Iijec 2018 06 20 1

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation ........ Email:editoriijec@ipasj.org
Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 ISSN 2321-5984
Design and Performance Evaluation of Single-

and Multi-Element THz Nanoantennas using
Graphene as the Radiating Patch
Mustafa M. A. Abdulqader1 , Raad S. Fyath2
1
Department of Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering, Al Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Al Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Recently, there is an increasing interest in graphene-based antenna for terahertz (THz) applications. The graphene is
characterized by high conductivity in this band and has resonance frequency tunability by applying bias voltage. This paper
addresses the possibility of using the graphene as the radiating element in sub-100 THz band to design single-element and
phase array nanoantennas. The nanoantenna structure that uses graphene as the radiating element is investigated using CST
software package version 2016. This antenna has dipole-shaped graphene radiating element and operates at 35 THz. The
antenna design is based on silicon dioxide substrate with the radiating element on its top side surface and a gold reflector at its
bottom side. The resonance frequency, radiation efficiency, and the gain of the antenna are studied for different dimensional
parameters and various chemical potentials of the graphene patch. The results reveal that the graphene chemical potential (μc)
has a large impact on the antenna resonance frequency (fr). Increasing μc from 0.1 to 1 eV will increase fr by 240% for the
dipole antenna. The radiation pattern performance of phase array antenna (PAA) made of the dipole nanoantenna is also
simulated. The radiation parameters, namely steering angle, beam width, and gain, are evaluated for different phase shifts and
element spacing. The results show that steering angle increases with phase difference and reaches 12.9 and 33 degree for 50
nm and 250 nm spacing at 80 degree phase difference for 4 × 1 configuration, respectively. The beam width decreases with
phase difference while the gain is almost insensitive to phase difference.
Keywords: THz antenna; Graphene THz antenna; Nanoantenna.
1. INTRODUCTION
Graphene, as a two-dimensional nanoscale sheet with extended sp2 carbon networks, has attracted much attention in
recent years for both fundamental investigations and technological applications [1]–[4]. Graphene sheet has electronic
properties, like controllability of conductivity through the gate voltage, which makes it unique for inventing new
electronic devices [5]–[7]. Recently, graphene is considered as a basic smart material for terahertz (THz) applications
including sensing and security [8], [9] and future wireless communication [10], [11]. Many structures have been
proposed in the literature for THz band which use graphene sheet for frequency tenability or as artificial magnetic
conductor [12]–[15]. The common features in these published results are
i. The proposed antennas are designed mainly for 1-10 THz band with limited proposals for above 10 THz band
operations which is needed for future applications.
ii. Most of these antennas do not use graphene as the radiations element.
iii. Most of the proposed structures use a single element antenna configuration.
These three issues will be addressed in this paper where nanoantennas are designed and investigated for beyond 10
THz applications. The designed antennas use single or multi graphene radiating element(s). The antenna modeling and
performance evaluation are carried out using CST version 2016 software package. The graphene is introduced as a new
element in the package library whose optoelectronic properties are calculated using Kubo formula [16]–[18]
 ( )   ( )   ( )
g intra inter
c
 
q 2 k BT   c k T j
 intra ( )   2ln( e B  1)  (2a)
 
