Starter Unit

- Present simple
Forma

Verb: play

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I play I do not play/ don’t play Do I play?
You play You do not play/ don’t play Do you play?
He plays He does not play/ doesn’t play Does he play?
She plays She does not play/ doesn’t play Does she play?
It plays It does not play/ doesn’t play Does it play?
We play We do not play/ don’t play Do we play?
You play You do not play/ don’t play Do you play?
They play They do not play/ don’t play Do they play?

- Respuestas cortas:
Do they play basketball?
Yes, they do.
No, they don’t.

Does she play volleyball?

Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t.

Recuerda que a la tercera persona de singular (he, she it) se le añade una –s.

Recuerda que en las formas negativa e interrogativa usamos el verbo auxiliar y que no se añade
–s en estas formas ya que ya la lleva el does.

Spelling rules Present Simple: 3rd person singular – Reglas ortográficas: 3ª persona del
singular

1. La forma de la 3ª persona del singular (he/ she/ it) siempre termina en –s.
She walks to school.
My dog likes pizza.
He plays basketball.

2. Los verbos que terminan en consonante + -y cambian la –y por –ies.

She studies English.

Si el verbo termina en vocal + -y, sólo se añade –s.

Play  plays buy  buys

3. Si el verbo termina en –ss, -ch, -sh, -x, -o, se añade –es.

 He watches TV.
She washes her hair.
This bus goes to London.

4. El verbo have es un verbo irregular, y tiene una forma especial (has).

I have milk and toast for breakfast.
He has a shower at eight o’clock.

Uso
Usamos el presente simple para discutir:
o Hechos y estados
8,2 million people live in London.
o Hábitos y acciones repetidas
95,000 people arrive at the airport every year.

- Present continuous

Forma

Verb: go

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I am going I am not going/ I’m not going Am I going?
You are going You are not going/ You aren’t going Are you going?
He is going He is not going/ He isn’t going Is he going?
She is going She is not going/ She isn’t going Is she going?
It is going It is not going/ It isn’t going Is it going?
We are going We are not going/ We aren’t going Are we going?
You are going You are not going/ We aren’t going Are you going?
They are going They are not going/ We aren’t going Are they going?

- Respuestas cortas
Are you having a good time?
Yes, I am
No, I’m not

Is she having a party?

Yes, she is
No, she isn’t

- Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de acciones en progreso en este momento.

Spelling rules : -ing form – Reglas ortográficas: forma en –ing del verbo
 (1) Con la mayoría de los verbos, se añade –ing al infinitivo sin to.
play  playing speak  speaking sing  singing

(2) Con los verbos acabados en –e, la –e se pierde y se añade –ing.

write  writing dance  dancing pone  phoning

(3) los verbos que terminan en –ie, sustituyen ie por –y y añaden –ing.
Die  dying

(4) los verbos terminados en –l, la doblan

travel  travelling
(5) verbos monosilábicos terminados con una vocal + consonante, doblan la consonante final:
get  getting
(6) los verbos con 2 o + sílabas con acento en la última sílaba y que terminan en vocal +
consonante, doblan la consonante final:
forget  forgetting

Uso
Utilizamos el presente continuo para:
o acciones en progreso ahora.
I’m watching TV.
o Situaciones temporales
She’s not driving at the moment

- Past Simple
Forma

Verbo: start

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I started I did not start/ didn’t start Did I start?
You started You did not start/ didn’t start Did you start?
He started He did not start/ didn’t start Did he start?
She started She did not start/ didn’t start Did she start?
It started It did not start/ didn’t start Did it start?
We started We did not start/ didn’t start Did we start?
You started You did not start/ didn’t start Did you start?
They started They did not start/ didn’t start Did they start?

- Respuestas cortas
Did you start college?
Yes, I did
No, I didn’t
 Did she start high school?
Yes, she did.
No, she didn’t.

- A la afirmativa de los verbos irregulares se le añade –ed (verbos regulares), la forma de los
verbos irregulares hay que estudiarla (2ª columna).
- En la negativa e interrogativa utilizamos el verbo do en pasado did para todas las personas y
no usamos la forma con –ed sino la forma original del verbo.

