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Automation in Construction
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A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: This study identifies Building Information Modeling (BIM) benefits in the presentations of previous project
BIM participants and specialties. Based on recent data, a framework for evaluating the project-level BIM benefits from
Benefits the perspectives of different stakeholders involved in the project is proposed. In order to maximize the benefits
Evaluation for each user or stakeholder, the functions and methods for implementing BIM on construction projects are
explained. The results show that the advantages of implementing BIM in construction projects can be effectively
evaluated by the proposed framework. Results presented herein provide documentation to improve the
understanding of BIM benefits to all construction industry stakeholders.
1. Introduction Prior case studies have been done to evaluate the advantages of BIM
implementations on actual construction projects. Khanzode et al.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely used in the analyzed the quantitative and qualitative benefits of using BIM tools
whole life cycle of infrastructure projects, including civil and mechan- in Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) systems [3]. A survey
ical engineering projects, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of was conducted to clarify the ambiguity surrounding BIM and to identify
these projects [1]. The utilization of BIM has grown significantly in the mutual benefits of adopting BIM [10]. Succar et al. proposed a
recent years and it has been used to support various specialties in method to evaluate BIM projects from five perspectives, which are BIM
different phases from design to facility management of construction capability stage, BIM maturity level, BIM competencies, organizational
projects. The full impact of BIM principles and methodologies on the scale, and granularity levels [11]. However, it cannot be used for
evolution of design tools in the Architecture/Engineering/Construction quantitative evaluation of BIM projects. bimSCORE was developed to
(AEC) industry has recently become a research area topic. In the past evaluate the maturity of a BIM project [12]. However, it utilizes the
ten years, BIM has drawn the attention of researchers. From a prior same evaluation factors for different projects in spite of their different
research review, BIM can improve visualization, communication and objectives. Considering the necessity and importance of applying BIM
integration in construction projects [2]. As an emerging technology, technology in the built environment, it can be inferred that an
BIM has played an important role in the built environment [3]. Previous evaluation framework, which facilitates the implementation of BIM
research found that the implementation of BIM can certainly improve technology, would enlighten practitioners about the potential of BIM
construction efficiency and decision making throughout the life cycle of applications in construction project management. This would then
a project [4,5,6]. However, there is hesitation in adopting these creative deepen their understanding about the advantages of using BIM in their
tools and processes [7]. The main reasons for this reluctance to own projects.
incorporate advanced technology are uncertainty about the competitive To develop an applicable evaluation framework, it is necessary to
advantages and lack of awareness regarding the technologies and understand and define the requirements of the industry users and how
related benefits [8]. Currently, there is no agreed basic methodology to analyze the actual benefits. Won et al. conducted case studies to
to evaluate the advantages of BIM. Instead, there are various opinions validate the applicability of a success level assessment model for BIM
regarding the benefits of BIM, leading to some misunderstanding. Thus, project (SLAM BIM) [13]. Actually, according to the research conducted
a standard evaluation framework is needed to assess BIM implementa- by Bakis et al. [14], case study analysis is the most appropriate method
tion [9]. Such a framework can help multiple participants and for investigating the benefits of information technologies. Case study
specialists understand and evaluate BIM benefits. analysis has been the most adopted method in previous research (will
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ying_zhou@mail.hust.edu.cn (Y. Zhou).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.05.004
Received 31 May 2016; Received in revised form 19 April 2017; Accepted 12 May 2017
0926-5805/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Y. Zhou et al. Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
16
15
Fig. 1. The number of publications evaluating the benefits of BIM has
14 14 grown considerably from 2006, with a substantial increase from 2011.
The number of publications
45
Y. Zhou et al. Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
Table 1
Characteristics of existing BIM evaluation methods.