  2  k BT    j 1

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 1

q2  4  H (ò)  H ( 2) 
 ( )   H ( 2)  j  d ò (2b)
inter 4   0  2  4ò2 
where
sinh( k T )
H ( )  B (2c)
cosh(  k T )  cosh(  k T )
c B B
and σg is graphene surface conductivity, σintra is intraband conductivity, σinter is interband conductivity, ω is radian
frequency, q is the electronic charge, kB is Boltzmann’s constant, T is the absolute temperature, and is reduced
Planck’s constant, τ = 10-13 s is the graphene relaxation time, and µc is the chemical potential.
2. RELATED WORK
Liaster et al., in 2012 [19], analyzed the resonant frequency in metallic nanoantennas and graphene-based
nanoantennas as a function of their lengths. The researchers combined the dispersion relation in gold layers and free-
standing graphene with the conditions of the resonance to obtain the resonance frequencies of the antennas. They found
that nanoantennas based on graphene can have length that is smaller than metallic nanoantennas while having the
same resonance frequency. The results indicate that graphene nanoantennas can be designed to resonate in the THz
band with frequency up to two order of magnitude below metallic nanoantennas that have the same size.
Tamagnone et al., in 2013 [20], presented the concept of a graphene-metal reconfigurable THz dipole antenna. They
showed that the proposed design merges the prime properties of the two underlying materials, metal provides the
opportunity of increasing the size of the structure and henceforth its radiation efficiency, while the graphene offers
good frequency reconfiguration. The improved efficiency, the large tuning range, and the good direct matching to
terahertz continuous wave sources indicate that graphene-metal arrangement are highly promising for reconfigurable
THz antennas.
Carrasco et al., in 2013 [21], proposed a reconfigurable reflective cell based on graphene and operate at THz for use
in reconfigurable beam reflectarray antennas. The phase of the reflected field at each element of the reflectarray is
controlled by changing the complex conductivity of graphene patch through bias by an electric field. Besides that,
smaller element spacing is possible because using graphene reduces the dimensions of the cells drastically as it support
slow wave propagation and in turn improves array performance. The authors optimized an elementary cell and
computed its scattering parameters, it demonstrated a dynamic phase range of 300 degree and good loss figure for
sensible variations of the chemical potential. Lastly, they proposed a circuit model which is able to predict the response
of elements accurately.
Zhou et al., in 2014 [22], proposed a tunable miniaturized graphene-based antenna and investigated the effect of
chemical potential on the resonance frequency of the antenna systematically. The antenna shows a good
omnidirectional radiation, low reflection coefficient, high miniaturization, and a good characteristic of dynamic
reconfiguration. The results indicate that the designed antenna has the potential to be used in sensing systems and
nanoscale wireless communications.
Esquius-Morote et al., in 2014 [23], proposed a graphene leaky-wave antenna with a sinusoidal modulation and has
beam scanning capabilities. This antenna resonates at THz frequencies and consists of graphene film transferred onto a
back metallized substrate and a set of polysilicon gating pads placed underneath it. The leaky mode is produced by
sinusoidally modulating the surface reactance of graphene film through applying appropriate bias voltages to the gating
pads. Flexible beams canning capabilities are provided by controlling the leakage rate and pointing angle through
changing the applied voltages. They claimed that the proposed structure has high potentials for reconfigurable sensors
and transceivers operating at THz frequencies.
Xia, in 2015 [24], designed an antenna with beam reconfigurable capabilities that operate at 0.5 THz. The numerical
results showed that the radiation pattern of the antenna is adjustable and a variation from -50 to 50 degree of the angle
of the main lobe can be achieved.
Akyildiz and Jornet, in 2016 [25], introduced ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output (UM MIMO)
communication to raise the capacity of THz band communication networks and the communication distance. Very large
plasmonic nanoantenna arrays can be developed in very small footprints due to the small size of THz plasmonic
nanoantennas. They described the supporting technology for UM MIMO arrangements, specifically, the use of
plasmonic nanoantennas as the building block. They showed that for 0.06-1 THz range, nanoantennas can be used to
build plasmonic nanoantenna arrays with hundreds of elements in a few square centimeters both in reception and in
transmission. For an instance, 144 × 144 UM MIMO at 0.06 THz is probable with 1 cm2 arrays. At higher frequencies
(1 – 10 THz), plasmonic nanoantenna arrays based on graphene with thousands of elements can be placed in a few
square millimeters. A UM MIMO system of 1024 × 1024 operating at 1 THz is achievable with structures that cover
only 1 mm2.
Bala and Marwaha, in 2016 [26], examined the effect of substrate material on the performance of microstrip edge
feed antenna for THz radiation. They designed graphene antenna that operate in the frequency band 2.67-2.92 THz for
wireless communication applications using HFSS simulation software. The authors investigated the performance of the
antenna for quartz, silicon dioxide, boron nitride, aluminum oxide, and silicon nitride substrate materials on the basis
of radiation efficiency, bandwidth, absorption cross section, voltage standing wave ratio, and return loss.
George and Madhan, in 2017 [27], proposed a microstrip patch antenna utilizing graphene as the radiating patch
and is fed by a microstrip transmission line. They designed an antenna that radiate at 2.6 THz using graphene patch on
a silicon substrate with relative permittivity of 11.9. They extended the design to an antenna that resonate at dual
frequencies of 2.48 THz and 3.35 THz.
Amanatiadis et al., in 2018 [28], proposed a graphene plasmonic antenna with improved radiation efficiency by
using synthesized substrates with metamaterial resonators. They stated that graphene can to a great extent confine
electromagnetic waves, hence can be used in compact devices, but its use as an antenna is limited as a result of its low
radiation efficiency. They investigated the dependence of the surface waves on the substrate and designed a medium
that consist of metamaterial resonators in order to enhance the performance of the antenna.
Hosseininejad et al., in 2018 [29], presented a method to excite a dielectric resonator antenna operating in the THz
band using a graphene plasmonic dipole. The authors investigated the coupling between the dielectric wave mode and
plasomnic graphene mode under different parameters. The results indicate that high values of chemical potential leads
to strong coupling. In addition, the gain can be improved by exciting the designed antenna structure with higher-order
modes. They stated that this method of enhancing the gain has much smaller area when compared to other methods
such as using planar arrays. Thus, it can be used in applications that have limited space.
Naghdehforushha and Moradi, in 2018 [30], presented a plasmonic antenna based on graphene for THz applications.
They presented and analyzed the characteristics of graphene and studied the surface plasmon polariton wave
propagation in graphene analytically and numerically. They conducted the numerical simulations with COMSOL and
CST transient solver for the proposed structure. The results reveal that the efficiency of the designed structure
significantly enhanced through increasing the graphene layers.
It is clear from this literature survey that the reported graphene-based antennas operate below 10 THz frequency and
most of them use single-radiating element configuration. An interesting research point is to extend the work to design
these antennas for above 10 THz band using single- and multi-radiating element(s) configurations to meet future
applications of THz technology. This subject is addressed in this paper.
3. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SINGLE-ELEMENT THZ ANTENNAS

