Answers to Selected Problems: Chapter 1

1.1

2. 3

1.3
1. -10
3. 19 / 9
4. 90o
6. 2e1 + 5e 2 + 6e 3

1.5

⎡− 1 / 2 0 1/ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
1. ⎢ 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 ⎥
⎢ − 1 / 2 1 / 2 − 1 / 2⎥
⎣ ⎦

1.6

2. 3t 2 e1 − 4t 3e 2 + 6te 3
3. (iii) 2x , (iv) x / x
5. x 2 x3 + x1
− (1 − x1 x 2 )e 2 + ( x 2 − x1 x3 )e 3

1.7

1. 303
9. 2π

1.8
1. No
3. when a = b

1.9

2. No
4. Aijk B jk e i or simply Aijk B jk .
D ⋅ F = 12e1 ⊗ e 3 + 15e 2 ⊗ e 2 − e 2 ⊗ e 3 − 15e 3 ⊗ e 2 + 5e 3 ⊗ e 3
6.
F : D = 17
7. 4e1 + 10e 2 + 5e 3

A1
8. (a) a scalar, equals the trace of a second-order tensor
(b) 3 functions of the 27 components of a third-order tensor
(c) 9 components of a second-order tensor
(d) scalar
9. a i b j ci d j

1.10

1.11
1. The principal invariants are
I T = trT = 3
II T = 1
2
[(trT) 2
]
− tr(T 2 ) = 2
III T = det T = 0
and the eigenvalues are 0,1,2
⎡8 0 0 ⎤
7. (c) Spectral decomposition is ⎢0 2 0⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 / 2 ⎤ ⎡1 / 2 ⎤ ⎡0⎤
Eigenvectors are ⎢− 1 / 2 ⎥, ⎢1 / 2 ⎥, ⎢0⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦
U is the square root of this.

1.12

1.13

⎡cos θ − sin θ 0⎤
1. (b) [Q] = ⎢⎢ sin θ cos θ 0⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
(c) u = (− 6 cosθ − 3 sin θ )e1′ + (6 sin θ − 3 cosθ )e′2 + e′3

1.14

⎡2 x1 0 0 ⎤
1. (a) ⎢
gradv = ⎢ 0 0 2 x3 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 2 x 2 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 x13 ⎤
(b) (∇ ⊗ v )v = ⎢⎢ 2 x3 x22 ⎥⎥
⎢2 x 2 x32 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

2. ∇ 2u = o

A2
3. gradu = e 3 ⊗ e1

1.15

7. (i) AT + TA
(ii) A : T T + T : A T

1.16
12. Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates
(i)
h1 = Θ12 + Θ 22 , h2 = Θ12 + Θ 22 , h3 = 1
(ii) The Jacobian is J = Θ12 + Θ 22
(iii) (Δs )2 = (Θ12 + Θ 22 )dΘ12 + (Θ12 + Θ 22 )dΘ 22 + dΘ 32
ΔS1 = Θ12 + Θ 22 ΔΘ 2 ΔΘ 3
ΔS 2 = Θ12 + Θ 22 ΔΘ1 ΔΘ 3
(
ΔS 3 = Θ12 + Θ 22 ΔΘ1 ΔΘ 2)
ΔV = (Θ +Θ
2
1 1
2
2 2 )ΔΘ ΔΘ ΔΘ 3

13. Elliptical Cylindrical Coordinates:

(i) h1 = sinh 2 Θ1 + sin 2 Θ 2 , h2 = sinh 2 Θ1 + sin 2 Θ 2 , h3 = 1
(ii) The Jacobian is J = sinh 2 Θ1 + sin 2 Θ 2
(iii) (Δs )2 = (sinh 2 Θ1 + sin 2 Θ 2 )dΘ12 + (sinh 2 Θ1 + sin 2 Θ 2 )dΘ 22 + dΘ 32
ΔS1 = sinh 2 Θ1 + sin 2 Θ 2 ΔΘ 2 ΔΘ 3
ΔS 2 = sinh 2 Θ1 + sin 2 Θ 2 ΔΘ1 ΔΘ 3
( )
ΔS 3 = sinh 2 Θ1 + sin 2 Θ 2 ΔΘ1 ΔΘ 2
ΔV = (sinh 2
Θ1 + sin Θ 2
2
)ΔΘ ΔΘ ΔΘ
1 2 3

1.17

2. g = Jg

1.18

⎡ ∂x i ⎤ ⎡Θ 2 Θ1 ⎤
13. (a) ⎢ j ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ ∂Θ ⎦ ⎣− 2 0 ⎦

A3
 ⎡ 1⎤
0 −
⎡ ∂Θ i ⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ j⎥ ⎢ 1=
Θ 2 ⎥⎥
(b)
⎣ ∂x ⎦ ⎢
⎢⎣ Θ1 2Θ1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 Θ2 ⎤
−
( )
⎡Θ +4 Θ Θ ⎤
2
g ij = ⎢ 1 2
2 1 2
=
⎢
⎢ 42 4Θ 1 ⎥
⎥
⎥ ( )
ij

( )
(c) , g 2
⎢⎣ Θ Θ
2
Θ1 ⎥⎦ ⎢ Θ 1 Θ2 ⎥
⎢− 4Θ1 +
⎣ ( )
Θ1
2
( ) 2 ⎥
4 Θ1 ⎦
1
(d) Γ111 = Γ121 = Γ21
1
= Γ22
1
= Γ112 = Γ222 = 0, Γ122 = Γ212 = 1
Θ
(e) gradΦ = g 1 + g 2

A4