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ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﺔ
ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ
ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ
ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ
ﺘﻤـﺎﺭﻴـﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺸﻜــﻼﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤـﻠــــــﻭل
ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ:
ﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﺴﻴﺭﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﻲ ! ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺠﻠﺩ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ
ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺠﻠﺩﻩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﻪ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻜﻴﺒﻼﺭ ،ﺒﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻭﻭﺴﺘﺎل ﺴﻨﺔ
A ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ .1947 ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﻭﺍ ﺇﻟ ﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺭﺍﻡ: ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ P
0,64
A = 9,85 p
.
ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ1
® ®
æ ö
x a e x : f ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ÷ ç O; i , j ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ( c ) -1 ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ
è ø
) ( Dﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ y = x ﺃﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ -2
g ( x )
lim g ( x ) , lim g ( x ) , lim ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻨﻙ ﺤﻭل :
x ® 0
x
> 0
x ® +¥ x ® +¥ x
ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ e ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ . g
ﺍﻟـــﺤـــل
y
2
1
ﻫﻲ ]0; +¥[ :
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﻨﺎﺕ :
g ( x )
lim g ( x ) =¥ , lim g ( x ) =+¥ , lim =0
x ® 0
x > 0
x ® +¥ x ® +¥ x
ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ e ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ g ؛ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ e1 = e : ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ f ( 1 ) = e
ﻨﻅﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ c ( 1; e ) ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﻫﻭ D ( e ; 1 )
. ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ g ( e ) = 1 :
ﺍﻟــــﺩﺭﺱ:
ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ: -ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺔ I
ﺤل ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ e x = a
. ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺒﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ a ﻭ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ln a
y
lna = a
ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ :
ln 2 x
ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ e = 2 ﻫﻭ ln 2 ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ e = 2 :
ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ e x = 10 ﻫﻭ ln10 ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ e = 10 :
ln 10
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ :
0
ﺃ( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ e = 1 ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln1 = 0 :
ﺏ( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ e1 = e ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln e = 1 :
ﺝ( ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ e x = a ﻫﻭ x = ln a ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل a > 0
ln a
. e ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ = a :
ﺩ( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ln e a = a ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ a
ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ :
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل a ﻭ b ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎln ( a .b ) = ln a + ln b :
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ :
ln a ln a + ln b ln a ln b
ﻭ e ) eﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﺔ ( ﻟﻜﻥ = a = e .e ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
ln a + ln b
e e ln b ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ :
= a .b
ln ( a . b )
e ( ) = a .b ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ = e ln a + ln b :
ln a . b
e ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ :
ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ. ln ( a .b ) = ln a + ln b :
ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ :
æ 1 ö
ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ. ﺃ ln ç ÷ = - ln a ( ﺤﻴﺙ a
è a ø
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ :
1
ﻨﺠﺩ a .c = 1 : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ln ( a .c ) = ln1 : ﺒﻭﻀﻊ = c
a
ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln a + ln c = 0 : ﺇﺫﻥ ln c = - ln a :
æ 1 ö
ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ln ç ÷ = - ln a :
è a ø
ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ. = ÷ ln æç a öﺤﻴﺙ a ﻭb
ﺏ( ln a - ln b
è b ø
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ :
n
ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ e ln a = e n ln a : ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln a n = n ln a :
-2 ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ :
ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻴﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ، ln ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻓﻕ ﺒﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ x
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]0; +¥[ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ln x
x a ln x
ﺃﻱ :
ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ :
1
]0; +¥[ ﻋﻠﻰ x a ﻭ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ]0; +¥[ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ln
x
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ :
ln x
ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ e = x ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺘ ﻤﺎﻤﺎ x
ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a e ln x
x a ln ¢x .e
ln x x a e ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]0; +¥[ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ln x
ﺃﻱ : ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ
x a ln ¢( x )
ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ : ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a x ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a 1
1
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a ln x
= ln ¢ ( x ) ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ : xln ¢ ( x ) = 1
x
1
]0; +¥[ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل x a
x
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ 1 ﻫﻲ x a ln x
ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ln1 = 0 : ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ :
1
x aﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل . ]0; +¥[ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ
x
lim ln x
= +¥ ·
x ®+¥
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ :
n
10 £ A < 10 n + 1
ﺤﻴﺙ : [ A ; +¥[ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل
ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ e ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ 2 < e < 3 : ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ e 2 < 10 :
5
2
e ﺇﺫﻥ e 10 < 10 5 : ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ln e 10 < ln10 5 : ( ) < 10 5
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ :
n
5 10
ln x ³ ln ( 10 ) ﻓﺈﻥ : x ³ ( 105 ) ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ : ﺃﻱ 10 < ln10 5 :
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln x ³ 10 n .ln10 5 : ﻟﻜﻥ ln10 5 > 10 :
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ln x ³ 10 n + 1 > A : ﺇﺫﻥ ln x > A :
10
ln x Î [ A ; +¥[ : ﻓﺈﻥ x Î éê ( 10 5 ) ; +¥ éê ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
ë ë
lim ln x
ﺇﺫﻥ = +¥ :
x ®+¥
1 1
= t ﻟﻤﺎ x ® 0 ﻓﺈﻥ t ® +¥ : ﻨﺠﺩ : = x ﺒﻭﻀﻊ :
x > 0 x t
1
lim ln x = lim ln = lim ( - ln t
ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ) = -¥ :
x ® 0
x > 0
t ®+¥ t t ®+¥
ln x
lim · = 0
x ®+¥ x
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ :
x
ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ e ³ x : x
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ln e x ³ ln x : x > 0 ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ x ³ ln x :
ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ x ³ ln x :
1
ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ : ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ 2 x ³ ln x : x³ ﺇﺫﻥ ln x :
2
2 2 ln x 2 x ln x
lim ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ = 0 : ³ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ : ³
x ® 0
x > 0 x x x x x
ln x
lim ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻓﺈﻥ = 0 :
x ® +¥ x
· lim xln x = 0
x ® 0
x >0
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ :
1 1
= t ﻓﺈﻨﻪ :ﻟﻤﺎ x ® 0 ﻓﺈﻥ t ® +¥ : ﺃﻱ : = x ﺒﻭﻀﻊ :
x > 0 x t
1 1 - ln t
lim xln x = lim ln = lim = 0
x ® 0 t ®+¥ t t t ®+¥ t
x > 0
؛ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ t ® ln t : f ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
0 +¥
x
f ¢ ( x ) +
+¥
f ( x )
-¥
]0; +¥[ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩﺍﻥ a ﻭb
ﻤﻥ
y = lnx
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ :
)u ¢ ( x
x a ﻭ( ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺍل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل :
u ( x )
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ u ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل I ﻭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ u ¢ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل .ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
)u ¢ ( x
x aﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a ln u ( x ) : ﻋﻠﻰ I ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ:
u ( x )
)u ¢ ( x
ﺤﻴﺙ : x a ln u ( x ) + l ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل: I ﻋﻠﻰ x a ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ :
u ( x )
. ¡lÎ
ﻤﺜﺎل :
2 x
]-¥ ; 3 [ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]3; +¥[ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل x a ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺍل
x 2 - 9
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]-3 ; 3 [ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍلx a ln x 2 - 9 + l : l Î ¡ :
ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ :
ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ x
ﻓﺈﻥ e x ³ x : ﻭ x ³ ln x ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln x £ x £ e x :
ﻨﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
xae x
, x a ln x , x a x 3 , x a x 2 , x a x
y
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
، x ® + ¥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ +¥ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﻫﻲ
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻔﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ " ﻗﻭﺓ " ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻡ.
: ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ-
ln x
lim n
= 0, n Î ¥ * ·
x ® +¥ x
: ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ
ln x
lim = 0 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ n = 1 ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
x ® +¥ x
ln x ln x 1
lim n
= lim ´ = 0 : n ³ 2 ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
x ® +¥ x x ® +¥ x x n - 1
e x
lim = +¥, n Î ¥* ·
x ®+¥ x n
: ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ
x
e
lim = +¥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ n = 1 ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
x ®+¥ x
e x
lim : ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ: n ³ 2 ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
x ®+¥ x n
e x
: ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln t = x - n ln x
: ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ
x n
ln t = ln e - ln x : ﻓﻨﺠﺩ t = : ﺒﻭﻀﻊ
x n
æ ln x ö
ln t = x ç 1 - n
è x ÷ø
æ ln x ö
lim x 1 - n ÷ = +¥ : ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
x ®+¥ ç x ø
è
e x
lim = + ¥ : ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪt ® +¥ : ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪln t ® +¥ : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
x ®+¥ x n
: ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ
ln y = ln x n .e
y = x n .e ﻨﺠﺩ x :
x ﺒﻭﻀﻊ
-1 ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ :
ﻨﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ log
ln x
log x = ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]0; +¥[ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ :
ln10
-2 ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ :
ln10 ln1
= log 10 = 1 · = log 1 = 0 ·
ln10 ln10
1
= log x ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ .ln x :
ln10
1 1
x a ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a log x ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ .
ln10 x
1 1
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ x > 0 ﻭ ln10 > 0 ﻓﺈﻥ . > 0
ln10 x
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a log x ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ]0; +¥[
: ﺨﻭﺍﺹ-3
2
1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
2
ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل:
ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ:1
1
.ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ = y ¢ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁy(1) = 0 ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ
x
. Euler ﺒﻤﺠﺩﻭل Excel ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]0; b ] ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ h = 0.005
ﺍﻟﺤل :
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ:
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ
.ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺠﻭﺯﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ]0;1 ] ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺹ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤل( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﻭل
ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺜﻡ ﻨﺤﺠﺯ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ C ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺎﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﻡ x
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ. C 4
ﺜﻡ ﻨﺤﺠﺯ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ D ﺒﺎﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺎﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﻡ y
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ. D 4
ﻓﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻜﻤﻼﻥ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
. ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﻴﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤل( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]0; b ]
ﺘﻤـﺎﺭﻴـﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺸﻜــﻼﺕ:
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ1
ﺃﺫﻜﺭ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺨﻁﺄ ﻜل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴل :
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ln x 2 = 2ln x : -14
ln12 12
= ln = ln4 - 15
ln3 3
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ2
ﺒﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
e
1) ln e - ln e -3 2) ln e 3 - ln
e 2
1 ln 2 3
3) ln 2 5 + 4) ln2 2 - ln2
5 4 2
2
5)ln ( 128 ) - ln ( 16 ´ 32 ) 1
6)ln 243 + ln610 + ln
1024
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ3
- 2
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺁﻟﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ : 10 ﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ
1
a = 3ln7 - 5ln5; b = 3ln2 - ln15
2
ln 3
c = ln ( )
= 3 - 2 ; d
ln(0, 5)
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ5
æ 2 3 + 4 ö
2ln ( )
3 - 1 + ln çç
4 ÷ø
ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ÷ = 0 :
è
. 6 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
ﻭ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ f ﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺍل
: ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ
1 2
1) f ( x ) =
2
x - x + ln x (
2) f ( x ) = ln x 2 - 4 )
1
3) f ( x ) = x ln x 4) f ( x ) =
x ln x
æ x - 1 ö
5) f ( x ) = x ln ( - x ) 6) f ( x ) = ln ç ÷
è x - 2 ø
1 2
7) f ( x ) = ln ( e 2 x - 5 e x + 6 ) 8) f ( x ) = ( ln x )
2
. 7 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
: ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
æ ln x ö 1 æ x ö
1) lim ç x - 2) lim 3) lim ln ç 2 ÷
>
x ® 0 è x ÷ø x ® 0 ln x
>
x ® +¥ è x + 1 ø
e x
4)lim ln ( ln x
) 5) lim (
6) lim x 2 - ln x )
x ® 0 ln x
> >
x ® 1 x ® + ¥
2
7) lim
ln x
8) lim
ln x ( ln x )
9) lim
x ®+ ¥ x x ®+¥ x 4 x ® +¥ x
æ 1 ö
10) lim ( x - ln x ) ln x
11) lim x ln x 12) lim x ln ç 1 + ÷
>
x ® 0
>
x ® 0 x ®+ ¥ è x ø
. 8 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
1
< 1) ln x 2) ln x < 1
2
)ln ( x 1
3) ln x + ln ( x - 1) > ln6 4) < 0
ln ( x + 3 )
2
5) ( ln x ) - 8ln x + 7 > 0 6) ( x 2 - 4 x ) ln x ³ 0
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ10
ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل I ﻓﻲ f ﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ g
ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ
2
1) f ( x ) = 3 x 2 - ; I= ]0 ; +¥
[
x
1 1
2) f ( x ) = - x 3 + + ; I= ]1 ; + ¥[
x - 1 ( x 1 ) 2
x - 1
= )3) f ( x 2
; I= ] 2 ; + ¥[
x - 2 x
2
)( ln x
= )4) f ( x ; I= ]0 ; +¥ [
x
cos x
= )5) f ( x ; I= ]0 ; p [
sin x
e x
6) f ( x ) = x ; I= ]¥ ; + ¥[
e + 1
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ 11 .
= )f ( x
x 2 + 4 x + 3
: e ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺒﻴﺭﻱ .
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ) ( c ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﺎ 3 – ﻫل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ 2
ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ. ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
5
2 < x 0 < – 3 ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ f ( x ) = 0 ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻼ ﻭ ﺤﻴﺩﺍ x ﺤﻴﺙ
0
2
– 4 ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ 3 ﺜﻡ ﺃﻨﺸﺊ . ( c )
. ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻤﻥ ( c ) g ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ (g ) ﺝ– ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ. 13
j ( x ) = x 2 - 4 x + 3 + 6 ln x - 2 ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ : j (I
. – 1 ﺍﺤﺴﺏ j ( 1 ) ﻭ j ( 3 )
– 2 ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ . j
æ ® ®ö
)(G
. ،ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ÷ç O; i , j
è ø
( 4 ﺍﺤﺴﺏ f ( -4 ) , f ( 4 ) , f ( 0 ) , f ( -1 ) ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ
- 1
. 10
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ14
ì æ 1 ö
ï f ( x ) = - xln ç 1 + ÷ , x > 0
í è x ø ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ f ﺤﻴﺙ :
-5 ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ( c )
ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ g ﺤﻴﺙ g ( x ) = xf ( x ) - x : -6
]0 ; + ¥[ ﻋﻠﻰ f ﺜﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ -ﺃﺤﺴﺏ g ¢ ( x )
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ 15
.
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ 0 ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ -2 ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ( c )
-3 ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ 10 - 2 ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩf ( 4 ) ; f ( 3 ) ; f ( 0 ) ; f ( - 1 ) :
ìï f (a ) = 0
í -4 ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ aﺒﺤﻴﺙ :
ïî - 1 < a < 0
ìï f ( b ) = 0
í : ﺒﺤﻴﺙ b ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ -5
ïî 0 < b < 6
ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ( c ) -6
ﻋﺩﺩ ﻭﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﻠﻭل -7 ﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ m
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔf ( x ) = m
ﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﺤﺔ f ( x ) £ m : -8
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ16
ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻜل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ : ﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ √ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻜل ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺔ ´
1
x Î ¡ *+ ; log x = log x ( 1
2
1
log e = (2
ln10
log2 n = ln2 n ( 3
n Î ¤ ; log10 n = n ( 4
. ( )
10 < log 9, 26.10 9 < 10 10 (5
9
æ1ö 1
= ÷ a Î ¡ *+ ; log ç ( 6
è a ø loga
log x
lim = +¥ ( 7
x ® + ¥ x
2
x Î ¡ *+ ; ( logx ) = 2log x (8
n 1
. = n Î ¥*- {1} ; log n 10 (9
n
1
. ]0; +¥[ ﻋﻠﻰ x a ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ (10 ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a log x
x
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ17
.