Spelling rules for -ed

La mayoría de los verbos: añaden -ed start  started

Los verbos regulares acabados en –e: use  used
añaden -d
Los verbos acabados en –l, doblan la -l Travel  travelled
Los verbos regulares acabados en carry  carried
consonante + -y: cambian la y por i y
añaden -ed
Los verbos monosilábicos terminados en stop  stopped
vocal + consonante, doblan la consonante
final
Verbos con 2 o + sílabas con acento en la Admit admitted
sílaba final que acaban en vocal +
consonante, doblan la consonante final

Uso

Utilizamos el past simple para hablar:

o De una acción en el pasado que ha terminado

What time did she arrive home?
o De cosas en el pasado que ocurrieron con frecuencia
They played that song six times yesterday.
o De estados en el pasado
She felt very tired after the walk.

Verbo TO BE en pasado simple

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was I was not/ wasn’t Was I?
You were You were not/ weren’t Were you?
He was He was not/ wasn’t Was he?
She was She was not/ wasn’t Was she?
It was It was not/ wasn’t Was it?
We were We were not/ weren’t Were we?
You were You were not/ weren’t Were you?
They were They were not/ weren’t Were they?

- Respuestas cortas:
Were they sad?
Yes, they were
No, they weren’t

Was she happy?

Yes, she was
No, she wasn’t

- Past continuous
Forma

Verb: search = buscar

- El pasado continuo se forma con el verbo to be en pasado (was/were) + la forma –ing del
verbo

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was searching I was not searching/ wasn’t searching Was I searching?
You were searching You were not searching/ weren’t searching Were you searching?
He was searching He was not searching/ wasn’t searching Was he searching?
She was searching She was not searching/ wasn’t searching Was she searching?
It was searching It was not searching/ wasn’t searching Was it searching?
We were searching We were not searching/ weren’t searching Were we searching?
You were searching You were not searching/ weren’t searching Were you searching?
They were searching They were not searching/ weren’t searching Were they searching?

- Respuestas cortas:
Were they working?
Yes, they were
No they weren’t

Was it snowing?
Yes, it was
No, it wasn’t

Uso
Utilizamos el past continuous para:
o Una acción en progreso en un momento específico en el pasado
Yesterday morning we were sitting outside.
o Acciones en pasado interrumpidas por otra acción
I was walking home when I saw it.

- Present simple & continous, past simple & continuous

Presente simple y presente continuo

- Usamos el presente simple para rutinas y hábitos.

They celebrate Thanksgiving every year. (routine)

- Usamos el presente continuo para describir lo que está pasando en este momento.
Hundreds of people are walking in the procession. (now)

Past simple and past continuous

- A menudo usamos el pasado continuo y el pasado simple en la misma frase.

- Usamos el pasado simple para acciones cortas.
- Usamos el pasado continuo para acciones más largas.
- El pasado simple describe un evento que interrumpe una acción más larga en el pasado continuo.

- Usamos las expresiones tiempo when o while con el pasado continuo para decir que algo tuvo lugar mientras otra
acción estaba sucediendo.
- Normalmente ponemos when antes de la frase en pasado simple y while antes de la frase en pasado continuo.
He was playing golf when the lightning struck him.
The lightning struck him while he was playing golf.

- Stative verbs
Con ciertos verbos nunca utilizamos la forma continua. A estos se les llama stative verbs
(verbos de estado). Los más comunes son:

o Verbos para expresar pensamientos y opiniones: believe, know, understand, remember,

forget, think (= believe)
I understand what you’re saying.
o verbos que expresan preferencias: like, love, prefer, hate
She loves rock music.
o Verbos que expresan estado o posesion: be, have (got), own
He hasn’t got a car.

- Subject & object questions

Normalmente formamos las preguntas objeto invirtiendo el orden de las palabras donde el
verbo auxiliar o modal está presente.
He is a fireman.  Is he a fireman?

Donde no hay verbo auxiliar o modal, usamos do para formar la pregunta objeto en su lugar.
I know her from work.  Do you know her from work?
 Las preguntas sujeto se forman utilizando el pronombre interrogativo como sujeto de la
frase. No utilizamos ningún verbo auxiliar y no invertimos el orden de las palabras.
Compara estas frases:
Who does Joe love? Joe loves Bella.
(Donde Joe es el sujeto del verbo)
Who loves Joe? Bella loves Joe.
(Donde who es el sujeto del verbo y Joe es el objeto)

- Present perfect simple

Forma: have/ has + participio

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have searched I have not searched / haven’t searched Have I searched?
You have searched You have not searched / haven’t searched Have you searched?
He has searched He has not searched / hasn’t searched Has he searched?
She has searched She has not searched / hasn’t searched Has she searched?
It has searched It has not searched / hasn’t searched Has it searched?
We have searched We have not searched / haven’t searched Have we searched?
You were searched You have not searched / haven’t searched Have you searched?
They have searched They have not searched / haven’t searched Have they searched?

