The effectiveness of patrol methods in crime prevention in navotas city

Thesis presented to the deans and faculty of the criminology depepartment

Arellano university malabon elisa esguera campus

In partial fulfillment of the degree

Batchelor of science in criminology

By.

Clyde borja tanhinan

 Chapter 1

The problem and its setting

Introduction

Police patrols refers to what the officers do whether it is spying scenario,cops walking
the beat, or on in-depth criminal investigation. The operation of police patrol also include various
activities, initially, the police will identify crime and provide a physical police presence at the
location. This presence include officers on foot, as well as officers in car patrolling the location.
However, police patrol can also include other types of operations including the use of 9-1-1
system like in the united states of America and using certain types of patrol where in officers
may also look for opportunities to interact with community in casual or formal situations.

The time that police officers spend handling calls for service is also considered part of
patrol work. Officers on patrol respond to calls take report, quell disturvances, and forth. The
combination these two set of activities patrolling and handling calls occupy most of the
personnel in the typical police department. Thus patrol is the main business of policing.

The term patrol is associated with the police today. New police officers are usually
assigned to patrol duties and are often called patrol officers. The largest until in most police
department is the patrol division. In small police department, everyone patrols. When we call for
police assistance, weather for an emergency. To report a crime, to quite a disturbance or to
request some type of routine service, patrol officers are typically dispatched.

Catching criminals is still very important, but today’s criminal use many kinds of different
weapons and can speed away from the scene of their crimes very quikly. The police have to try
and keep up with modern inventions that can be use to fight crime. They have powerfull cars
and motorbikes, fast motors launches and helicopter.

The information the police collect is often stored in computers. Police scientists have
modern laboratories where they study all the brought in by detectives. Police in over a hundred
countries share information with each other. They use the organization called “Interpol” which is
base in paris.
 Machines have not been the answer to all the police problems. They use dog to task
criminals and sniff out explosive and drugs. Horses are still used for controlling large numbers of
people. Most of the police officers all over the world carry guns.
Setting of the study
Conceptual frame work

Police functions and services are currently based on three

implicit basic conceptual units: the person, the process, and the
product. Each one of these was the fundamental assumption for one of
the three historical models of police science: the Personal Qualities
Model, the Community Relations Model, and the Scientific
Management Model. Although none of these models has ever been
implemented in a pure form, modern police science is implicitly based
on their three basic conceptual units which are applied to different but
specific areas of police functions and services. However, these
conceptual units have never been explicitly reconciled with each
other, thus at times resulting in contradictory proposals. A
comprehensive theory of police functions and services requires a
conceptual framework for explicitly relating the person, the process,
and the product. A two-dimensional framework is proposed based on a
psychological and a sociological level of analysis.

Theoretical / conceptual framework

 personnel

the effectiveness of
taining
patrol methods in crime equipment
prevention in Navotas
City

transportation
Statement of the problem

1. how do the effectiveness of the different patrol methods be described by the police

officer in navotas city?

1.1 Foot patrol

1.2 Motor cycle patrol

1.3 Automobile patrol

2 What is the level effectiveness of the police patrol methods as perceived by the

Community in terms of;

2.1 providing security and protection to community

2.2 working relationship with the community

3 what is the implecation of the study?

assumption or hypothesis
 significance of the study

the result of this research study will benefit different group people;

to the police officers of navotas city. The result of this research study shall build a good

relationship between the police officers and the people. This study primarily benefits the

community to become more organized. For the citizens of navotas city. To become more

discriplined. They need to help the police officers towards crime prevention by applying the

patrol methods.

Together with the other major public and private services, result of the study may

help improve the quality of life of the community by launching prevention programs, that

willreduce the fear of crime and promote a true feeling of community safety.

To the barangay councils of selected barangays of navotas city . the results of

this study will help improve their jobs through the use of patrol methods. Working

together with the PNP officers, the community will be well protected from crimes that

may occur in the locality.

To the future researchers. The students in criminology course who are interested

on the same topic will find this research study useful as future reference.
scope and limitation of the study

this research study will deal on the effectiveness of the different police patrol methods

such as foot patrol. Motorcycle patrol, automobile patrol use to prevent crimes in Navotas City.

definition of term

there are world in this study which need to defined operationally to obtain a clear and

understandable and meaning interpretation on how they used in this study.

Automobile patrol – a police automobile equipped with a radio telephone for

Communicating with police headquarters.

Bicycle patrol – the most often mentioned are visibility and movility.

Motorcycle patrol- equipment will differ from that of other personnel.

Oplan sita program – against criminals riding motorcycle.

Foot patrol – is the backbone of policing, the central aspect of police operations.

Patrol – a person or group of person who perform such an act.

Police o fficers – refers to people who are responsible for enforecing and manage the

patrolling regulations and con trolling the crime rate. Maintain the safety of the people in public

place, and pre vent crimes in navotas city.

