussions about nationalism in the
context of the Philippines.
 Kapwa is an important concept in the
country's social relations. Filipino
interaction is mediated by understanding
one's affinity with another as described by
the phrases "ibang tao" and "di ibang tao."
 In this central concept arise other notions
such as "pakikipagkapwa", "pakikisama,"
and "pakikipag-ugnay," as well as the
collective orientation of Filipino culture
and psyche.
 In the field of history, a major movement
in the indigenization campaign is led by
Bagong Kasaysayan, founded by Zeus
Salazar, which advances the perspective
known as Pantayong Pananaw.
 Scholars in this movement are among the
major researchers that nuance the notion
of bayan or banua.
 In understanding Filipino concepts of
community, the bayan is an important
indigenous concept.
 Bayan/Banua- the territory where the
people live or the actual community they
are identifying with. Thus, bayan/banua
encompasses both the spatial community
as well as the imagined community.
 Bayan- clashed with the European notion
of nación during the Spanish colonialism.
 The proponents of Pantayong Pananaw
maintain the existence of a great cultural
Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs
divide that separated the elite (nación) and
the folk/masses (bayan) as a product of the
colonial experience.
Chapter 3: Remembering Rizal
 Rizal’s execution on December 30, 1896
became an important turning point in
the history of Philippine revolution.
 Rizal was considered as one of the most
important Filipino heroes of the
revolution and was even declared as
the National Hero by the Taft
Commission, also called the Philippine
Commission of 1901.
VOCABULARY
 Millenarian groups – socio-political
movements who generally believe in
the coming of a major social
transformation with the establishment
of the Kingdom of God
 Rizalista – a religious movement that
believes in the divinity of Jose Rizal
 Jove Rex Al – the Latin name of Jose
Rizal according to Rizalistas; Jove means
God; Rex means King; and Al means All
(thus, God, King of All)
 Colorum – a term used to refer to
secret societies that fought against the
THE CANONIZATION OF RIZAL: TRACING THE
colonial government in the Philippines
ROOTS OF RIZALISTAS
 Canonization – the act of declaring a
dead person as a saint
RIZAL AS THE TAGALOG CHRIST
 In late 1898 and early 1899,
revolutionary newspapers La
Independencia and El Heraldo de la
Revolucion reported about Filipinos
commemorating Rizal’s death in various
towns in the country.
RIZAL
 After Rizal’s execution, peasants in
Laguna were also reported to have
regarded him as “the lord of a kind of
paradise in the heart of Mount
Makiling”.
 The early decades of 1900s witnessed
the founding of the different religious
organizations honoring Rizal as the
“Filipino Jesus Christ”.
 In 1907, Spanish writer and philosopher
Miguel de Unamuno gave Rizal the title
“Tagalog Christ” as religious
organizations venerating him had been
formed in different parts of the
Philippines.
 Apolinario de la Cruz who founded the
religious confraternity Cofradia de San
Jose was also considered as the
“Tagalog Christ” by his followers.
 Filipino revolutionary Felipe Salvador,
also known as Apo Ipe, who founded
the messianic society Santa Iglesia (Holy
Church) was called by his followers as
the “Filipino Christ” and the “King of the
Philippines”.
 Reincarnation in the context of
Rizalistas means that both Rizal and
Jesus led parallel lives.
 The earliest record about Rizal being
declared as a saint is that of his
canonization initiated by the Philippine
Independence Church (PIC) or La Iglesia
Filipina Independiente.
 Founded on August 3, 1902, the PIC
became a major religious sect with a
number of followers supporting its anti-
friar and anti-imperialist campaigns.
Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs
 In 1903, the PIC’s official organ
published the “Acta de Canonization de
los Grandes Martires de la Patria Dr.
Rizal y PP. Burgoz, Gomez y Zamora”
(Proceedings of the Canonization of the
Great Martyrs of the Country Dr. Rizal
and Fathers Burgos, Gomez and
Zamora).
 September 24, 1903, Jose Rizal and the
three priests were canonized following
the Roman Catholic rites headed by
Gregorio Aglipay.
 In the 1950s, Paulina Carolina Malay
wrote her observations of Rizal being
SAMAHANG RIZAL
revered as a saint.
GROUPS VENERATING JOSE RIZAL
 In 1901, a woman in her thirties,
Candida Balantac of Ilocos Norte, was
said to have started preaching in
Bangar, La Union. Balantac, now known
as the founder of Adarnista or the
Iglesiang Pilipina, won the hearts of her
followers from La Union, Pangasinan,
and Tarlac.
 Balantac’s followers believe that she
was an engkantada (enchanted one)
and claimed that a rainbow is formed
(like that of Ibong Adarna) around
Balantac while she preached, giving her
the title “Inang Adarna” and the
organization’s name Adarnista.
 Others call Balantac Maestra (teacher)
and Espiritu Santo (Holy Spirit).
 The members of the Adarnista believe
in the following:
1. Rizal is a god of the Filipino
people.
2. Rizal is true god and a true man.
3. Rizal was not executed as has
been mentioned by historians.
RIZAL
4. Man is endowed with a soul; as
such, main is capable of good
deads.
5. Heaven and hell exist but are,
nevertheless, “within us”.
6. The abode of the members of the
sect in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is
the New Jerusalem or Paradise.
7. The caves in Bongabon are
dwelling place of Jehovah of God.
8. There are four persons in God;
God, the Father, the Son, the Holy
Ghost, and the Mother.
 Literally, the “Rizal Church”, the
Samahang Rizal was founded by the
late Basilio Aromin, a lawyer in Cuyapo,
Nueva Ecija, in 1918. Aromin held the
title Pangulu guru (chief preacher).
 Aromin was able to attract followers
with his claim that Samahang Rizal was
established to honor Rizal who was sent
by Bathala to redeem the Filipino race,
like Jesus Christ who offered His life to
save mankind.
 Bathala is the term used by early
Filipinos to refer to “God” or “Creator”.
 Aromin’s group belives that Rizal is the
“Son of Bathala” in the same way that
Jesus Christ is the “Son of God”.
 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
serve as their “bible” that shows the
doctrines and teaching of Rizal.
Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto RIZAL
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs
IGLESIA WATAWAT NG LAHI