2
2 ( log x ) + 5logx - 3 = 0 ( 2
logx > 3 ( 4
1
=f ( x ) ( 3
logx - 1
2
f ( x ) = ( logx
) ( 4
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ20
f ( x ) = log x - 1 ﺤﻴﺙ : f ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ x ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
. f ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ -1
ﻓﻲ f ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ( C ) -2
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ 2 ﻓﻲ ( C ) ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ -3
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ 10 -4 ﻫل ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ( C )
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
æ ® ®ö
f ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ÷ç O; i , j ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ
è ø
. ﺃﻨﺸﺊ( C ) -3
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ22
1
ﺜﻡ ﺃﻨﺸﺊ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ =f ( x ) ﺤﻴﺙ : f ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
log x
æ ® ®ö
. ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ÷ç O; i , j
è ø
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ. 23
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ. 1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺨﻁﺄ .ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل - x > 0 ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ x < 0 -1
ﺨﻁﺄ ln x > 0 . ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ x > 1 ﺃﻱ x Î ] -¥; -1[ È ]1; +¥ [ -5
ﺼﺤﻴﺢ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x < 1 ﻓﺈﻥ ln x < ln 1 ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln x < 0 -7
x 1
lim = lim ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﻥ = +¥ : -11
x ® +¥ ln x x ® +¥ ln x
x
ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﻥ lim ln ( - x ) = lim ln z = +¥ : -12
x ®-¥ z ® +¥
1830
ln ( -2 ) ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﻥ = ln 21830 = 1830 ln 2 : -13
ﻋﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻡ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ n
ﺯﻭﺠﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ln x n = n ln x :
ﺼﺤﻴﺢ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ln x 2 = 2 ln x : x > 0 ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ x < 0 -14
2
ﻓﺈﻥ ln x = ln ( - x ) = 2ln ( - x ) :ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln x = 2 ln x :
2 2
12
ln= ln 12 - ln 3 ﻷﻥ . – ﺨﻁﺄ15
3
ln 12 ln ( 4 ´ 3 ) ln 4 + ln 3
= = : ﻟﻜﻥ
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3
. 2 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
: ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ
1
1 1 7
1)ln e - ln e -3 = ln e - ( -3 ) ln e = ln e + 3 ´ 1 = ´ 1 + 3 =
2
2 2 2
1 1 3
e 1
2)ln e 3 - ln 2
e
= ln ( e )
3 2
- ln e 2
+ ln e 2
= ln e 2
- ln e + 2ln e
2
3 1
= - + 2 = 3
2 2
1
1 ln 2 5 ln 2 2 1 9
3) ln 25 + = ln 2 + = ln 2 + ln 2 = ln 2
5 4 5 4 8 8
1 3
3 æ ö 3 3
4) ln 2 2 - ln 2 = ln ç 2 ´ 2 2 ÷ - ln 2 = ln 2 2 - ln 2
2 è ø 2 2
3 3
= ´ ln 2 - ´ ln 2 = 0
2 2
2 2
5)ln ( 128) - ln ( 16´ 32) = ln ( 27 ) - ln ( 24 ´ 25 ) = ln 214 - ln 2 9
= 14 ln 2 - 9 ln 2 = 5 ln 2
æ 1 ö
6)ln 243 + ln 610 + ln ç ÷ = ln 35 + 10 ln 6 - ln ( 1024 )
è 1024 ø
= 5ln 3 + 10 ln ( 2 ´ 3 ) - ln 2 10
= 5 ln 3 + 10 ( ln 2 + ln 3 ) - 10 ln 2
= 5 ln 3 + 10ln 2 + 10ln 3 - 10 ln 2
= 15ln 3
. 3 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
: ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺒﺔ
2006
· ln ( 2007 ) = 2006ln ( 2007 )
2006
ln ( 2007 ) ; 15262, 02 : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
1954
· ln ( 1962) = 1954 ln ( 1962 )
1954
ln ( 1962 ) ; 14841, 68 : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
1
· ; 0,13
ln 1830
1418
· ln ( 2) = 1418 ln 2
1418
ln ( 2 ) ; 982, 88 : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
12
· ln ( 2, 0005 ) = 12ln ( 2, 0005 )
12
ln ( 2, 0005 ) ; 8, 32 : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ
. 4 ﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭ
: ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ
· a = 3 ln 7 - 5ln 5
73 343
a = ln 73 - ln 55 = ln 5
= ln
5 3125
æ 343 ö 343
a < 0 : ﺇﺫﻥ ln ç ÷ < 0 : ﻓﺈﻥ < 1 : ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
è 3125 ø 3125
1
1
· b = 3 ln 2 - ln 15 = ln 2 3 - ln ( 15 ) 2
2
8
b = ln 8 - ln 15 = ln
15
8 8
b > 0 : ﺇﺫﻥ > 0 : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ > 1 : ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
15 15
· c = ln ( 3 - 2 )
c < 0 : ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln ( )
3 - 2 < 0 : ﻭﻤﻨﻪ 3 - 2 < 1 : ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3
· d = = =
ln 0, 5 æ 1 ö - ln 2
ln ç ÷
è 2 ø
ln 3
d < 0 : ﺇﺫﻥ d = - : ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ln 2
. 5 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
æ 2 3 + 4 ö
2ln (
3 - 1 + ln çç ) 4 ÷ø
÷ = 0 : ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ
è
æ 2 3 +4ö 2 æ 2 3 + 4 ö
2ln ( )
3 - 1 + ln çç
4 ø
(
÷÷ = ln 3 - 1 + ln çç ) ÷
4 ÷ø
è è
2 æ 2 3 + 4 ö æ 3 + 2 ö
(
= ln 3 - 1 çç ) 4 ø
÷÷ = ln 4 - 2 3 çç ( ÷÷ )
è è 2 ø
(
= ln 2 - 3 )( 2 + 3 ) = ln ( 4 - 3) = ln 1 = 0
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ. 6
1 2
=f ( x ) x - x + ln x (1 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
2
ﺤﻴﺙ : ]0; +¥[ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ f
x 2 - x + 1
1
f ¢ ( x ) = x - 1 + =
x x
D f = { x Î ¡ : x - 4 > 0}
2
f ( x ) = ln ( x 2 - 4 ) ﺤﻴﺙ : (2 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
2 x
=f ¢ ( x ) ﺤﻴﺙ : D f ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ f ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
x 2 - 4
D f = { x Î ¡ : x ¹ 0} ﺤﻴﺙ : f ( x ) = x ln x (3 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
1
Df = { x Î ¡ : x ln x ¹ 0 , x > 0}
= f ( x ) ﺤﻴﺙ : (4 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
x ln x
D f = { x Î ¡ : x ¹ 0 , ln x ¹ 0 , x > 0} ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ :
D f = ]0;1[ È ]1; +¥[ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ : ﻟﻜﻥ ln x ¹ 0 : ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊx ¹ 1 :
ﺍﻟﺩﺍ ﻟﺔ f ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ D f ﺤﻴﺙ :
æ 1 ö
÷ - ç 1. ln x + x
)x ø - ( ln x + 1
f ¢ ( x ) = è 2
= 2
) ( x ln x ( x ln x )
D f = { x Î ¡ : - x > 0}
ﺤﻴﺙ : f ( x ) = x ln ( - x ) (5 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
x < 0 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ D f = ] -¥; 0[ : ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ: - x > 0 ﻟﻜﻥ :
: ﺤﻴﺙ D f ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ f
- 1
f ¢ ( x ) = 1 ln ( - x ) + x ´ = ln ( - x ) + 1
- x
ì x -1 ü æ x - 1 ö
Df = íxΡ: > 0 , x - 2 ¹ 0 ý : ﺤﻴﺙ f ( x ) = ln ç ÷ : ( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ6
î x -2 þ è x - 2 ø
D f = ] -¥;1[ È ]2; +¥[ : ﺇﺫﻥ
x -¥ 1 2 ¥ +
x - 1 - + +
x - 2 - - +
x - 1 +
- +
x - 2
: ﺤﻴﺙ f ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ D f ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
1. ( x - 2 ) - 1. ( x - 1 ) -1
( x - 2) 2 ( x - 2 ) 2
f ¢ ( x ) = =
x-1 x - 1
x-2 x - 2
-1 x - 2 -1
f ¢ ( x ) = ´ =
( x - 2 ) x - 1 ( x - 2 )( x - 1 )
Df = { x Ρ : e2 x - 5e x + 6 > 0} : ﺤﻴﺙf ( x) = ln( e2 x -5e x +6) : ( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ7
t 2 - 5t + 6 : ﻨﺠﺩe x = t : ﺒﻭﻀﻊe 2 x - 5e x + 6 : ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ
t 2 - 5t + 6 = (t - 2)(t - 3 ) : ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪt 2 = 3 , t1 = 2 , D = 1 : ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
e 2 x - 5e x + 6 = ( e x - 2)( e x - 3 ) : ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
e x - 2 - + +
e 2 - 3 - - +
(e x
- 2)( e x - 3 ) + - +
1 1
f ¢ ( x ) = ´ 2 ´ ´ ( ln x ) : ﺤﻴﺙD f ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ f
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
2 x
ln x
f ¢ ( x ) = : ﺇﺫﻥ
x
. 7 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
: ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ
ln x öæ æ 1 ö
lim ç x -
÷ = lim ç x - ln x ÷ = +¥ ( 1
x ø x ® 0 è
>
x®0 è
>
x ø
1
lim = 0 ( 2
x ® 0 ln x
>
æ ö æ ö
æ x ö ç x ÷ ç 1 ÷
lim ln ç 2 ÷ = lim ln ç ÷ = lim ln ç ÷ = -¥ ( 3
x ®+¥ è x + 1 ø x®+¥ ç 1 + 1 ÷ x ®+¥ ç x 2 æ 1 + 1 ö ÷
è x 2 ø ç ç x 2 ÷ø ÷ø
è è
lim>
ln ( ln x ) = -¥ (4
x ® 1
e x
lim = 0 ( 5
x ® 0 ln x
>
æ ln x ö
lim ( x 2 - ln x ) = lim x ç x - = +¥ (6
x ®+¥ x ®+¥ è x ÷ø
z a + ¥ : ﻓﺈﻥx a +¥ ﻟﻤﺎ x 2 = z ﺃﻱ x = z ﺒﻭﻀﻊ (7
ln x ln z2 2ln z
lim = lim = lim = 0
x ®+¥ x z®+¥ z z ®+¥ z
z a + ¥ : ﻓﺈﻥx a +¥ ﻟﻤﺎ x = 4 z ﺃﻱ x 4 = z ﺒﻭﻀﻊ (8
1
ln x ln 4 z ln z 4
1 ln z
lim 4
= lim = lim = lim = 0
x ®+¥ x z ®+¥ z z ®+¥ z z ®+¥ 4 z
2 2
é ln
( x ) ùúû
2
lim
( ln x )
2
ê
= lim ë
é 2ln
= lim ë
( x ) ûù (9
2 2
x
x ® +¥ z® +¥
( x) x ®+¥
( x )
2 2
æ ln x ö æ ln t ö
= lim 4 çç = lim
÷÷ t ®+¥ ç 4 ÷ = 0
x ®+¥
è x ø è t ø
t a +¥ : ﻓﺈﻥx a +¥ : ﻟﻤﺎx = t ﺒﻭﻀﻊ
lim
>
( x - ln x ) ln x
= -¥ (10
x ® 0
æ 1 ö
ln ç 1 + ÷
æ 1 ö è x ø ln ( 1 + t )
lim x ln ç 1 + ÷ = lim = lim = 1 (12
x ®+¥
è x ø x ®+¥ 1 >
t ® 0 t
x
>
1
t ®0 : ﻓﺈﻥx ® + ¥ ﻟﻤﺎ = t ﺒﻭﻀﻊ
x
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ8
ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ :
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ]-¥;1[ È ]2; +¥[ :ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ D = ]2; +¥[ :
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ln ( x - 1)( x + 2 ) = ln ( x 2 - 3 x + 2 ) :
( x - 1)( x + 2 ) = x 2 - 3 x + 2 ﺇﺫﻥ :
2 2
x = 1 ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ : ﻭﻤﻨﻪ x + x - 2 = x - 3 x + 2 : ﺇﺫﻥ 4 x = 4 :
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﻓﻭﺽ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﻠﻭل.