Patrol – is a policing tactic or technique that involves movement around an area for purpose of

observation, inspection or security.

 chapter 2

`review of related literature and studies

This chapter is consist of relates literature and studies which have direct relations

to the present research study.

Foreign literature

Increasing the police presence can occur in a number of ways. One mainstay of policing

since the 1930s has been random preventive patrol by automobile. Random patrol generally

involves officers randomly driving aroud their beat in downtime between calls for service.

The idea is to create a sense of omnipresence and to maximize deterrence by keeping

offenders on their toes about when an officer will drive by next. Additionally, crime is expected
to

be deterred at the time officers are driving through ( or setting in ) a particular area. Because

crime is not rademly distributed across beats, but is instead highly concentrated ( see weisburd.

Greff. & yang. 2012.) random prevented patrol has generally not been thought to be very

effective crime control. Tool ( telep & weisburd. 2012 ). In the major study in this area, the

Kansas city preventive patrol experimentive patrol on the ( kelling et al. 1974 ). Increasing (or

Decreasing ) levels of preventive patrol did not have a significant impact on crime or

victimization.

Random preventive patrol is routinely dismissed as an in affective strategy that police

should not be using based largely on the results of this single study.

A Sherman and weisburd (1995) note ,the small sample of beats in the study created

low statistical power, which made it difficult for the evaluation to discern a significant difference

between the study groups even if one had exist (see also Sherman, 1992).. a more systematic
examination of the impact of increasing patrol in beats of large geographic areas may thus

provide a stronger answer to the question of “does random prevented patrol work ?”by simply

citing the kansa city study as the final answer.

In a recent review or systematic reviews in policing. Telep and weisburd.(2004) argued

that while most police innovation in policing have been covered by an existing review. More

traditional tactics in policing have received less attension . while these “standard model “ tactics

(weisburd & eck.2004)such as random preventive patrol are generally seen as out dated. They

continue to occupy a substantial portion of police time and resources so more systematic

inquiry into there effects would be worthwhile.

Increasing police presence is not limited to random patrols at the beat level.

Increasing preventive police patrols has also been an important component in a number of

interventions at smaller units of geography than the police beat. The original hot spots policing

experiment in Minneapolis ( Sherman and weisburd. 1995) focused on trying to increase patrol

levels on high crime street blocks to three hours per day. More recently. The sacramento

police department used 15 minute stop by officers in a random order to increase police

prensence on high crime street segments ( telep, Mitchell, & weisburd, in press ). Di tella and

schargrodsky ( 2004 ) evaluated the impact of adding police officers.

To guard jewish and muslim building a terrorist attack in Buenos aires.ratcliffe and

collegues ( 2011 ) evaluated the impact of using foot patrol to increase patrol levels in high

crime areas im philadelphia.these hot spots or micro place interventiongenerally show stronger

evidence of effectiveness, in part because police are maximizing their deterrent ability by

focusing in on the highest crime places.

We recognized that many of these hot spots policing studies are also include in the hot

spots policing systematic review by braga, papachristos, and hureau ( 2012 ). We will focus

though on only those hot spot studies focused entirely ( or entirely ) on increasing police

presence. Any problems-oriented hot spots interventios, for example, will not be covered by our
review and as a result, we do not expect the overlap between the two reviews to be substantial.

We suspect that most police interventions examining increased patrol and / or presence

will focus on either the police beat or a micro place ( e.g.hot spot ) as the unit of analysis,

although police could increase patrol levels at any units of geography. Our main requirements

are that the increase in the police presence be the focus of the intervention and that the

evaluation focus on crime and dis order out comes using a rigorous research design.

Local literature

A section on police patrol methods and strategies dicusses automobile versus foot
patrol; specialized patrol method bicycle, canine ,and marine patrol; the controversy over one
officer versus two officer patrol units; and the take home patrol car program implemented by
some departments to increase police visibility. Different patrol tactics and strategies are
described. Including preventive police patrol, team policing, high visibility and low visibility
patrol, decoy patrol, and split-force patrol. Additional sections out line basic principles of
organization and management and patrol forec staffing and deployment in addition, the uses,
advantages, and background of police communication centers, automated information system,
classification schemes for call dispatch, and the 911 emergency telephone number are
discussed. The police records system, and special

support functions, such as criminalistics, are described as supports to patrol operations. The
attributes and functions of effective police patrol supervision are reviewed, and the importance
of training personnel and enhancing patrol operations is assessed. Tables and figures are
include. Study objectives, summaries and review questions are provided for each chapter.
Police organizational structure, police manpower deployment, police command and control ,
partrol, police management, law enforcement.
Related studies

Foreign study

Nash (1968) gives a case study of a one week experimental patrol corp covering seven
three-block beats near 117th street in harlem. In Newark, Anthony imperiale’s north ward
citizen’s commitiiee has a membership of roughly 1,000 and has becomes both an important
political issue in itself and a relatively operative peacekeeping force (mangel,1969). And, in
boston, a chapter of jewish defense league has created a great deal of controversy by patrolling
a jewish enclave in a predominantly black neighborhoodin the wake of three synagogue fires.