The aim of this section is to design nanoantennas operating in the sub-100 THz band using graphene as the radiating
element and investigate their radiation properties for different structure parameters. The designed single-element
antenna will be used to construct PAAs and study their radiation properties in the next section. Dipole antenna
configuration is used in the investigation. The designed antenna consists of three layers, the top layer is the radiating
element (in this work it is a graphene layer designed as a rectangular dipole). The second layer is a substrate made of
silicon dioxide (SiO2) and the bottom layer acts as reflector and it is made of gold.
In this work, CST software package version 2016 is used to simulate the designed antenna. CST provides different
algorithms to solve the electromagnetic field distribution and properties of the structures under investigation. The
designed antenna can be simulated either using time-domain solver or frequency-domain solver. Both of these solvers
have been investigated in this work and the results showed that frequency-domain solver is significantly faster than the
time-domain solver for this work. Therefore, the frequency-domain solver is used to simulate all the designed antennas
here.
The graphene layer in the dipole antenna is made of two rectangular pieces with small gap between them. The main
parameters of this design are graphene chemical potential and the structural dimensions: arm length (l), width (w), and
the gap (g) between the two pieces of dipole antenna, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Structure of the dipole antenna. (a) Side view (b) Top view.
Figures 2 (a-c) show the scattering parameter S11, and real part and imaginary part of antenna input impedance for a
dipole antenna designed with arm length of 12.5 nm, width of 5 nm, gap of 3 nm, and graphene chemical potential of
0.25 eV. From the scattering plot, one can find that the resonance frequency of this antenna is 35.31 THz.
(a)
Figure 2: Frequency characteristics of the dipole antenna. (a) Scattering parameter S11 (b) Real part of antenna
impedance (c) Imaginary part of antenna impedance.
(b)

(c)
Figure 2: (Continued).
Figure 3 presents the distribution of the electric field and magnetic field of this antenna. Figure 4 illustrates the
three-dimensional (3D) radiation pattern of the antenna in addition to the polar plots of this radiation taken for the x-z
and y-z planes. In the x-z plane, the beamwidth is 92.6 degree, while in the y-z plane the beamwidth is 75.8 degree.
Thus the radiation pattern is not symmetric.
(a)
Figure 3: Field distributions of the designed dipole antenna. (a) Electric field (b) Magnetic field.
(b)

(a)
(b)
Figure 4: Radiation pattern plots for the dipole antenna. (a) 3D radiation pattern (b) Polar plot in the x-z plane (c)
Polar plot in the y-z plane.
(c)
To study the effect of the structure parameters on the antenna radiation pattern, the designed dipole antenna is
simulated by changing the value of only one of the four design parameters in each case. The values of the remaining
three parameter are kept constant. Hence, each design has three of the following values: arm length = 12.5 nm, width =
5 nm, gap = 3 nm, and graphene chemical potential = 0.25 eV.