1 2016 USA Case study and model or process Owners; design agencies Design Wasmi et al. [27]
2 2016 Korea Survey Design agencies; contractors Construction Lee et al. [28]
3 2016 Australia Case study and model or process Design agencies; contractors Design/construction Wang et al. [29]
4 2016 UK Theory and general assumptions All All Bradley et al. [30]
5 2016 Korea Case studies All All Won et al. [13]
6 2015 Hong Kong Theory and general assumptions All All Wong et al. [31]
7 2015 Singapore Theory and general assumptions All All Nath et al. [32]
8 2015 Hong Kong Case study and model or process All All Lu et al. [33]
9 2015 USA Survey and case studies All All Francom et al. [34]
10 2015 China Survey and case studies All Design/construction Cao et al. [35]
11 2015 USA Case study All Design/construction Terreno et al. [36]
12 2014 Poland Theory and general assumptions Design agencies Design Czmoch et al. [37]
13 2014 China Model or process All All Xu et al. [38]
14 2014 Iran Survey and case studies All All Fazli et al. [39]
15 2014 Australia Case study and model or process Owners; contractors All Nepal et al. [40]
16 2014 USA Survey Owners All Giel et al. [41]
17 2014 Pakistan Survey All All Masood et al. [42]
18 2014 Czech Republic Theory and general assumptions All All Tomek et al. [43]
19 2014 USA Theory and general assumptions All All Abdirad et al. [44]
20 2014 Australia Theory and general assumptions Owners All Love et al. [45]
21 2014 Germany Survey and case studies All All Volk et al. [46]
22 2014 USA Survey Contractors Construction Boktor et al. [47]
23 2014 USA Survey and case studies All All Stowe et al. [48]
24 2014 USA Survey and case studies All All McGraw-Hill [49]
25 2014 USA Survey and case studies All Design/construction Monteiro et al. [50]
26 2014 Australia Theory and general assumptions All All Wang et al. [51]
27 2013 Australia Theory and general assumptions Owner All Love et al. [23]
28 2013 USA Case study and quantifiable findings Contractors Construction Vaughan et al. [52]
29 2013 USA Survey and case studies Design agencies; contractors Design/construction Clevenger et al. [53]
30 2013 USA Survey and case studies Owners All Giel et al. [54]
31 2013 UK Theory and general assumptions Owners All Xu et al. [55]
32 2013 USA Case study Design agencies; contractors Design construction Luth et al. [6]
33 2013 USA Survey Design agencies; contractors Design/construction Bynum et al. [56]
34 2013 UK Survey and case studies All All Bryde et al. [57]
35 2013 Hong Kong Case study and model or process Contractors Construction Lu et al. [58]
36 2013 UK Survey All All Eadie et al. [59]
37 2013 USA Theory and general assumptions Design agencies; contractors Design/construction Solnosky et al. [19]
38 2013 Australia Model or process Design agencies Design Wang et al. [60]
39 2013 Italy Case study Design agencies Design Di et al. [61]
40 2013 Korea Theory and general assumptions Contractors Construction Park et al. [62]
41 2012 USA Survey and case studies All All McGraw-Hill [63]
42 2012 USA Survey and case studies All All McGraw-Hill [64]
43 2012 Canada Survey and case studies Owners All Neelamkavil et al. [65]
44 2012 Korea Case study and quantifiable findings Design agencies Design Lee et al. [66]
45 2012 Singapore Case study and model or process Design agencies Design Kandil et al. [67]
46 2012 UK Case study and model or process Design agencies Design Porwal et al. [68]
47 2012 Australia Theory and general assumptions All All Succar et al. [11]
48 2011 USA Survey and case studies All All Barlish et al. [18]
49 2011 USA Survey and case studies Contractors All Mehmet et al. [69]
50 2011 USA Survey and case studies All All Azhar et al. [70]
51 2010 USA Survey All All Becerik-Gerber et al. [5]
52 2010 USA Model or process All All Ospina-Alvarado et al. [71]
53 2010 Australia Theory and general assumptions All All Succar et al. [72]
54 2010 USA Survey and case studies All All McGraw-Hill [21]
55 2010 Australia Case study and model or process All All Singh et al. [73]
56 2009 USA Survey and case studies All All Young et al. [7]
57 2009 USA Survey All All Zuppa et al. [10]
58 2009 USA Survey All All Patrick et al. [74]
59 2009 USA Case study Design agencies; contractors Design/construction Kuprenas et al. [75]
60 2008 USA Case study and quantifiable findings All All Khanzode et al. [3]
61 2008 USA Survey and case studies All All Azhar et al. [76]
62 2008 Israel Case study and model or process Design agencies Design Sacks et al. [77]
63 2008 Israel Survey and case studies Design agencies Design Kaner et al. [78]
64 2006 Jordan Survey Owner All El-Mashaleh et al. [79]
65 2000 UK Theory and general assumptions All All Andresen et al. [80]
and address primary concerns by individual rather than by the whole Construction managers and contractors are naturally more interested in
organization. the construction phase. Detailed information about the relationships
Of course, different BIM users from the project participants are between the project participants and their concerned phase is illu-
usually involved in different project phases involving different kind of strated in Fig. 5.