Ortografía
Formamos la mayoría de los participios con infinitivo + -ed. Sin embargo tenemos que
cambiar la ortogradia de algunos verbos antes de añadir –ed para formar el participio.

Uso
Utilizamos el present perfect simple para hablar sobre:
o Una situación presente que comenzó en el pasado
How long have you lived in Oxford?
o Algo que ocurrió en el pasado que tiene un efecto en el presente.
I’ve been shopping, so we have food for dinner.
o Experiencias pasadas cuando no decimos cuándo ocurrieron
She’s met lots of new people.

- Present perfect continuous

Forma: have/ has been + verbo con –ing

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have been searching I haven’t been searching Have I been searching?
You have been searching You haven’t been searching Have you been searching?
He has been searching He hasn’t been searching Has he been searching?
She has been searching She hasn’t been searching Has she been searching?
It has been searching It hasn’t been searching Has it been searching?
We have been searching We haven’t been searching Have we been searching?
You were been searching You haven’t been searching Have you been searching?
They have been searching They haven’t been searching Have they been searching?
Uso

Utilizamos el present perfect continuous para hablar de:

o Acciones repetidas o continuas que tienen un efecto en el presente.

She’s been working in Barcelona for many years.
o Una actividad reciente que se repitió y es relevante ahora.
I’ve been having problems with my computer.
o Una explicación para algo haciendo referencia a una acción o evento pasado
I got an A because I’ve been studying for months.

- Present perfect simple & continuous

Utilizamos ambos tiempos para acciones acabadas e inacabadas.
El present perfect simple puede ser utilizado (a menudo con since y for) para hbalr sobre
acciones inacabadas que comenzaron en el pasado y todavía son verdad en el presente. Es a
menudo utilizado con verbos de estado:
I’ve known John for three years.

El present perfect continous puede también ser utilizado (a menudo con since y for) para
hablar de acciones inacabadas que comenzaron en el pasado y todavía son verdad en el
presente. (Por supuesto, no utilizamos el present perfect continous con verbos de estado):
She’s been living here for three years.

A veces no existe verdadera diferencia en significado entre los dos tiempos. Este es
especificamente el caso con verbos como ‘live’, ‘work’ y ‘study’:
They’ve lived in London since 2004.
They’ve been living in London since 2004.

I’ve studied French for ten years.

I’ve been studying French for ten years.

He’s worked at the company since 2009.

He’s been working at our company since 2009.

A veces, hay diferencia de significado:

1) El present perfect continuous puede ser utilizado para enfatizar la duración de tiempo
que ha pasado. El present perfect simple es generalmente neutral:
They’ve been waiting for hours! (enfatiza la duración del tiempo)
They’ve waited for hours. (no enfatiza la duración del tiempo)

2) Por otra parte, el present perfect simple a menudo es usado cuando estamos hablando
sobre la cantidad de algo. Esto no es posible en el present perfect continuous.
She’s drunk three cups of coffee this morning.
 She’s drunk at least a litre of coffee today.
(NO: she’s been drinking three cups of coffee this morning)

3) El present perfect continuous a menudo se centra en la acción en si misma, mientras que

el present perfect simple se centra en el hecho de que la acción ha sido completada.
I’ve been reading the book you recommended. (lo estoy disfrutando pero no lo he
acabado)
I’ve real the book you recommended.(lo he acabado, asi que podemos hablar sobre él)

Usamos ‘yet’ y ‘already’ con el present perfect simple:

Have you read the book yet?
She’s finished her work already.

Esta diferencia es a menudo utilizada para hablar sobre los diferentes tipos de resultados en el
presente. El present perfect simple es utilizado cuando la acción está acabada y el resultado resulta
de la acción acabada:
I’ve eaten dinner, so let’s go out.
She’s done all her homework, so she can relax this evening.
I’ve made a cake. Would you like some?

