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http://doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n27.2018.10
1∗ Graduated from the Masters in Economics and Agricultural Administration, ESPOCH, Riobamba Ecuador.
2 Milk Quality Laboratory of the Salesiana Polytechnic University, Cayambe Support Center: Av. Natalia Jarrín and 9 de Octu-
bre Telf. (593-2) 3962885, Ecuador.
3 NUNKUI WAKAN research group, Salesiana Polytechnic University, Campus El Girón: Isabel la Católica N. 23-52 and Ma-
drid.
Abstract
To stablish the efficiency of the forest in the subject of ecological services and ecosystems functions, involve to dis-
cover the conditions to set its performance, which ones that keep the relationship with the functional characteristics
of the vegetable species, in order to contribute with knowledge about this requirements, it takes the present investi-
gation, considering the behavior of the species in the performance of the environment, or habitat, important value,
interactions, intra- and interspecific, in order to reach and determinate the quantity of the stored carbon in the ar-
boreal stratum of the natural forest Tinajillas, located in the south east Andes range in the canton Limon Indanza,
Morona Santiago province, in order to reach it, we apply the suggested method for the support manual of the Natio-
nal evaluation of Ecuador, and the professional forest judgment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
with this results of the investigation , we stablish that in the 118 ha forest, the volume of the timber is 1 3570 m3 , it
means 115 m3 /ha represented in the majority of the Family species Melastomataceae, in this one is the Miconia sp.
The quantity of the stored carbon is 4 835 tones, and the result is 41 tones per hectare. The Family, Melastomataceae
has more quantity of carbon (13 tones per hectare), then the specie with more quantity of stored carbon is Miconia sp,
with a value of 8 t/ha the result of the indices of the important value in favor of this species and judging for the edge
of the natural classes, it understands that the forest is in a period of the vegetable sucetion, situation that contribute
to generate an important dynamic in the way to capture Carbon.
Keywords: bovine milk, somatic cells, microorganisms, lacto fermentation, cryoscopy.
Resumen
Establecer la eficiencia de los bosques en materia de servicios ecológicos y funciones ecosistémicas, implica descubrir
las condiciones que regulan su desempeño, mismas que guardan relación con las características funcionales de las es-
pecies vegetales. A fin de aportar con conocimiento sobre estos requerimientos, se condujo la presente investigación,
considerando el comportamiento de las especies en función del hábitat, valor de importancia, interacciones intra- e in-
terespecíficas, para con ello, arribar a la determinación de las cantidades de carbono almacenado en el estrato arbóreo
del bosque natural Tinajillas, ubicado al sur de la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes, cantón Limón Indanza, provincia
de Morona Santiago. Para el efecto, se aplicó el método recomendado por el Manual de Campo de la Evaluación Na-
cional Forestal del Ecuador, y los criterios del Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio climático. Como resultado de
la investigación, se estableció que en las 118 ha de bosque, el volumen de madera es de 13 521 m3 , es decir 115 m3 /ha,
representado en su mayoría por especies de la familia Melastomataceae, entre las que consta Miconia sp. La cantidad
de carbono almacenado, es de 4 835 t, resultando 41 t/ha. La familia Melastomataceae contiene mayor cantidad de
carbono (13 t/ha), mientras que la especie con mayor cantidad de carbono almacenado es Miconia sp con un valor de
8 t/ha. Al resultar los índices de valor de importancia en favor de estas especies y juzgando por las Clases Naturales
de Edad, se desprende que el bosque se encuentra en un período de sucesión vegetal, situación que contribuye a
generar una importante dinámica en materia de captura de carbono.
Palabras claves: leche bovina, células somáticas, microorganismos, lacto fermentación, crioscopia.
Suggested citation: De la Cruz, E. G., Simbaña Diaz, P. and Bonifaz, N. 2018. Milk quality management of
small and medium cattle ranchers of collection centers and artisan cheese factories, for con-
tinuous improvement. Case study: Carchi, Ecuador.. La Granja: Journal of Life Sciences. Vol.
27(1):122-133. http://doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n27.2018.10.