In the last of two or tree years, the concept of civilian policing has overflowed the original
street patrol models, coming to focus on more limited contexts such as housing projects, rock
concerts, and protest demonstrations. For example, Richard rogin (forthcoming; I) reports that in
1970 more than 8,500 unamed unpaid volunteers are on tenant safety patrols in 93 of the 165
new york city housing authority’s projects. Similar patrols, on a smaller or quasi-official
auspices.

The extent of citizen concern over law enforecement issues (though exacerbated by self-
seeking politicians ) has been demonstrated by numerous opinion polls as well as election
results. As part of a broader inquiry into various forms of citizen involvement in the law
enforecement process, data have been gathered on 28 currently operating groups that,
depending on the group in questioned and, even more, on one’sown perspective, would be
labeled self-defense’,’ vigilante’,’ security patrols’,’ or community patrols case study and
preliminary result to illustrate the use of our approach to police patrol districting we used data
from the charlottesville, VA (Virginia), USA police department. Charlottesville is a city with a
diameter of about 7 miles and population of about 40,000, however, this population increase
during most of the year by another 26,000due the presence of a major university.the
populations lives in multi-dwelling buildings, as well as, detached towhouses, apartments, and
homes. There are more densely populated building near the university and the down town.there
are also commercial area and some lights industrial parks. The the current police patrol district
of Charlottesville we design more 20 years ago.there are 8 patrol district and in most odf
cases.one police car is assigned to patrol each district. The police manager and the
commanders want ro draw district bounderies to incorporate census block groups these block
groups are too large to serve as the atomic geographic units in our ddistrict growing algorithm
(see section ‘approach to police patrol districting’).there are 37 block groups in charlottessville.
To create more atomic geographics unit we decomeposed the city into 323 griods. Show the
locations of historical CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) incident for several years , including
317,548 events.many incidents happened at same place so each red point may represent many
CFS event. Many incidents were spartially projected into the grid network. Based on the counts
of CFS incidents, the CFS probabilitywas calculated for each grid. The CFS distribution across
these grids.

Local study
The PNP indicates that the decreas in the volume of crime is attributable to the PNP’s

Crime prevention programs (san,star 20 sep.2007). specifically, the PNP has reportedly
increase police visibility, made use of foot patrol officers, establish checkpoint, Employed
motorcycle police, and undertaken night watch operations, among other initiatives,(sun .star 20
sept.2007). moreover, the PNP state in a press realease that they posted a ‘crime solution
efficiency ‘ of 88.37 persent ( philippines 6 feb.2008). corroborating information pertaining to this
crime solution rate could not be found among the sources consulted by the research directorate.

The best studies have shown that patrol work combines a variety of crime control, order
maintenance, traffic enforecement, and service duties and requests of these four commonly
use categories, crime control seems to account for the largest portion of calls handled by the
police as well well as police encounters with citizens, and pure service accounts fo the smallest
portion. however, it must be quikly be emphasized that most crime related calls and encounters
involve minor offenses, routine report taking , and no arrest (often because a suspect is never
identified). Patrol officer are more likely to take enforecement actions, in the form or arrest
citations, in order maintenance and traffic the situations than in crime related situations

The seminal study of patrol effectiveness was the Kansas city preventive patrol
experiment, conducted by the police foundation and published in 1974. This experiment tested
the impact of three levels of patrolling strength, ranging from no patrol to twice the normal level,
in fifteen patrol beats during the course of a year. The result were surprising-there were no
differences in victimization, reported crime, fear of crime, public perception of police presence,
arrest, traffic accidents, or anything that was measured. Police patrols (not all police presence
,just regular patrols) were virtually eliminated from five beats for an entire year and nobody
notice. Similarly, patrols were doubled in five other beats nobody noticed.
Local literature

A section on police patrol methods and strategies dicusses automobile versus foot
patrol; specialized patrol method bicycle, canine ,and marine patrol; the controversy over one
officer versus two officer patrol units; and the take home patrol car program implemented by
some departments to increase police visibility. Different patrol tactics and strategies are
described. Including preventive police patrol, team policing, high visibility and low visibility
patrol, decoy patrol, and split-force patrol. Additional sections out line basic principles of
organization and management and patrol forec staffing and deployment in addition, the uses,
advantages, and background of police communication centers, automated information system,
classification schemes for call dispatch, and the 911 emergency telephone number are
discussed. The police records system, and special

support functions, such as criminalistics, are described as supports to patrol operations. The
attributes and functions of effective police patrol supervision are reviewed, and the importance
of training personnel and enhancing patrol operations is assessed. Tables and figures are
include. Study objectives, summaries and review questions are provided for each chapter.
Police organizational structure, police manpower deployment, police command and control ,
partrol, police management, law enforcement.