El present perfect continuous se utiliza cuando el resultado viene de la acción en si misma. No

importa si la acción está completamente finalizada o no. El resultado es a menudo algo que
podemos ver, oír, oler o sentir:
I’ve ben eating dinner, so there are plates all over the table.
She’s been doing her homework, so she’s tired.
I’ve been making a cake, that’s why the kitchen is such a mess.

4) Finalmente, el present perfect continuous puede ser utilizado para enfatizar que algo es temporal:
She’s been running a lot recently. (ella no hace esto a menudo)
Usually I study at home, but I’ve been studying in the library for the last week.

- Ever & never, for & since

Usamos ever o never + participio en present perfect simple para discutir si algo a ocurrido en el pasado.
o Ever significa ‘en cualquier momento’ y es generalmente utilizado en preguntas.
Have you ever been to the Prado museum?
o el contrario de ever es never, que significa ‘en ningún momento’
No, I’ve never been to the Prado.

Utilizamos for o since con el present perfect simple para discutir la duración de un estado o acción que
comenzó en el pasado y todavía continúa.

o Podemos utilizar for y since para responder ‘How long...?’

How long have you lived here?
I’ve lived here for six months/ since January?
o Utilizamos for para discutir sobre cuánto tiempo ha durado algo.
We’ve known her for two years.
o Utilizamos since para mencionar cuando comenzo algo
 SHe’s worked here dince last Christmas.

- Still, yet, already, just

A menudo utiilizamos las expresiones de tiempo still, just, yet o already con el present perfect simple:
o Usamos still en frases negativas para enfatizar que la situación no ha cambiado. Lo colocamos entre el
sujeto y el verbo auxiliar have.
It’s 11 p.m. and the film still hasn’t started!
o Utilizamos yet en preguntas para preguntar si una acción ha sido completada. Lo colocamos al final de la
frase.
Have you watched the DVD yet?
o También podemos utilizar yet al final de frases negativas para enfatizar que pretendemos completar una
acción en el futuro.
I haven’t saved enough money yet.
o Utilizamos already para enfatizar que una acción ha ocurrido. Lo colocamos entre el verbo auxiliar have y
el participio del verbo principal.
I’ve already seen that film. It’s rubbish!
o Utilizamos just para discutir una acción que ocurrió muy recientemente. Lo colocamos entre el verbo
auxiliar havey el participio del verbo principal.
I’ve just read the final HUnger Games book.

- None, both, all, neither

Utilizamos both o neither para discutir 2 cosas/ personas, pero utilizamos all o none para discutir grupos
de 3 o más cosas/ personas.
o Utilizamos both o all detrás del verbo to be o los modales.
We could all go dancing this weekend.
o Utilizamos both o all antes de otros verbos
They both bought new trainers for the gym.
o Utilizamos both, neither y all con of antes de artículos y pronombres.
Neither of you can afford the festival tickets.

- Indefinite pronouns
Utilizamos pronombres indefinidos para hablar de personas, cosas o lugares de una manera general.
o Utilizamos pronombres terminados en –body o-one para referirnos a personas: someone/ somebody,
anyone/ anybody, no one/ nobody, everyone/ everybody.
o Utilizamos pronombres termonados en –thing para referirnos a cosas: something, anything, nothing,
everything.
o Utilizamos pronombres terminados en –where para referirnos a lugares: somewhere, anywhere,
nowhere, everywhere.
o Solo utilizamos los pronombres con no- como el sujeto de una frase negativa.
Nobody came to the summer barbecue.
o Utilizamos un verbo en singular después de un pronombre indefinido.
Everything was ready for the exam this year.
o A menudo utilizamos pronombres que comienzan por any- en preguntas:
Is there anywhere good to eat nearby?
- Comparatives & superlatives
Utilizamos adjetivos en comparativo para comparar cosas:
Rome is bigger than Madrid.
Utilizamos adjetivos en superlativo para expresar estremos:
Italians make the best pizzas in the world.

Adjective comparative superlative

Una sílaba terminado en –e Adjetivo + -r The + adjetivo + -st
nice nicer The nicest
Monosilábico terminado en Adjetivo (con la consonante final The + adjetivo (con la
consonante + vocal + consonante doblada) + -er consonante final doblada) + -est
big bigger The biggest
Bisílabo terminado en –y Adjetivo (sin –y) + -ier The + adjetivo (sin –y) + -iest
funny funnier The funniest
Otros adjetivos con uno o 2 Adjetivo + -er The + adjetivo + -est
sílabas cleverer The cleverest
clever
3 o más sílabas More + adjetivo The most + adjetivo
expensive More expensive The most expensive

Adjetivos irregulares
Los adjetivos good, bady far tienen formas irregulares.
Adjective comparative superlative
Good Better The best
Bad Worse The worst
far further The furthest

Uso
Comparativo + than compara personas, lugares y cosas.
Tallinn is colder than Toledo.

