Bio Exam Review 2

1. What is the correct order of information flow in bacterial and eukaryotic cells?
-DNA => mRNA => protein
2. Transcription is the process by which _________ is/are synthesized.
-mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
3. During elongation in translation. The growing polypeptide chain attaches to a tRNA in
the _________ site, and an incoming aminoacyl-tRNA attaches to the ________ site.
-P ; A
4.Proteins are synthesized from the __________, in the __________ direction along the
mRNA.
-N terminus to C terminus, 5’ to 3’
5. The enzyme that charges the tRNA molecules with appropriate amino acids is…
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
6. The adapters that allow translation of the four-letter nucleic acid language into the 20-
letter protein language are called…
-Transfer RNA’s
7. A fragment of DNA with ‘sticky ends’ (single stranded DNA)
-can form hydrogen bonds with another fragment with complementary ‘sticky’
ends.
8. Which processes makes use of the nucleic acid base-pairing rules?
-DNA replication
-Transcription
-Translation
-Sequencing
9. Proteins and small RNA’s that function in translation are…
-Ribosomes
10. The number of codons that actually specify amino acids…
-61
11. In bacteria, Transcription…
-is not separate from translation
12. Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific sequences by hydrolyzing…
-the 3’ hydroxyl of one nucleotide and the 5’ phosphate of the next
-Also, defend against foreign DNA
13. What statement about the similarities of mitosis and meiosis is accurate?
-Both mitosis and meiosis involve the separation of replicated chromosomes.
14. Give an example of a Palindrome…
-AGCTAGCT
15. Separation of alleles of a single gene into different gametes is called…
-segregation
16. When DNA migrates in a gel, the longer DNA…
-moves the most slowly
17. DNA migrates in an electric field because it…
-is negatively charged
18. When one gene affects many traits of the organism this way, we say the gene is…
Pleitropy
19. Different forms of a locus…
-alleles
20. Segments of a gene that are transcribed but do not encode part of the protein product
-introns
21. Process of making protein from RNA…
-translation
22. An enzyme that can covalently link two DNA fragments…
- DNA ligase
23. The physical appearance of a character…
-phenotype
24. The region of the chromosome occupied by a gene…
-locus
25. The start codon is…
-AUG methionine
26. An amino acid covalently linked to a tRNA is called…
Charged tRNA
27. An X-shaped site in a tetrad usually marking the location where homologous
chromatids crossover…
-chiasma
28. A tetrad consists of…
-two homologous pairs of chromosomes
29. Linked genes are genes that…
-are found on the same chromosome
30. Genes code for…
-enzymes
-polypeptides
-RNA
31. Fewer tRNA molecules exist than might have been expected for the complexity of its
function. This is possible because…
-the third position of the codon does not have to pair conventionally
32. The AB blood phenotype found in individuals with I^A I^B genotype is….
-co dominance
33. The fact that some tRNA molecules do not have to pair exactly is called…
-wobble
34. The portion of the tRNA molecule that complimentary base-pairs with the mRNA is...
-anticodon
35. What are the 3 stages of Transcription:
-Initiation (w/promoter-binds RNA polymerase with T-bubble- and initiation site)
-Elongation (polymerase adding new nucleotides and making RNA strand)
-Termination