Figure 5 shows the results obtained by changing the chemical potential. The effect of chemical potential on
resonance frequency, radiation efficiency, and gain is shown in parts a-c of this figure, respectively. Itis clearly seen in
part (a) that the chemical potential has a large impact on the resonance frequency of the antenna. The resonance
frequency has proportional relation with the chemical potential. The resonance frequency at 0.1 eV is 21.4 THz and it
is 73.2 THz at 1.0 eV with tuning range spans over a frequency range of 51.8 THz. Parts (b) and (c) of the figure show
that both radiation efficiency and the gain increase with the chemical potential of graphene.
Figures 6 (a–c) present the effect of changing the antenna arm length on the resonance frequency, radiation
efficiency, and gain, respectively. It is investigated in the range 5 – 50 nm. Note that the resonance frequency decreases
with arm length which agrees with the theory of radio frequency (RF) antennas in which the resonance frequency is
inversely proportional with the length of the antenna. Note also that the radiation efficiency and gain decrease by
increasing the arm length.
The effect of antenna width on radiation pattern parameters is also investigated and the results are depicted in
Figures 7 (a-c). The results indicate clearly that the resonance frequency, radiation efficiency, and the gain increase
with increasing the width of the antenna.
(a)
Figure 5: Dependence of dipole antenna radiation parameters on the chemical potential of the graphene layer. (a)
Resonance frequency (b) Radiation efficiency (c) Gain.
(b)

(c)
(a)
Figure 6: Dependence of dipole antenna radiation parameters on the arm length of the graphene layer. (a) Resonance
frequency (b) Radiation efficiency (c) Gain.
(b)

(c)
(a)
Figure 7: Dependence of dipole antenna radiation parameters on the width of the graphene layer. (a) Resonance
frequency (b) Radiation efficiency (c) Gain.
(b)

(c)
Table 1 summarizes the effect of the graphene chemical potential and dimensional parameters on the radiation pattern
of the designed dipole antenna. Unless otherwise stated, the parameters values used in the simulation are µc = 0.25 eV,
l = 12.5 nm, w = 5 nm, and g = 3 nm.
Table 1: Effect of structure parameters on the radiation pattern of the designed dipole antenna.
(a) Effect of chemical potential (b) Effect of arm length (c) Effect of width (d) Effect of gap.
(a)
Radiation Pattern Parameters
Chemical
Potential Resonance
Radiation
(eV) Frequency Gain (dB)
Efficiency
(THz)
0.1 21.40 2.49×10-7 -70.16
0.5 51.19 4.05×10-5 -44.11
-4
1.0 73.20 4.92×10 -34.88
Table 1: (Continued).
(b)
Arm
Length Resonance
Radiation
(nm) Frequency Gain (dB)
Efficiency
(THz)
5 59.80 1.37×10-5 -49.73
25 21.44 9.44×10-7 -57.52
50 12.43 6.04×10-7 -64.52
(c)
Width Resonance
(nm) Radiation
Frequency Gain (dB)
Efficiency
(THz)
5 35.32 3.57×10-6 -52.94
15 42.16 2.08×10-5 -46.29
-5
25 44.40 4.14×10 -43.91
(d)


Gap (nm) Resonance
Radiation
Frequency Gain (dB)
Efficiency
(THz)
4 35.40 3.57×10-6 -53.33
5 35.48 4.36×10-6 -52.06
6 35.56 4.32×10-6 -52.55
4. GRAPHENE-BASED THZ PHASE ARRAY ANTENNA

The PAA configuration investigated here use the previously designed dipole antenna (µc = 0.25 eV, l = 12.5 nm, w =
5 nm, and g = 3 nm) as the basic radiating element. The results obtained mostly depend on the phase difference
between the successive radiating elements which affects the interference of the radiation of the elements. A constructive
interference occurs at some directions and destructive interference occurs in other directions. These interferences are
repeated in a cycle, here the results are taken for half cycle to obtain steering results in one side of antenna. Besides
that, the results are identical with negative phase difference but the radiation pattern steers toward the other side of the
antenna (in the first half cycle).
In this work a 4 × 1 PAA is investigated, the graphene radiating elements are arranged along the x-axis. Hence, the
phase difference given here is along x-axis. In this design, 4 elements of dipole graphene antenna are used. The results
are shown for two different element spacing 50 nm and 250 nm.
Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the 3D and polar representation of the radiation pattern at 0 and 80 degree phase difference
(β) with 250 nm element spacing, respectively. Figures 10 (a-c) show how the phase difference affects the radiation
parameters namely steering angle (main lobe direction), beamwidth, and gain. The steering angle increases with phase
shift and reaches 12.9 and 33 degree for 50 nm and 250 nm spacing at 80 degree phase difference, respectively. The
beamwidth decreases with phase difference while the gain is almost insensitive to phase difference variation.
Figure 8: Radiation pattern of the 4 × 1 PAA at 0 degree phase difference. (a) 3D radiation pattern (b) Polar plot in the
x-z plane.
Figure 9: Radiation pattern of the 4 × 1 PAA at 80 degree phase difference. (a) 3D radiation pattern (b) Polar plot in
the x-z plane.