The + superlativo expresar el grado máximo de algo.

I think jamon iberico is the best in the world.

- (not) as ... as, less & least

Usamos as + adjetivo + as para comparar dos cosas iguales.
The sequel was as good as the first film.

Sin embargo, utilizamos not as + adjetivo + as para expresar desigualdad. Significa lo mismo que less +
adjetivo + than
The second exam wasn’t as difficult as the first.

El adjetivo comparativo less se opone a more.

Gold is more expensive than silver.
Silver is less expensive than gold.

Utilizamos el adjetivo superlativo the least + adjetivo como el contrario de the most.
This is the most/ least expensive hat in the shop.
Unit 1

- Past simple
- Past continuous
- Past simple & past continuous
Uso
o Utilizamos el past simple para hablar de una acción en el pasado que ha acabado.
I wrote my essay last night. I srtarted it at five o’clock and I finished at half past six.
o Utilizamos el past continuous para discutir una acción que estaba ocurriendo en un momento especifico
en el pasado.
‘What were you doing at six o’clock?’
‘I was writing my essay.’
o podemos combinar el past simple con el past continuous utilizando when o while. También podemos
cambiar el orden de los tiempos en la frase.
While I was driving, my mobile rang.
My mobile rang while I was driving.

- Present perfect simple

- Past simple & present perfect simple
Uso
o Utilizamos el past simple para habar sobre un estado o acción que acabó en el pasado.
I lived in Gijón when I was eight years old. (no vivo allí ahora)
o Usamos el present perfect simple para hablar sobre un estado o acción que comenzó en el pasado, pero
continúa en el presente.
I’ve lived in Gijón since 2007. (todavía vivio allí ahora)
o usamos el past simple con una expresión de tiempo para especifical el tiempo cuando algo ocurrió.
I tried Thai food last night.
o Usamos el present perfect simple si no queremos o no necesitamos especificar el tiempo en el que algo
ocurrió.
Have you tried Thai food? (el cuándo, no importa)

- past perfect simple

Forma: had + participio
(+) I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + had + participio
(-)I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + hadn’t + participio
(?) Had + I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + participio + ?

Uso
Utilizamos el past perfect simple:
o para acciones / situaciones que ocurrieron antes de otra acción/ sitaucion/ punto específico en el pasado
I’d only seen Khan in photos before I visited India.
o Con la expresión it was the first/ second/ third time
It was the first time that I’d tried octopus.
- Past simple & past perfect simple
Uso
o Utilizamos el past simple, NO el past perfect simple, para acciones/ eventos en el pasado que han
acabado.
I listened to the band’s new album.
o Utilizamos el past perfect simple para acciones/ eventos en el pasado que ocurrieron antes de otra
acción/ evento.
I’d seen the show before i met the presenter.

- Used to para hábitos en pasado

Forma:

(+)I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + used to + infinitivo

(-)I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + didn’t use to + infinitivo

(?) Did + I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + use to + infinitivo + ?

Uso

Utilizamos used to para comparar acciones/ hábitos/ situaciones pasadas con el presente, para explicar que
la acción o situación no existe en el presente.

We used to go to Italy on holiday. (pero ahora no)

- Would para hábitos en pasado

(+)I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + would + infinitivo

(-)I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + wouldn’t + infinitivo

(?) Would + I/ You/ He/ She/ It/ We/ You/ They + infinitivo + ?

Uso

Utilizamos would+ infinitivo en escritura formal para hablar sobre acciones o hábitos pasados.

In the summer, my grandparents would visit.

- Past simple, used to and would

Uso
o Podemos utilizar el past simple así como used to o would para hablar sobre acciones o hábitos pasados.
As a child, she would spend her holidays in Ibiza.
As a child, she used to spend her holidays in Ibiza.
As a child, she spent her holidays in Ibiza.
o NO podemos utilizar would para hablar sobre estados en pasado, debemos utilizar el past simple o used
to en su lugar.
o No podemos utilizar used to con for o since.