It borders on the north with the Carchi and San Juan technical assistance provided by the mobile veteri-
rivers on the border with Colombia, on the south nary clinics of the GADPC to the producers with hy-
with the province of Imbabura, on the east with the gienic and sanitary problems. Samples were taken
province of Sucumbíos, and on the west with that of by the technical staff of the GADPC, and technicians
Esmeraldas. Its climatic floors are from 1,200 meters granted by the Alpina Foundation, previously trai-
above sea level, to 4,768 meters above sea level, and ned by the Milk Quality Laboratory (LCL) of the Sa-
with temperatures ranging from 0 to 27 ◦ C in border lesian Polytechnic University (UPS), following the
areas with emeralds. It is divided into six cantons protocol based on the NTE INEN-ISO 707 (2014),
including the capital; Bolívar, Espejo, Mira, Montu- the samples were taken in the morning milking, for
far, San Pedro de Huaca, Tulcán (GADPC, 2016). microbiology a 40ml bottle was aseptically taken
and 4 drops of preservative azidiol (sodium azide)
was added, and it was stored in a refrigerator with
2.2 Study population ice for Keep the cold chain to the laboratory. For
The present study was developed in the first pha- the physical-chemical analysis, a 40ml bottle was
se with a total of 709 small and medium milk pro- taken and a bronopol preservative tablet was ad-
ducers, grouped in 16 collection centers, 4 artisan ded and stored in a cooler with ice until transport
cheese makers, 3 private collection centers and the to the LCL. The samples for cryoscopy, Ph, lactofer-
Agricultural Center of Tulcán, corresponding to 5 mentation were taken in aseptic flasks of 100ml the
cantons of the province del Carchi, territorially dis- amount of 80ml of sample without preservative and
tributed as follows: Cantón Tulcán 5 associations, ensuring the cold chain of 4-6 ◦ C; in the case of the
1 Agricultural Center; Huaca canton 3 associations; CMT test, no samples were taken directly at the re-
Montufar canton 4 associations, 3 collection centers, ception using a syringe, taking the ratio of two ml of
2 artisan cheese makers; cantón Espejo 2 associa- sample and 2 ml of the CMT reagent (commercial),
tions, 1 artisan cheese-making; cantón Look at 1 as- and at the foot of the animal using a pallet for CMT
sociation, 1 artisan cheese maker. following the technique.
In the development of the study, in the second A sample was taken per producer, in the case of
phase, 2 private collection centers and one associa- producers with more than two barrels it was taken
tion were withdrawn due to socio-organizational in a jug proportionally from each barrel to then ta-
problems, ending with 15 associated collection cen- ke a sub sample. The samples without preservative
ters, 1 private collection center, 4 artisanal cheese- were analyzed in the space of one hour, in the ca-
making workshops, adding the Agricultural Center se of samples with preservatives they were stored
of Tulcán as a replacement. in refrigeration at 4 to 6 ◦ C and were entered before
Therefore, the analysis was made based on the 48 hours of taken to the LCL for analysis, they were
centers that completed the study with the second analyzed in the course of 12 hours of arrivals.
taking of 630 samples.
2.4 First phase
2.3 Sampling
In this phase, a global diagnosis of hygienic, sa-
In order to carry out this research, we counted on nitary and physical (compositional) chemical qua-
Veterinary Zootechnicians of the Alpina Founda- lity was made in the UPS. The protein stability
tion and the technical support of the GADPC con- test, potential oxide reduction; and the CMT utility
formed by; the Directorate of the Department of at the reception in the centers. The producers we-
Economic Development, two Veterinary Zootechni- re classified according to laboratory results, those
cians, a Zootechnist Engineer, and a Promoter, for above 500,000/ml somatic cells indicating sanitary
mobilization: the two institutions contributed with problems (mastitis); bacterial counts (CBT) grea-
three mobile veterinary clinics, the GADPC and a ter than 600,000/ml, indicating hygienic problems
van of the Alpina foundation. The analyzes were ca- (MAGAP, 2013).