(a)
Figure 10: Dependence of the 4 × 1 PAA radiation parameters on the phase difference. (a) Steering angle (b)
Beamwidth (c) Gain.
(b)
(c)

5. CONCLUSIONS
Nanoantennas operating in the THz band have been designed using three-layer structure in which the radiating
element is a graphene patch. Dipole graphene patch has been investigated. The investigation reveals the following
findings
i. Increasing the chemical potential leads to an increase in the resonance frequency, radiation efficiency, and gain of
nanoantenna.
ii. Decreasing the arm length causes an increase in the resonance frequency, radiation efficiency, and gain of the
nanoantenna.
iii. Increasing the width of dipole structure leads to an increase in the resonance frequency, radiation efficiency, and
gain.
iv. In the PAA configuration, increasing the phase difference and element spacing will increase the steering angle
and decrease the beam width while the gain can be considered insensitive.
References
[1] L. Cao, S. Sahu, P. Anilkumar, C. Y. Kong, and Y.-P. Sun, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of modified
graphene-based materials,” MRS bulletin, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 1283–1289, 2012.
[2] S. Ye, Z. Wang, L. Tang, Y. Zhang, R. Lu, and Y. Liu, “Electro-absorption optical modulator using dual-
graphene-on-graphene configuration,” Optics Express, vol. 22, no. 21, pp. 26173–26180, Oct. 2014.
[3] J. T. Kim and S.-Y. Choi, “Graphene-based plasmonic waveguides for photonic integrated circuits,” Optics
express, vol. 19, no. 24, pp. 24557–24562, 2011.
[4] A. Locatelli, G. E. Town, and C. De Angelis, “Graphene-based terahertz waveguide modulators,” IEEE
Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 351–357, May 2015.
[5] H. H. Ardakani, A. Mehrdadian, and K. Forooraghi, “Analysis of graphene-based microstrip structures,” IEEE
Access, vol. 5, pp. 20887–20897, 2017.
[6] M. M. Jadidi, A. B. Sushkov, R. L. Myers-Ward, A. K. Boyd, K. M. Daniels, D. K. Gaskill, M. S. Fuhrer, H. D.
Drew, and T. E. Murphy, “Tunable terahertz hybrid metal–graphene plasmons,” Nano Letters, vol. 15, no. 10, pp.
7099–7104, Sep. 2015.
[7] E. S. Torabi, A. Fallahi, and A. Yahaghi, “Evolutionary Optimization of Graphene-Metal Metasurfaces for
Tunable Broadband Terahertz Absorption,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 3, pp.
1464–1467, Mar. 2017.
[8] M. S. Goh and M. Pumera, “Graphene-based electrochemical sensor for detection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)
in seawater: the comparison of single-, few-, and multilayer graphene nanoribbons and graphite microparticles,”
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, vol. 399, no. 1, pp. 127–131, 2011.
[9] A. Tredicucci and M. S. Vitiello, “Device concepts for graphene-based terahertz photonics,” IEEE Journal of
Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 8500109, Jul. 2014.
[10] C. Han and I. F. Akyildiz, “Three-dimensional end-to-end modeling and analysis for graphene-enabled terahertz
band communications,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, no. 99, Sep. 2016.
[11] K. Sugawara, T. Kawasaki, G. Tamamushi, H. Mastura, A. Dobroiu, T. Yoshida, T. Suemitsu, H. Fukidome, M.
Suemitsu, V. Ryzhii, K. Iwatsuki, S. Kuwano, J.-I. Kani, T. Jun, and T. Otsuji, “Photonic frequency double-mixing
conversion over the 120-GHz band using InP-and graphene-based transistors,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave
Technology, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 2011–2019, Apr. 2016.
[12] W. Fuscaldo, P. Burghignoli, P. Baccarelli, and A. Galli, “Graphene Fabry–Perot cavity leaky-wave Antennas:
plasmonic versus nonplasmonic solutions,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 4, pp.
1651–1660, Apr. 2017.
[13] J. M. Jornet and I. F. Akyildiz, “Graphene-based plasmonic nano-antenna for terahertz band communication in
nanonetworks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 685–694, Dec. 2013.
[14] M. N. Moghadasi, R. A. Sadeghzadeh, M. Toolabi, P. Jahangiri, and F. B. Zarrabi, “Fractal cross aperture nano-
antenna with graphene coat for bio-sensing application,” Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 162, pp. 1–5, Apr.
2016.
[15] X. Wang, W.-S. Zhao, J. Hu, and T. Zhang, “A novel tunable antenna at THz frequencies using graphene-based
artificial magnetic conductor (AMC),” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 41, pp. 29–38, 2013.
[16] S. Bahadori-Haghighi, R. Ghayour, and M. H. Sheikhi, “Three-dimensional analysis of an ultrashort optical cross-
bar switch based on a graphene plasmonic coupler,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 35, no. 11, pp.
2211–2217, Jun. 2017.