 Samahan ng Watawat ng Lahi

(Association of the Banner of the Race)
is said to have been established by the
Philippine national heroes and Arsenio
de Guzman in 1911.
 It was in this year that de Guzman
started to preach to the Filipino people
that Rizal was the “Christ” and the
“Messenger of God”. He claimed that
God has chosen the Philippines to
replace Israel as his “New Kingdom”.

SUPREMA DE IGLESIA DE LA CIUDAD MISTICA

DE DIOS, INC.

 Officially registered as an organization

in 1952, Suprema de la Iglesia de la
Ciudad Mistica de Dios, Inc. (Supreme
Church of the Mystical City of God) was
founded by Maria Bernarda Balitaan
(MBB) in Tagalog region who said to
have started her spiritual missions in
the early 1920s.
 Ciudad Mistica is the biggest Rizalista
group located at the foot of Mt.
Banahaw in Barangay Sta. Lucia in
Dolores, Quezon.
 The members believe that as a result of
endless conflicts among countries in
West Asia, God decided to transfer His
“Kingdom” to the Philippines.
 For the Ciudad Mistica, Jesus Christ’s
work is still unfinished and it will be
continued by Dr. Jose Rizal and the
“twelve lights” of the Philippines
composed of the nineteenth century
Philippine heroes.
Reviewer by: Hiedi Canlas / Clarissa Salvador / Kimberly Macuto RIZAL
PICE Academic Council ’18-‘19
PICE-HAUSC Academic Affairs

o a wealthy farmer who

leased lands from the
Dominican friars
o Siang-co and Zun-nio –
Francisco’s earliest
ancestors who later gave
birth to Lam-co
o Lam-co – from the district
of Fujian in southern China
and migrated to the
Philippines I the late 1600s.
- he was baptized in
Binondo, adopting
“Domingo” as his first
name
- he married Ines de
la Rosa
- Domingo and Ines
settled in the state of
San Isidro Labrador
(owned by Dominicans)
- in 1731, they had a
son whom they named
Francisco Mercado
o Mercado – means “market”
- common
surname adopted by many
Chinese merchants