benefits. For example, the designers give exclusive attention to the Another interesting finding in more recent research is the consid-
design phase. Owners are concerned with the whole project life cycle. eration of BIM benefits related to individual participants (see Fig. 6).
46
Y. Zhou et al. Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
3, 4% Table 2
Case study and quantifiable findings Literature review-summary of phase.
Owners 9
All 36
3.4. Classification of articles by benefit indicators
0 10 20 30 40
The classification of articles by benefit indicators is illustrated in Fig. 4. Classification of articles by participants.
Table 3. In total, 23 benefit indicators were evaluated in the selected
papers and reports, as shown in Fig. 7. These benefits can then be
categorized into four types, which are operational, strategic, organiza-
tional and managerial [23,81], as shown in Table 4.
Cost and project scheduling being the primary concerns from the Contractors 8% 92%
perspective of the construction industry; reduced cost and reduced project
duration are the most discussed benefits. In addition, visualization and Design agencies 94% 6% All
communication improvement are considered to be evaluating indicators Owner Design
89% 11%
of great importance. Table 4 shows that operational benefits were the Construction
most mentioned and they were important to both the industry and All 83% 8%8%
scholars.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
To date, the researchers have focused on reduced project duration
and cost while putting little emphasis on sustainability, as indicated in Fig. 5. Relationships between the project participants and their concerned phases.
Fig. 8. Amongst the selected papers, only eight papers attempted to
assess the benefit of BIM on sustainability. As BIM can contribute to
achieve sustainable constructions [57,82], it is surprising that there are
not many practical studies about this issue. Thus, more future research
might be needed to identify the benefits of BIM applications on business was proposed to be the primary benefit of implementing BIM
sustainability. technology [63]. Moreover, providing a new service was nominated as
There might be a gap between what the industry and scholars find a secondary benefit from the perspective of the industry; this has never
important when evaluating the BIM benefits. As illustrated in Fig. 9, for been mentioned by any research publication. Thus, researchers should
strategic benefits, researchers have put more emphasis on customer take into account the requirements of the industry in order to assess the
satisfaction. From the point of view of the industry, marketing a new benefits in a more practical way.
100%
14% Theory and general assumptions
90% 20% 20%
25% 29% 33%
80% 44%
50% Survey and case studies
70% 20% 20%
43% Survey
60% 21%
Fig. 3. Percentages of the adopted BIM benefit estimation methods by publication year.
47
Y. Zhou et al. Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
According the information listed in Table 3, the organizational BIM the relevant literature. Depending on the nature of the indicator,
benefits include economization of labor, enhanced learning of staffs and quantitative or qualitative methods are used to measure the benefits
coordination improvement. Fig. 10 shows that the organizational BIM [84]. Some of the indicators cannot be measured using quantitative
benefit was considered to be an effective tool to improve coordination. means [23]. For the other indicators, the proposed framework provides
It shows that BIM adoption is more effective when it includes a measurement methods to calculate the cost/benefit ratio of BIM
continues professional development and training. Previous studies implementation. The chosen measurement method for each evaluating
show that less research has been done in organizational benefits aspect indicator is from the previous study which has been implemented in
compared to the other types of BIM benefits. It might be a future real construction projects. The methods adopted to measure the
research direction. individual indicators are listed in Table 5. To evaluate the benefits of
In conclusion, the publication analysis shows a fragmented ap- BIM; certain indicators such as satisfaction of owner, satisfaction of BIM
proach. When analyzing the previous studies of BIM benefits, opera- user, etc. are of qualitative nature. Different methodology can be used
tional benefits were a primary concern in all phases. Detailed informa- to evaluate these indicators such as surveys and interviews.
