This article is about the beverage. For other uses, see Juice (disambiguation).

A glass of orange juice

Juice is a drink made from the extraction or pressing of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables. It can also refer to liquids that are flavored with
concentrate or other biological food sources, such as meat or seafood, such as clam juice. Juice is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient or
flavoring in foods or other beverages, as for smoothies. Juice emerged as a popular beverage choice after the development of pasteurization methods enabled its
preservation without using fermentation (which is used in wine production).[1] The largest fruit juice consumers are New Zealand (nearly a cup, or 8 ounces, each
day) and Colombia (more than three quarters of a cup each day). Fruit juice consumption on average increases with country income level.[2]

Contents
 1 Etymology
 2 Preparation
 3 Processing
 4 Terminology
 5 Health effects
o 5.1 Cranberry juice
 o 5.2 Negative effects
 6 Amount consumed
 7 Juice bars
o 7.1 Chains
 8 History
 9 Figurative uses
 10 See also
 11 References
 12 External links

Etymology

Fruit juice being used in the preparation of a smoothie.

The word "juice" comes from Old French in about 1300; it developed from the Old French words "jus, juis, jouis", which mean "liquid obtained by boiling herbs".[3]
The "Old French jus "juice, sap, liquid" (13c.)...[came] from Latin ius [which means] "broth, sauce, juice, soup," from PIE root *yeue- "to blend, mix food"
(cognates: Sanskrit yus- "broth," Greek zyme "a leaven," Old Church Slavonic jucha "broth, soup," Russian: уха "ukha", Lithuanian: juse "fish soup")."[3] The use
of the word "juice" to mean"the watery part of fruits or vegetables" was first recorded in the early 14th century.[3] Since the 19th century, the term "juice" has also
been used in a figurative sense (e.g., to mean alcohol or electricity). Today, "au jus" refers to meat served along with its own juice, commonly as a gravy.
Preparation
Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or macerating (sometimes referred to as cold pressed[4]) fruit or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or
solvents. For example, orange juice is the liquid extract of the fruit of the orange tree, and tomato juice is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the tomato
plant. Juice may be prepared in the home from fresh fruit and vegetables using a variety of hand or electric juicers. Many commercial juices are filtered to remove
fiber or pulp, but high-pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverage. Additives are put in some juices, such as sugar and artificial flavours (in some fruit juice-based
beverages); savoury seasonings (e.g., in Clamato or Caesar tomato juice drinks). Common methods for preservation and processing of fruit juices include canning,
pasteurization, concentrating,[5] freezing, evaporation and spray drying.

Although processing methods vary between juices, the general processing method of juices includes:[6]

 Washing and sorting food source

 Juice extraction
 Straining, filtration and clarification
 Blending pasteurization
 Filling, sealing and sterilization
 Cooling, labeling and packing

After the fruits are picked and washed, the juice is extracted by one of two automated methods. In the first method, two metal cups with sharp metal tubes on the
bottom cup come together, removing the peel and forcing the flesh of the fruit through the metal tube. The juice of the fruit, then escapes through small holes in the
tube. The peels can then be used further, and are washed to remove oils, which are reclaimed later for usage. The second method requires the fruits to be cut in half
before being subjected to reamers, which extract the juice.[7]

After the juice is filtered, it may be concentrated in evaporators, which reduce the size of juice by a factor of 5, making it easier to transport and increasing its
expiration date. Juices are concentrated by heating under a vacuum to remove water, and then cooling to around 13 degrees Celsius. About two thirds of the water in
a juice is removed.[6] The juice is then later reconstituted, in which the concentrate is mixed with water and other factors to return any lost flavor from the
concentrating process. Juices can also be sold in a concentrated state, in which the consumer adds water to the concentrated juice as preparation.[7]

Juices are then pasteurized and filled into containers, often while still hot. If the juice is poured into a container while hot, it is cooled as quickly as possi