2
(4 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ 2 ( ln x ) + 5 ln x - 3 = 0 :
D = ]0; +¥[ ﺤﻴﺙ : D = { x Î ¡ : x > 0}
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ :
ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ln x = t : ﻨﺠﺩ 2 t 2 + 5 t - 3 = 0 :
1
= t2 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ , t 1 = - 3 , D = 49 :
2
ﻟﻤﺎ ln x = - 3 : t = - 3 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ e Ln x = e - 3 :
1 1 1 - 3
= ln x = : t = tﻟﻤﺎ t = e ﺃﻱ : ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ :
3
2 2 e
1
1 Lnx
e , 3 ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﻫﻲ : eﺇﺫﻥ x = e : = e 2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ :
e
. ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ9
ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﺤﺎﺕ :
1
D = { x Î ¡ : x > 0}
< ln x ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ : (1 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
2
1
ln x < ln e
2 ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﺤﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ : D = ]0; +¥[ ﺤﻴﺙ :
1
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ <x e ﺃﻱ : x < e 2 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ :
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ : (3 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ln x + ln ( x - 1) > ln6 :
D = ]1; +¥[ ﺤﻴﺙ : D = { x Î ¡ : x > 0, x > 1}
ﺇﺫﻥ x 2 - x > 6 : ln x ( x - 1) < ln6 ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﺤﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ :
x = e 7 ﺇﺫﻥ ln x - 7 = 0 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ln x = 7 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ln x = ln e 7 :
x > e 7 ﺇﺫﻥ ln x - 7 > 0 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ln x > 7 ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ln x > ln e 7 :
: ( ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ1
c d
f ( x ) = ax + b + +
x + 3 x + 1
( ax + b )( x + 3 )( x + 1) + c ( x + 1) + d ( x + 3 )
f ( x ) =
( x + 3 )( x + 1 )
( ax + b ) ( x 2 + 4 x + 3 ) + cx + c + dx + d
f ( x ) =
x 2 + 4 x + 3
ax 3 + 4ax 2 + 3ax + bx 2 + 4bx + 3 b + cx + c + dx + d
f ( x ) =
x 2 + 4 x + 3
ax 3 + ( 4a + b ) x 2 + ( 3a + 4b + c ) x + 3 b + c + d
f ( x ) =
x 2 + 4 x + 3
ìa = -1 ìa = -1
ïb = -8 + e ï4a + b = -12 + e
ï ï
í : ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ í : ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
ï c = 26 ï 3 a + 4 b + c = - 9 + e
4
ïîd = -4 ïî 3b + c + d = 3e - 2
26 4
f ( x ) = - x - 8 + e + - : ﺇﺫﻥ
x + 3 x + 1
: g ﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ (2
1 2
g ( x) = - x - 8 x + ex + 26 ln ( x + 3 ) - 4 ln ( n + 1 ) + c
2
1
g ( x ) = - x 2 + ( -8 + e ) x + 26 ln ( x + 3 ) - 4 ln ( x + 1) + c , c Î ¡
2
g ( 0 ) = 1 : ﺤﻴﺙh ( x ) = g ( x ) : h ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ (3
c = -26 ln 3 : ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ 26 ln 3 + c = 0 : ﻭﻤﻨﻪg ( 0 ) = 1 : ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
1
h ( x ) = x 2 + ( 8 + e ) x + 26 ln ( x + 3) 4 ln ( x + 1) 26 ln3 : ﺇﺫﻥ
2
. 12 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
é - x 2 + x 2 ln ( x + 1 ) ù
= lim ( x + 1 ) ê + ú
x ® +¥
ë x+1 x + 1 û
é 2 æ 1 ö ù
ê x ç - 1 + x ÷ 2 ln ( x + 1 ) ú
= lim ê è ø+ ú
x ® + ¥ ê æ 1 ö x + 1 ú
êë x çè 1 + x ÷ø úû
é æ 1 ö ù
ê x ç -1 + x ÷ 2 ln ( x + 1 ) ú
= lim ê è ø+ ú = -¥
x ®+¥ ê 1 x + 1 ú
1 +
êë x úû
2
· f ¢ ( x ) = - 2 x + 1 +
x + 1
( -2 x + 1)( x + 1) + 2
f ¢ ( x ) =
x + 1
2
-2 x - 2 x + x + 1 + 2
f ¢ ( x ) =
x + 1
2
-2 x - x + 3
f ¢ ( x ) =
x + 1
.ﻟﻪ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻁ f ¢ ( x )
2
D = 25 : - 2 x - x + 3 ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ
3
x2 = - , x 1 = 1
2
x
-1 1 ¥ +
- 2 x 2 - x + 3 + -
]-1 ; 1 ] ﻭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [1; +¥[ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺫﻥ f
x
-1 1 ¥ +
2.ln2
f ( x )
-¥ -¥
f ( 1) = 2 ln2
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ x = -1 : lim f ( x ) = -¥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ :
>
x ® - 1
+¥
. ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ
y
3
2
1
4
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ. 13
]-¥; 2 [ ﻭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ]2; +¥[ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ j
+¥ +¥
j ( x )
-¥ -¥
: (3 ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ j ( x )
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ : l ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
)j ( x
= )f ¢ ( x 2 (1 - II ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ :
( x - 2 )
D f = ¡ - {2}
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ: D f = { x Î ¡ : x - 2 ¹ 0}
ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
1
´ ( x - 2 ) - ln x - 2
5
f ¢ ( x ) = 1 + 2
- 6 ´ x - 2 2
)( x - 2 ( x - 2 )
2
( x - 2 ) + 5 - 6 + 6ln x - 2
= 2
( x - 2 )
x 2 - 4 x + 4 - 1 + 6ln x - 2 )j ( x
= 2
= 2
)( x - 2 ( x - 2 )
(2 ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ f :
-¥ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺩ +¥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ y = x + 2
(4 ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ :
5 5
f ( 0 ) = 2 + + 3ln 2 ; 6, 5 ؛ f ( - 1 ) = 1 + ; 4, 8
2 3
5 5
f ( - 4 ) = - 2 + + ln 6 ; 0, 6 ؛ f ( 4 ) = 6 - - 3ln 2 ; 1, 4
6 2
ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ : w (5 ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻭ ﻫﻭ 4 - x Î D f : D f ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ x
ﻨﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
1
2
3
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ. 14
D f = [ 0; +¥[ : ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ 0 -1
æ 1 ö
÷ ln ç 1 +
æ 1 ö x ø ln ( 1 + t )
lim f ( x ) = lim - xln ç 1 + ÷ = lim - è = lim - = 0
>
x ®0
>
x ®0 è x ø x ®0
>
1 t ®+¥ t
x
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻥ . ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ 0 f
ﺇﺫﻥ
æ 1 ö
÷ - x ln ç 1 +
f ( x ) - f ( 0 ) è x ø æ 1 ö
lim = lim = lim - ln ç 1 + ÷ = -¥
>
x®0 x - 0 >
x®0 x >
x ® 0 è x ø
ﻴﻘﺒل ﻨﺼﻑ ﺇﺫﻥ f ﻻ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ 0 ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ( C )
ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ . 0
-1
æ 1 ö 2
f ¢ ( x ) = ( -1) ´ ln ç 1 + ÷ + ( - x ) ´ x
è x ø 1
1 +
x
1
æ 1ö æ 1ö 1
= - ln ç 1 + ÷ + x = - ln ç 1 + ÷ +
è x ø 1 + 1 è x ø x + 1
x
-1
2 1
f ¢¢ ( x ) = - x -
1 ( x + 1 ) 2
1 +
x
1 1 -1
=- - 2
= 2
)x ( x + 1 ) ( x + 1 x ( x + 1 )
æ 1ö 1
lim f ¢ ( x ) = lim - ln ç 1 + ÷ + = 0
x ®+¥ x ®+¥ è x ø x + 1
: f ¢ ( x ) ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ-
0 +¥
x
f ¢¢ ( x ) +
0
f ¢ ( x )
-¥
f ¢ ( x ) < 0 ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ
: f ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ -4
æ 1 ö
ln ç 1 + ÷
æ 1 ö x ø ln ( 1 + t )
lim f ( x) = lim - xln ç 1+ ÷ = lim - è = lim - = -1
x®+¥ x ®+¥
è x ø x®+¥ 1 t ®0 t
x
1
. ( t = ﺒﻭﻀﻊ )
x
[ 0; +¥[ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ f ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ f ¢ ( x ) < 0 ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
0 +¥
x
f ¢ ( x ) -
0
f ¢¢ ( x )
-1
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ (5 ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ y = - 1 : ( C )
y
0,5
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 x
0,5
(C)
1
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ. 15
1
f ( x )
-¥ -¥
- 1
=f ( 5 ) = 1 ﺇﺫﻥ :
- 1
5 11
= )f ¢ (0 = ; f ( 0 ) - Ln 6
36 6
y = f ¢ ( 0 )( x - 0 ) + f ( 0 )
5 11
=y x + - ln 6
36 6
-3 ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ :
11 13
=f ( 0 ) - ln 6 ; 0, 04 ؛ - ln 6 ; - 0,16
=f ( - 1 )
6 8
3 5
f ( 4 ) = - ln 2 ; 0, 80 ؛ f ( 3 ) = - ln 3 ; 0, 56
2 3
-4 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل [ - 1 ; 0 ] ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ f ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
aﺒﺤﻴﺙ f (a ) = 0 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ f ( -1) . f ( 0 ) < 0
f ( 5 ) = 1 - ln1 = 1 -5 ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ:
1
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1
2
3
√ (7
× ( 6 . √ ( 5 √ ( 4 . × ( 3 √ (2
√ ( 1
. × (10
√ ( 9 . × ( 8
ﺍﻟﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻥ. 17
2
(2 ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ 2 ( logx ) + 5logx - 3 = 0 :
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ : ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل x > 0 ﺒﻭﻀﻊ logx = t ﻨﺠﺩ 2 t 2 + 5 t - 3 = 0
1
t 2 = - 3 ; t 1 = ; D = 49
2
1 ln x 1 1 1
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln x = ln10 : = = logxﻭﻤﻨﻪ : ﻟﻤﺎ = : t
2 ln10 2 2 2
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ x = 10 : ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ln x = ln 10 :
ln x
ﻟﻤﺎ log x = - 3 : t = - 3 ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ = - 3 :
ln10
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ln x = ln10 -3 : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ x = 10 -3 :
{
s = 10;10 -3 } ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ :
. 18 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
: S ﺤﺴﺎﺏ
æ1 2 3 88 99 ö æ 1 ö
S = log ç´ ´ ´ ..... ´ ´ ÷ = log ç ÷ = - log 100
è2 3 4 99 100 ø è 100 ø
S = - log 102 = -2 : ﺇﺫﻥ
. 19 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
]-¥; 0[ È ]0; +¥[ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ f
؛ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ f ( x ) = x + log x (1
ln x é ln ( - x ) 1 ù
lim f ( x ) = lim x + = lim x ê1 + ´ ú = -¥
x ® -¥ x ® -¥ ln10 x ® -¥ ë - x ln10 û
é ln x 1 ù
lim f ( x ) = lim ê1 + ´ = +¥
x ®+¥ x ®+¥ ë x ln10 úû
ln x
lim f ( x ) = lim x + = -¥
x®0
> >
x ® 0 ln10
ln ( - x )
lim f ( x ) = lim x + = -¥
<
x®0
<
x ® 6 ln10
f ( x ) = x 2 - 1 - log ( x 2 - 1) (2
x 2 - 1 > 0 ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل f ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
]-¥;1[ È ]1; +¥[ :ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﻲ
lim f ( x ) = lim x 2 - 1 - log ( x 2 - 1 )
x ®-¥ x ®-¥
é log x 2 - 1 ù ( )
( 2
= lim x - 1 ê1 -
x ® -¥
)
x 2 - 1 ú
ú = +¥
êë û
é log x 2 - 1 ù ( )
lim f ( x ) = lim x - 1 ê1 -
x ® +¥ x ® +¥
( 2
ú = +¥
x 2 - 1 ú
)
êë û
lim f ( x ) = lim x - 1 - log ( x - 1 ) = +¥
2 2
x ® -1 x ® -1
x > -1 x > - 1
1
f ( x ) = (3
Logx - 1
x > 0 ﻭ Logx - 1 ¹ 0 ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل f ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ln x
x ¹ 10 : ﺃﻱ ln x ¹ ln10 : ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ¹ 1 : ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩlogx ¹ 1
ln10
]0;10[ È ]10; +¥[ : ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻫﻲ
1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim = 0 , lim f ( x ) = lim
= -¥
x ® 0 logx - 1 logx - 1
> > x ®10 x ®10
x®0 x >10 x >10
1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim = +¥ , lim f ( x ) = lim = 0
x ®+¥ logx - 1
x ® 10 logx - 1
> x ®+¥
>
x ® 10
2
f ( x ) = ( log x ) (4
]0; +¥[ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ x > 0 ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
2 2
lim f ( x ) = lim ( logx ) = +¥ , lim f ( x ) = lim ( logx ) = +¥
x®0 x ® 0 x ® +¥ x ® +¥
x> 0 x > 0
. 20 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
: – ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ 1
x ¹ 1 ﺃﻱ x - 1 ¹ 0 ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ f
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
+¥ +¥
f ( x )
-¥ -¥
-2 ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ 4
ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﻻﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ x = 1 :
)f ( x log ( x - 1 )
lim = lim = 0
x ®+¥ x x ®+¥ x
+¥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﻋﻨﺩ
y
1
0,5
1
4 1
=f ¢ ( x ) ´
Ln 10 x
]0; +¥[ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ f f ¢ ( x ) > 0
ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ :
0 +¥
x
+¥
f ( x )
-¥
– ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ : 2
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﻻﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ x = 0 :
f ( x ) -4 log x
lim = lim + = 0
x ®+¥ x x ®+¥ x x
ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺼل. ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ
1,5
0 1,5 3 4,5 6 7,5 9 10,5 12 13,5 15 16,5 x
1,5
3
4,5
6
7,5
. 22 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
D f = { x Î ¡ : x > 0 , logx ¹ 0}
D f = ]0; +1[ ; ]1; +¥ [ : ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ-
1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim = 0 , lim f ( x ) = lim = -¥
x ® 0 logx
> >
x ® 1 lo g x
< <
x®0 x®1
1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim = +¥ , lim f ( x ) = lim = 0
x ® 1 log x
> > x ® +¥ x ® +¥ log x
x®1
1 1
- ´
- 1
f ¢ ( x ) = ln10 2x = 2
( log x ) ( x ln10 )( log x )
]1; +¥[ ﻭ ]0;1[ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥf ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ f ¢ ( x ) < 0 ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
0 1 ¥ +
x
f ¢ ( x ) - -
f ( x ) 0
+¥
-¥ 0
: ( C ) ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ
.ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﻴﻥ y = 0 , x = 1
y
5
4
3
2
1
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
1
2
3
. 23 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
D f = ]0; +¥[ : ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ
logx - 1 1
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim ( log x - 1 ) = -¥
>
x®0
>
x®0 x >
x ® 0 x
log x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim - = 0
x ® +¥ x x
x ® +¥
1 1 1
. . x - 1 ( logx - 1 ) - log + 1
f ¢ ( x ) = ln10 x = ln10
2 2
x x
1 ln x 10
- +1 1 + ln
1 - ln x + ln10
= ln10 ln10 = = 2 x
x2 x 2 ln10 x ln10
10 10
lnﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ = e -1 : f ¢ ( x ) = 0 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ = - 1 :
x x
10
x = 10e
= x ﺇﺫﻥ : ﺃﻱ : ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ 10 = xe -1 :
e -1
10 10
lnﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ > e - 1 : f ¢ ( x ) > 0 ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ > - 1 :
x x
ﺃﻱ 10 > xe -1 : ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ x < 10 e :
ﻭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ f : ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ]0 ; 10e ]
[10e ; + ¥[ ﻋﻠﻰ
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
1
2
3
4
5
6