tion can be found in Fig. 11. Managerial and organizational benefits did
improve significantly thanks to BIM adoption during the construction 4.2. Relationship amongst measurement methods, benefits indicators and
phase compared to the planning, design and maintenance/operation participants
phases. In conclusion, the research focus has often varied depending on
the project phase. From the review we have undertaken, it appears that Previous studies show that different project participants and BIM
an individual project participant is more often concerned by individual users have different primary concerns [94]. Based on the literature
or specific project phases. Operational benefits were of much concern in review, the BIM evaluation metrics of primary interest to the project
all phases of the construction projects. Fig. 11 shows that researchers stakeholders are also presented in Table 5.
focused on analyzing the impact on the managerial and organizational From the review and based on the owner concerns, BIM implemen-
aspects in the construction phase where in previous literature, BIM tation should include, but not be limited to: a) 3D modeling, clash
implementation was supposed to contribute more in the design phase. detections and design coordination [95]; b) performance analysis such
Fig. 12 illustrates the relationships between the participants and as energy and excavation simulation [96]; c) 4D modeling and scenario
their primary concerns, and shows that all participants focus essentially simulation [97]; d) quantity take-off [98] and cost analysis and; e) site
on the operational benefits. This can be explained by the cost and time training based on BIM [99].
driver of any construction project. In the case of design agencies concerns, BIM implementation should
include, but not be limited to: a) 3D modeling [100], coordination
4. Establishment of BIM benefits evaluation framework between numerous drawings to identify potential conflicts or defect
within the model [101]; b) design validation [102]; c) quantity take-off
Based on the literature review, a framework is proposed and and cost analysis [103]; d) an effective communication environment
illustrated in Fig. 13. A BIM evaluation should include content, context based on BIM models [104,105]; and e) performance analysis, includ-
and process [83]. Hence, understanding who affects the evaluation, ing energy [106] and evacuation simulation [107].
what is being evaluated and how to evaluate benefits are fundamental In the case of contractors, BIM implementation should include, but
to the evaluation framework. In this paper, the proposed framework not be limited to: a) 3D modeling and clash detection [108]; b) design
consists of three parts: 1) project participants, 2) benefits indicators validation [109]; c) quantity take-off and cost analysis; d) 4D visualiza-
and, 3) measurement methods. These are shown in Fig. 13 as the three tion and prefabrication [110], construction planning and monitoring
axes. The relationship amongst these three axes will be explained in the [111,112] and; e) an effective communication web platform based on
following paragraphs and tables. BIM models [113].
Using these functions, the indicators of different types BIM benefits
4.1. Relationship between measurement methods and benefits indicators can be improved. For instance, 3D modeling and design coordination
axes can help to detect the design errors before construction, which may
reduce the rework, change orders, project duration and construction
For different project participants, they have different expectations cost. Furthermore, it improves the design coordination amongst differ-
to implement BIM, thus have different benefit indicators. The BIM ent specialties and model archiving. Another example, 4D modeling and
benefit indicators for different participants are identified according to scenario simulation makes the owners and contractors understand the
48
Table 3
Classification of articles by benefit indicators.