[17] I. Llatser, C. Kremers, A. Cabellos-Aparicio, J. M. Jornet, E. Alarcón, and D. N. Chigrin, “Graphene-based nano-
patch antenna for terahertz radiation,” Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications, vol. 10, no.
4, pp. 353–358, Oct. 2012.
[18] M. A. Vozmediano, “Renormalization group aspects of graphene,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 369, no. 1946, pp. 2625–2642, Jun. 2011.
[19] I. Llatser, C. Kremers, A. Cabellos-Aparicio, E. Alarcón, and D. N. Chigrin, “Comparison of the resonant
frequency in graphene and metallic nano-antennas,” Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 1475, no. 1, pp. 143–145, 2012.
[20] M. Tamagnone, J. S. G. Diaz, J. Mosig, and J. Perruisseau-Carrier, “Hybrid graphene-metal reconfigurable
terahertz antenna,” 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS), pp. 1–3, 2013.
[21] E. Carrasco, M. Tamagnone, and J. Perruisseau-Carrier, “Tunable graphene reflective cells for THz reflectarrays
and generalized law of reflection,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 102, no. 10, p. 104103, 2013.
[22] T. Zhou, Z. Cheng, H. Zhang, M. Berre, L. Militaru, and F. Calmon, “Miniaturized tunable terahertz antenna
based on graphene,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1792–1794, 2014.
[23] M. Esquius-Morote, J. S. Gómez-D , J. Perruisseau-Carrier, and others, “Sinusoidally modulated graphene leaky-
wave antenna for electronic beamscanning at THz,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol.
4, no. 1, pp. 116–122, 2014.
[24] H. Xia, Q.-X. Pan, J. Hu, and W.-Y. Yin, “Design of a novel graphene terahertz antenna at 500GHz with
reconfigurable radiation pattern,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation USNC/URSI
National Radio Science Meeting, pp. 1462–1463, 2015.
[25] I. F. Akyildiz and J. M. Jornet, “Realizing ultra-massive MIMO (1024 × 1024) communication in the (0.06–10)
terahertz band,” Nano Communication Networks, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 46–54, 2016.
[26] R. Bala and A. Marwaha, “Investigation of graphene based miniaturized terahertz antenna for novel substrate
materials,” Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 531–537, 2016.
[27] J. N. George and M. G. Madhan, “Analysis of single band and dual band graphene based patch antenna for
terahertz region,” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 126–131, 2017.
[28] S. Amanatiadis, T. Karamanos, and N. Kantartzis, “Radiation efficiency enhancement of graphene THz antennas
utilizing metamaterial substrates,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2054–
2057, 2017.
[29] S. E. Hosseininejad, M. Neshat, R. Faraji-Dana, S. Abadal, M. C. Lemme, P. H. Bolı́ var, E. Alarcón, and A.
Cabellos-Aparicio, “Terahertz dielectric resonator antenna coupled to graphene plasmonic dipole,” 12th European
Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 2018.
[30] S. A. Naghdehforushha and G. Moradi, “Plasmonic patch antenna based on graphene with tunable terahertz band
communications,” Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, vol. 158, no. 4, pp. 617–622, 2018.

Iijec 2018 06 20 1

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Iijec 2018 06 20 1

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

Design and Performance Evaluation of Single-

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 1

3. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SINGLE-ELEMENT THZ ANTENNAS

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 3

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 4

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 5

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 6

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 7

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 8

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 9

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 10

Radiation Pattern Parameters

4. GRAPHENE-BASED THZ PHASE ARRAY ANTENNA

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 11

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 12

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 13

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2018 Page 14

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi