CLE 3008 Transport Planning and Management

Unit 4 –Trip Distribution

Dr. S. Vasantha Kumar, Associate Professor, SCALE, VIT University

Email: svasanthakumar@vit.ac.in, Ph: 9444050435

After having obtained an estimate of the trips produced from and attracted to the various zones
using regression models developed in trip generation stage, the next step is to distribute these
trips between various zones in the study area. The methods for trip distribution can be broadly
classified into 2 types, namely, growth factor methods and synthetic methods. The 4 methods of
growth factor are uniform factor method, average factor method, Fratar method and Furness
method. The synthetic models contain gravity model, Tanner model, Intervening opportunities
model and competing opportunities model.

Gravity model

The gravity model gets its name from the famous “Newton’s law of gravitation”, which says that
the force of attraction between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of the masses of
the two bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

𝑀1 𝑀2
𝐹=𝐾
𝑟2
Using the above equation, we can write,

𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 𝐾 (1)
𝑤𝑖𝑗 𝑐

Where, 𝑇𝑖𝑗 is the trip interchange between zone i and j. 𝑃𝑖 is the productions in zone i. 𝐴𝑗 is the
attractions in zone j. 𝑤𝑖𝑗 is the travel impedance between zone i and j. c is a parameter and k is
constant.

We know that, 𝑃𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑇𝑖𝑗 (2)

Substituting 𝑇𝑖𝑗 from (1) in (2),

𝑛
𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗
𝑃𝑖 = ∑ 𝐾 (3)
𝑤𝑖𝑗 𝑐
𝑗=1

−1
𝐴
𝐾 = [∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑤 𝑗𝑐] (4)
𝑖𝑗

Now substitute K from 4 in 1,

 −1
𝐴𝑗
[∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑤 𝑐 ] 𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗
𝑖𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 =
𝑤𝑖𝑗 𝑐

But
1
= FIJ
𝑤𝑖𝑗 𝑐

𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 =
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗

Where, 𝑇𝑖𝑗 is the trip interchange between zones i and j and 𝐹𝑖𝑗 is the friction factor.

P1). The productions and attractions for shopping trips for 4 zones are shown below. How many
of the shopping trips that start in zone 2 region will be attracted to stores in other zones? Assume
c=2.

Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4

Productions 4724 901 193 108
Attractions 4909 774 174 69
The average travel time from zone 2 to other zones are given below.
Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
Zone-2 35 5 20 12
Friction factor 0.000816 0.04 0.0025 0.006944
Solution:
𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 =
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗

𝑃2 𝐴1 𝐹21
𝑇21 =
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23 + 𝐴4 𝐹24

901 ∗ 4909 ∗ 0.000816

𝑇21 = = 101 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
(4909 ∗ 0.000816) + (774 ∗ 0.04) + (174 ∗ 0.0025) + (69 ∗ 0.006944)

𝑃2 𝐴2 𝐹22
𝑇22 = = 777
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23 + 𝐴4 𝐹24

𝑃2 𝐴3 𝐹23
𝑇23 = = 11
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23 + 𝐴4 𝐹24
 𝑃2 𝐴4 𝐹24
𝑇24 = = 12
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23 + 𝐴4 𝐹24

Despite the high number of shopping trips in zone-1, only 101 out of 901 trips are attracted to
zone-1 from zone-2. Reason is more travel time between the two zones, i.e., 35 min.

P2). A town consists of 4 residential areas A, B, C, D and 2 industrial estates X and Y. The trips
from home to work produced by each residential area per 24 hour day in target/horizon year are
as follows.

A 1000
B 2250
C 1750
D 3200
There are 3700 jobs in industrial estate X and 4500 in industrial estate Y. It is given that the
attraction between the zones is inversely proportional to the square of the journey times between
zones. The journey time in minutes from home to work are,

Zones X Y

A 15 20

B 15 10

C 10 10

D 15 20

Calculate the inter zonal trips for journeys from home to work. Assume c=2.
Solution:
The friction factors are,

Zones X Y

A 0.004444 0.0025

B 0.004444 0.01

C 0.01 0.01

D 0.004444 0.0025
 𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 =
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗

𝑃𝐴 𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐴𝑋
𝑇𝐴𝑋 =
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐴𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐴𝑌

1000 ∗ 3700 ∗ 0.004444

𝑇𝐴𝑋 = = 594 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
(3700 ∗ 0.004444) + (4500 ∗ 0.0025)

𝑃𝐴 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐴𝑌
𝑇𝐴𝑌 = = 406
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐴𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐴𝑌

𝑃𝐵 𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐵𝑋
𝑇𝐵𝑋 = = 602
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐵𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐵𝑌

𝑃𝐵 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐵𝑌
𝑇𝐵𝑌 = = 1648
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐵𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐵𝑌

𝑃𝐶 𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐶𝑋
𝑇𝐶𝑋 = = 790
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐶𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐶𝑌

𝑃𝐶 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐶𝑌
𝑇𝐶𝑌 = = 960
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐶𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐶𝑌

𝑃𝐷 𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐷𝑋
𝑇𝐷𝑋 = = 1900
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐷𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐷𝑌

𝑃𝐷 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐷𝑌
𝑇𝐷𝑌 = = 1300
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐷𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐷𝑌

Zones X Y Sum

A 594 406 1000

B 602 1648 2250

C 790 960 1750

D 1900 1300 3200

Sum 3886 4314

It can be seen that the calculated total attractions does not match with the desired values. A
iterative procedure is required to balance the attractions.
Iteration (k=2)
𝐴𝑗
𝐴𝑗𝑘 = × 𝐴𝑗(𝑘−1)
𝐶𝑗(𝑘−1)
Where, 𝐴𝑗𝑘 is the adjusted attraction, iteration k

𝐴𝑗 is the desired attraction

𝐴𝑗(𝑘−1) is the adjusted attraction, iteration (k-1)

𝐶𝑗(𝑘−1) is the calculated attraction, iteration (k-1)

X Y

𝐴𝑗 3700 4500

𝐶𝑗(2−1)
= 𝐶𝑗(1) 3886 4314

𝐴𝑗(2−1)
= 𝐴𝑗(1) 3700 4500

𝐴𝑗𝑘
= 𝐴𝑗(2) 3523 4695

𝑃𝐴 𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐴𝑋
𝑇𝐴𝑋 =
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐴𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐴𝑌
1000 ∗ 3523 ∗ 0.004444
𝑇𝐴𝑋 = = 572 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
(3523 ∗ 0.004444) + (4695 ∗ 0.0025)

𝑃𝐴 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐴𝑌
𝑇𝐴𝑌 = = 428
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐴𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐴𝑌

𝑃𝐵 𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐵𝑋
𝑇𝐵𝑋 = = 563
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐵𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐵𝑌

𝑃𝐵 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐵𝑌
𝑇𝐵𝑌 = = 1687
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐵𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐵𝑌

𝑃𝐶 𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐶𝑋
𝑇𝐶𝑋 = = 750
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐶𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐶𝑌
 𝑃𝐶 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐶𝑌
𝑇𝐶𝑌 = = 1000
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐶𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐶𝑌

𝑃𝐷 𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐷𝑋
𝑇𝐷𝑋 = = 1829
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐷𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐷𝑌

𝑃𝐷 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐷𝑌
𝑇𝐷𝑌 = = 1371
𝐴𝑋 𝐹𝐷𝑋 + 𝐴𝑌 𝐹𝐷𝑌

Zones X Y Sum

A 572 428 1000

B 563 1687 2250

C 750 1000 1750

D 1829 1371 3200

Sum 3714 4486

P3). Work trips produced by the residents of zone1 amount to 1000 trips. It is desired to
distribute these trips to zones 1 to 4 which has the following characteristics. Zone 1 has an
intrazonal time of 7 min. and has 1000 work trips attracted to it from all zones in the study area.
Terminal time is 2 minutes. (Note: The intrazonal time is the average travel time of trips which
have origins and destinations within the zone. Terminal time is the average time to park and walk
to the destination or walk from the origin to the car park). Zone 2 is 15 min. from zone 1 and has
a total of 700 work trips attracted to it from all zones in the study area. Terminal time is 3 min.
Zone 3 is 19 min. from zone 1 and has a total of 6000 work trips attracted to it from all zones in
the study area. Terminal time is 2 min. Zone 4 is 20 min. from zone 1 and has a total of 3000
work trips attracted to it from all zones in the study area. Terminal time is 3 min.The travel time
factors are given below.
Solution:

𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 =
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗

𝑃1 𝐴1 𝐹11
𝑇11 =
𝐴1 𝐹11 + 𝐴2 𝐹12 + 𝐴3 𝐹13 + 𝐴4 𝐹14

1000 ∗ 1000 ∗ 80
𝑇11 = = 160 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
(1000 ∗ 80) + (700 ∗ 49) + (6000 ∗ 45) + (3000 ∗ 39)

1000 ∗ 700 ∗ 49
𝑇12 = = 68 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
(1000 ∗ 80) + (700 ∗ 49) + (6000 ∗ 45) + (3000 ∗ 39)

1000 ∗ 6000 ∗ 45
𝑇13 = = 540 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
(1000 ∗ 80) + (700 ∗ 49) + (6000 ∗ 45) + (3000 ∗ 39)

1000 ∗ 3000 ∗ 39
𝑇14 = = 233 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠
(1000 ∗ 80) + (700 ∗ 49) + (6000 ∗ 45) + (3000 ∗ 39)

P4). A three zone city has the following trips produced and attracted to the three zones as
follows.

Zone 1 2 3
Trips produced 700 200 0
Trips attracted 0 400 500
The impedance and corresponding friction factors have been calibrated as follows.
Travel time in 2 4 6 8
min.
Friction factor 10 7 6 5
The travel time between zones are provided below.
1 2 3
1 2 4 6
2 4 2 8
3 6 8 2
Distribute the trips between zones.
Solution:
𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 =
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗
 𝑃1 𝐴1 𝐹11
𝑇11 = =0
𝐴1 𝐹11 + 𝐴2 𝐹12 + 𝐴3 𝐹13

𝑃1 𝐴2 𝐹12
𝑇12 = = 338
𝐴1 𝐹11 + 𝐴2 𝐹12 + 𝐴3 𝐹13

𝑃1 𝐴3 𝐹13
𝑇13 = = 362
𝐴1 𝐹11 + 𝐴2 𝐹12 + 𝐴3 𝐹13

𝑃2 𝐴1 𝐹21
𝑇21 = =0
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23

𝑃2 𝐴2 𝐹22
𝑇22 = = 123
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23

𝑃2 𝐴3 𝐹23
𝑇23 = = 77
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23

𝑇31 = 𝑇32 = 𝑇33 = 0

1 2 3 Sum
1 0 338 362 700
2 0 123 77 200
3 0 0 0
Sum 461 439
It can be seen that the calculated total attractions does not match with the desired values. A
iterative procedure is required to balance the attractions.
Iteration (k=2)
𝐴𝑗
𝐴𝑗𝑘 = × 𝐴𝑗(𝑘−1)
𝐶𝑗(𝑘−1)
Where, 𝐴𝑗𝑘 is the adjusted attraction, iteration k

𝐴𝑗 is the desired attraction

𝐴𝑗(𝑘−1) is the adjusted attraction, iteration (k-1)

𝐶𝑗(𝑘−1) is the calculated attraction, iteration (k-1)

 1 2 3

𝐴𝑗 0 400 500

𝐶𝑗(2−1)
= 𝐶𝑗(1) 0 461 439

𝐴𝑗(2−1)
= 𝐴𝑗(1) 0 400 500

𝐴𝑗𝑘
= 𝐴𝑗(2) 0 347 569

𝑃1 𝐴1 𝐹11
𝑇11 = =0
𝐴1 𝐹11 + 𝐴2 𝐹12 + 𝐴3 𝐹13

𝑃1 𝐴2 𝐹12
𝑇12 =
𝐴1 𝐹11 + 𝐴2 𝐹12 + 𝐴3 𝐹13

700 ∗ 347 ∗ 7
𝑇12 = = 291
(347 ∗ 7) + (569 ∗ 6)

𝑃1 𝐴3 𝐹13
𝑇13 = = 409
𝐴1 𝐹11 + 𝐴2 𝐹12 + 𝐴3 𝐹13

𝑃2 𝐴1 𝐹21
𝑇21 = =0
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23

𝑃2 𝐴2 𝐹22
𝑇22 = = 110
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23

𝑃2 𝐴3 𝐹23
𝑇23 = = 90
𝐴1 𝐹21 + 𝐴2 𝐹22 + 𝐴3 𝐹23

𝑇31 = 𝑇32 = 𝑇33 = 0

 1 2 3 Sum
1 0 291 409 700
2 0 110 90 200
3 0 0 0
Sum 401 499
The total attractions match with the desired values.
P5). Assume that you are a planning consultant for the construction of a major shopping center in
a city. At present, the city consists of 3 residential zones and one central business district (CBD),
where all shopping activity is concentrated. Your clients can acquire land for the proposed center
at the location shown and are interested in your prediction of the patronage that the center will
attract if built to compete with the CBD. The following data have been made available to you.