No Benefits
Y. Zhou et al.
Reduced Quality Reduced Improved Visualiz- Sustaina- Producti- Reduced Fewer Reduced Reduced Prefabric- Competiti- Market Customer Coordina- Enhanced Economi- Commun- Accura- Model Negative Improv-
cost improvement project safety ation ble vity change claims/ errors and rework ation ve new satisfaction tion learning of zation of ication te data archiv- risk ed
duration improve- orders litigation omissions advantage business improve- staffs labor improve- output ing reduction decision-
ment ment ment making
1 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
3 √ √ √ √ √ √
4 √ √ √ √ √
5 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
6 √
7 √ √
8 √ √
9 √ √
10 √ √
11 √ √ √ √ √
12 √ √
13 √
14 √ √
15 √ √
16 √
17 √ √ √ √
18 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
19 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
49
20 √ √ √
21 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
22 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
23 √ √ √ √ √
24 √ √ √ √
25 √ √ √ √
26 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
27 √ √
28 √ √ √ √
29 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
30 √ √ √ √
31 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
32 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
33 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
34 √ √ √ √ √ √
35 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
36 √
37 √ √
38 √ √ √
39 √ √ √ √
40 √ √ √ √ √ √
41 √
42 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
43 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
44 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
45 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
46 √ √ √
47 √
48 √ √ √ √ √
49 √ √ √ √ √ √ √
50 √ √ √ √
(continued on next page)
Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
Table 3 (continued)
No Benefits
Y. Zhou et al.
Reduced Quality Reduced Improved Visualiz- Sustaina- Producti- Reduced Fewer Reduced Reduced Prefabric- Competiti- Market Customer Coordina- Enhanced Economi- Commun- Accura- Model Negative Improv-
cost improvement project safety ation ble vity change claims/ errors and rework ation ve new satisfaction tion learning of zation of ication te data archiv- risk ed
duration improve- orders litigation omissions advantage business improve- staffs labor improve- output ing reduction decision-
ment ment ment making
51 √ √ √ √ √ √
52 √ √ √ √
53 √ √ √ √ √
54 √ √ √ √ √ √
55 √ √ √ √ √
56 √ √ √
57 √ √ √ √
58 √ √ √
59 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
60 √ √
61 √ √ √ √
62 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
63 √ √ √
64 √ √ √
65 √ √
50
Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
Y. Zhou et al. Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
40
35 35
35
31
30 28
27
25
25
20 18
17 17
15
15
12
11
10
10 8
6
5 5 5
5 3 3
2 2
1
0
Table 4
Classification of BIM benefits.
Prefabrication 4.44%
Reduced rework 6.67%
Reduced errors and omissions 7.56%
Fewer claims/litigation 2.22%
Reduced change orders 7.56%
Productivity improvement 11.11%
Sustainable 3.56%
Visualization 12.44%
Improved safety 5.33%
Reduced project duration 15.56%
Quality improvement 8.00%
Reduced cost 15.56%
51
Y. Zhou et al. Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
15% Operational
BIM is becoming a well-established tool and an innovative metho-
Construction
8% dology to improve the productivity in the entire life cycle of projects,
19% phase, 76%
10% Strategic which includes construction, operation and maintenance. Hitherto,
2% some practitioners have hesitated to adopt this approach. The invest-
3% 11% All phase, 67% ment in BIM is justified on the basis of an evaluation of the benefits. The
3% Organizational benefits of BIM implementation are divided into operational, manage-
Design phase, rial, organizational, and strategic factors. This paper presents a frame-
72% work to analyze these benefits from the perspective of different
Managerial participants and different phases. For each type of benefit, the method
of measurement was suggested by analyzing prior research. To address
the needs and interests of different users, the functions were identified
and defined for future development of different BIM application
Fig. 11. Frequencies of individual BIM benefits from the perspective of construction
systems in the most efficient way. The proposed framework prepared
phase.
the ground for empirical research to evaluate the benefits of imple-
menting BIM applications. This framework gives industry practitioners
a better understanding of the effectiveness of BIM applications.
Therefore, it will facilitate the adoption of BIM technology in the
construction industry. While the proposed framework is inherently
realistic, it is built based on a thorough literature review and of the
authors' rich experience in developing, implementing and evaluating
BIM systems. In future research, the authors will further validate the
Contractors 77% 2%7% 14%
Operational proposed framework while implementing BIM in new case studies
Design agencies 76% 3%8% 12% Strategic supported by construction project owners within both the private and
Organizational public sectors.