1). Daily shopping trip production (trips per person)

X3=I X3=II

X2 0 1 2 X2 0 1 2
X1 X1
≤2 0.2 0.3 0.4 ≤2 0.3 0.4 0.5
3 0.1 0.2 0.3 3 0.2 0.2 0.4
≥4 0.1 0.2 0.3 ≥4 0.2 0.2 0.5

Where,

X1=Household size (persons per household)

X2=Vehicle ownership (cars per household)

X1=Household income level (I or II)

2). Shopping attractions

The shopping attractiveness of commercial zones has been found to be given by the following
regression equation.

A=400 Xa+210 Xb

Where, Xa=Area of shopping floor space in acres

Xb=Available parking space in acres

3). Landuse and socioeconomic projections

Residential zones
Zone X1 X2 X3 Number of households
Base year Target year
1 2 0 I 300 500
2 1 I 300 400
3 1 I 200 300
2 2 II 0 50
2 2 1 I 400 500
2 1 II 300 200
3 2 I 200 300
3 0 I 100 400
3 1 1 II 100 200
2 2 II 300 400
3 2 II 200 300
4 2 II 100 400

Commercial zones

Base year Target year

Zone Xa Xb Xa Xb
4 (CBD) 3 2 3 2.5
5 0 0 2 3

4). Gravity model parameters

The travel time between various zones are shown below. Assume c=2.

4 5
1 20 5
2 10 10
3 5 20
Solution:
The first step is to apply the trip generation models and the available landuse and socio-
economic projections to find the target year productions and attractions.
Future trip productions in zones 1, 2 and 3

Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3

=500*2*0.2=200 =500*2*0.3=300 =200*1*0.4=80
=400*2*0.3=240 =200*2*0.4=160 =400*2*0.5=400
=300*3*0.2=180 =300*3*0.3=270 =300*3*0.4=360
=50*2*0.5=50 =400*3*0.1=120 =400*4*0.5=800
Total P1=670 Total P2=850 Total P3=1640
Future trip attractions in zones 4 and 5

A4=(400*3)+(210*2.5)=1725

A5=(400*2)+(210*3)=1430

The next step is to perform trip distribution analysis, i.e., target year interchange values using
gravity model.

Calculate the friction factors using travel time values

4 5
1 0.0025 0.04
2 0.01 0.01
3 0.04 0.0025
𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 =
∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑖𝑗

𝑃1 𝐴4 𝐹14
𝑇14 = = 47
𝐴4 𝐹14 + 𝐴5 𝐹15

𝑃1 𝐴5 𝐹15
𝑇15 = = 623
𝐴4 𝐹14 + 𝐴5 𝐹15

𝑃2 𝐴4 𝐹24
𝑇24 = = 465
𝐴4 𝐹24 + 𝐴5 𝐹25

𝑃2 𝐴5 𝐹25
𝑇25 = = 385
𝐴4 𝐹24 + 𝐴5 𝐹25

𝑃3 𝐴4 𝐹34
𝑇34 = = 1559
𝐴4 𝐹34 + 𝐴5 𝐹35

𝑃3 𝐴5 𝐹35
𝑇35 = = 81
𝐴4 𝐹34 + 𝐴5 𝐹35

4 5 Sum
1 47 623 670
2 465 385 850
3 1559 81 1640
Sum 2071 1089

Out of 3160 trips, 1089 trips (34% of the total) will be attracted by the proposed shopping centre.
Growth factor methods

Simpler than synthetic models and can be used for small towns where considerable changes in
landuse are not expected. The 4 methods of growth factor are uniform factor method, average
factor method, Fratar method and Furness method. These methods require base year trip
interchange data to begin with.

Uniform or Constant factor method

Assume that all zones will increase in a uniform manner. Or in other words, the growth which is
expected to take place in the study area will have an equal effect on all trips in the area. A single
growth factor, E for the entire study area is calculated by dividing the future number of trip ends
expected in the study area for the design year by the trip ends in the base year. The future trips
between zone i and j is calculated using,

𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 𝑡𝑖𝑗 × 𝐸

Where, 𝑡𝑖𝑗 is the base year number of trips between zones i and j and E is the constant/growth
factor.

P1). The distribution of present trips among the zones 1, 2 and 3 are given below. The future
trips produced in zones 1,2 and 3 are expected to be 360, 1260 and 3120 respectively. Distribute
the future trips among the zones.

1 2 3
1 60 100 200
2 120 30 400
3 250 300 30
Solution
1 2 3 𝑡𝑖𝑗 𝑇𝑖𝑗
1 60 100 200 360 360
2 120 30 400 550 1260
3 250 300 30 580 3120
Sum 1490 4740

So, E=4740/1490 = 3.181. Now multiply each cell by the uniform factor E.

1 2 3 𝑇𝑖𝑗 (calc) 𝑇𝑖𝑗

1 191 318 636 1145 360
2 382 95 1272 1749 1260
3 795 954 95 1844 3120
Sum 4738 4740
Even though the total number of calculated future trips and given trips matches, the trips
produced in each zones do not tally. This is because of the assumption of a uniform growth rate
for all the zones.

Disadvantages of uniform factor method

• Overestimates the trips between densely developed zones which probably have little
development potential

• Underestimate the future trips between underdeveloped zones which are likely to be
extremely developed in the future.

Average factor method

This method takes into account the varying rates of growth of trip making which can be expected
in different zones of a study area. Growth factor for each zone is calculated based on the average
of the growth factors calculated for both ends of the trip. The factor thus represents the average
growth associated both with the origin and destination zones. The future trips between zone i and
j is calculated using,

𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 𝑡𝑖𝑗 × [ ]
2

Where, 𝑡𝑖𝑗 is the present number of trips between zones i and j

𝑃𝑖
𝐸𝑖 =
𝑝𝑖
and
𝐴𝑗
𝐸𝑗 =
𝑎𝑗

Where, 𝑃𝑖 is the future production of zone i and 𝑝𝑖 is the present production of zone i. 𝐴𝐽 is the
future attraction of zone j and 𝑎𝑗 is the present attraction of zone j. If calculated productions and
attractions do not match with the given ones, an iterative procedure is applied.

𝑃𝑖
𝐸𝑖 =
𝑝𝑖 ′
and
𝐴𝑗
𝐸𝑗 =
𝑎𝑗 ′

Iterative procedure is continued until the growth factors becomes unity.

P1). The distribution of present trips among the zones 1, 2 and 3 are given below. The future
trips produced in zones 1,2 and 3 are expected to be 360, 1260 and 3120 respectively. The future
trips attracted in zones 1,2 and 3 are expected to be 500, 1300 and 2500 respectively. Distribute
the future trips among the zones.

1 2 3
1 60 100 200
2 120 30 400
3 250 300 30
Solution
1 2 3 𝑝𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐸𝑖
1 60 100 200 360 360 1
2 120 30 400 550 1260 2.29
3 250 300 30 580 3120 5.379
𝑎𝑗 430 430 630
𝐴𝑗 500 1300 2500
𝐸𝑗 1.162 3.023 3.968

𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑗
𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 𝑡𝑖𝑗 × [ ]
2
𝐸1 + 𝐸1 1 + 1.162
𝑇11 = 𝑡11 × [ ] = 60 × [ ] = 64.86
2 2
1 + 3.023
𝑇12 = 100 × [ ] = 201.15
2
1 + 3.968
𝑇13 = 200 × [ ] = 496.8
2
In a similar way, the future trip interchanges can be calculated.

1 2 3 𝑝𝑖 ′ 𝑃𝑖 𝐸𝑖
1 65 201 497 763 360 0.471
2 207 80 1252 1539 1260 0.818
3 818 1260 140 2218 3120 1.406
𝑎𝑗 ′ 1090 1541 1889
𝐴𝑗 500 1300 2500
𝐸𝑗 0.458 0.843 1.323
Iterative procedure is continued until the growth factors becomes unity.
Disadvantages of growth factor methods

 Present trip distribution matrix has to be obtained first for which large scale O-D studies
with high sampling sizes are needed so as to estimate the zone-to-zone movements
accurately.
 The error in original data may gets magnified.
 None of the growth factor methods takes into account the impedance term, i.e., resistance
to travel and this is a major shortcoming.