Owners 66% 4%6% 23% Managerial
Acknowledgement
All 66% 2% 13% 19%
52
Y. Zhou et al. Automation in Construction 81 (2017) 44–55
Table 5
Measurement methods for different benefit indicators in the framework.
Operational Reduced cost [5,6,7,10,18,19,21,23,35,37,39,41,42,45–54,57,59–62,73–77,79,80] Percent of the time projects are All
delivered on/under budget
[70,85]
Quality improvement [10,18,19,21,23,35,39,42,45,48,52,57,59,62,65,66,70,74,76,78,80] Cost of repairing claims (defects)/ All
total project cost [86]
Reduced project duration [6,7,10,18,19,21,23,35,39,42,45–54,57,59–66,69–71,73–77,79,80] Percent of the time projects are All
delivered on/ahead of schedule
[70,85]
Improved safety [3,21,45,46,48,49,23,19,18,7,10,74,79,60] (The quantity of accidents) All
∗ 100 / the total number of
workers [86]
(The quantity of work days
lost) ∗ 100 / the annual average
of workers [86]
Operational Visualization [47–49,51,19,59–62,18,69–71,21,10,73–75,76,37,38,40,42] Qualitative [70] All
Sustainable [46,48,49,56,59,67,68,70,5,7,21,61,35,37,41] Energy consumption upgrade rate Design
[87] agencies;
operators
Productivity improvement [47–49,51,52,23,6,58–62,19,18,70,21,10,74,76–80,35,36,40,44] Qualitative [79,88] All
Reduced change orders [45,48,23,19,59,21,3,76,77,37,39–41] Cost of change/total cost of All
project [56,89]
Fewer claims/litigation [53,63,64,66,7,21] Number of claim/litigation Design
agencies
Reduced errors and omissions [47,49,19,61–64,66,5,21,10,35–37,40,41] Costs of rework due to design Design
errors [66,90] agencies;
Costs associated with schedule contractors
delays due to errors [66]
Reduced rework [47,49,51,52,19,60,62–64,66,18,21,7,75,3,80,40,42] Rework costs [90] All
Prefabrication [46,48,49,6,18,69,7,21,75,3,78,40,44] Qualitative [7] All
Strategic Competitive advantage [23,65,21,76,79,80] Qualitative [63] All
Market new business [49,63,7,21] Qualitative [63] Design
agencies
Customer satisfaction [48,49,23,59–65,70,21,7,76,78–80,4–5,7,16,18–20,36,40–41,46,48–50,39] Percent of repeat business Design
customers [70,85] agencies;
contractors
Organizational Coordination improvement Qualitative [64] All
[45–52,57,19,59–61,65,18,69,70,71,72,75,3,1–6,8,14,16–17,20,34–36,38–39,44–45,73,35–40]
Enhanced learning of staffs [23,38,41,58,21,72,80] LeffBIM(T) = ∫ LeffBIM(T) Owners;
= ∫ [f(T) − f(T)′] contractors;
Where LeffBIM(T) stands for operators
aggregate learning effects
contributed by BIM; and f(T)
stands for best-fit learning curve
for a repetitive task without BIM
adoption; and f(T)′ represents best-
fit learning curve for a repetitive
task using BIM [58]
Economization of labor [42,47,65,18,21,3,77,61] Budgeted cost of man-hours/ Owners;
actual cost of man-hours [86] contractors
Planned man-hours/actual
man-hours [86]
Managerial Communication improvement [46–53,55,57,19,68,69,72,21,75,3,80,51,60,61,73,36,38,39,41] Reduced number of requests for Design
information (RFIs) [91,92] agencies;
contractors
Accurate data output [48,36,49,55,6,59,67,69,70,21,60,51] Overestimate construction costs All
[85,89]
Underestimate construction
schedule [85,89]
Model archiving [6,69,62,73] Qualitative [69] Owners;
contractors;
operators
Negative risk reduction [45,39,41,43,46,48,57,21,80,61] Qualitative [21] Design
agencies
Improved decision-making [23,6,60,72,44] Qualitative [6,93] Owners;
contractors
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