rried out in the UPS Quality Laboratory, located in Once the diagnosis was made in the first sam-
the Cayambe support center. pling, the technical assistance with the professionals
Two samples were taken; the first as an initial granted by the GADPC was carried out, and then
diagnosis and the second for the evaluation of the a second sample was taken and their progress was
province, today 70 % is considered salable milk ac- termining factor in contamination. Buxadé Carbó
cording to the obtained results. (2002), states that 50 % of the operators are contami-
To advance the hygienic quality of the milk, it nated before starting the milking routine. Another
is necessary to maintain a technological level in of the main factors of environmental hygiene to con-
the milking routine, starting with a good routine of sider is the quality of water, in rural areas should be
cleaning the dairy cows, keeping in mind that dirty considered critical for the poor treatment of water
animals present a higher risk of suffering from ud- both for consumption and for the work of milking
der pathology. Correct management is essential (Bo- (González et al., 2010). All the above-mentioned fac-
nifaz y Conlago, 2016). Managing environmental tors and others determine the hygienic quality of
hygiene is paramount in the technology that produ- the milk in a farm. Producers in the province must
ces milk, as the elementary measures of hygiene of work hard on these issues, if the goal is to stay in
the milker, keeping his clothes clean, nails trimmed, the market and start competing as suppliers of milk
not suffering from diseases, hand hygiene, are a de- of integral quality.
Table 1. Cell and bacterial counts of small and medium-sized associated producers, from the 5 cantons of the Carchi province.
Total
Associations Samples CCS >500.000 CBT >600.000
3.2 Sanitary quality mary gland that they are presenting, that is, there
is a presence of subclinical and clinical mastitis; In
Of 630 producers in the province, 33.3 % (210) the first phase, 16.8 % (106) of producers presented
of them were found with Somatic Cell count high CS/ml and CBT/ml counts, revealing hygie-
>500,000/ml, evidencing that they maintain sani- nic and sanitary problems in the milk sold to the in-
tary problems due to the delicate health of the mam- dustry. The data obtained in phase two compared to
the data from phase one shows that the somatic cell professional work for the sanitary treatment, this
count >500,000/ml, there was no positive difference can have repercussions in more uncontrollable pro-
of improvement rather there was an increase of 1 %, blems in dairy cows in the future. With respect to
this confirms that the problems remained sanitary the first diagnoses made in the province, Chuquín
in the cows of the cattlemen in the province during et al. (2017), highlights that 65 % of the milk sold
the technical intervention. Chuquín et al. (2017), re- in the province is of acceptable sanitary quality, cu-
veals in the first diagnosis carried out in the pro- rrently 67 % would be considered with a cell count
vince that only 21.4 % of breeders detect and per- less than 500,000 cs/ml.
form the control of mastitis, currently this serious
problem is still evident in sanitary control, the sa- 3.2.1 Sanitary quality of dairy herds
me author also describes that only 52.7 % comply
with the criteria of preventive treatment of mastitis The follow-up to 33.3 % of the producers with soma-
at the time of drying, this may explain why sani- tic cell count greater than 500,000/ml, the diagnosis
tary quality continues to be a problem in the provin- was made to a total of 1094 producing cows, obtai-
ce, adding to this that less than 50 % of farmers use ning the following results, as indicated in Tables 2.
Table 2. CMT test carried out on 1094 dairy cows of 210 producers from the 5 cantons of the province of Carchi.
Result in %
CMT Tests (affected nipples)
- (Negative) 60.09
T (traces) 15.05
+ (Positive level 1) 15.88
++ (Positive level 2) 7.07
+++ (Positive level 3) 0.8
Lost nipples 1.12
Total: 100 %
The 39.9 %, that is to say, more than a third of it is important to monitor the disease in the animals
the cows in production of the cattlemen of the pro- and the quality of the milk at the reception and then
vince present serious problems in the control of the be sold to the dairy industry.
bovine mastitis, this problem possibly is the effect
of the negligence of the small and medium produ- 3.2.2 Sanitary quality by supplier through CMT
cer in the good practices of milking (Bonifaz y Re-
quelme, 2011), as also noted by Ramírez Vásquez The CMT test performed on each supplier at the
et al. (2011) that 90 % of mastitis is caused by defi- reception of the associations and collection centers
ciencies in milking, which means that this disease yielded the following results from Table 3
occurs under favorable conditions that the produ- Table 3 shows the results of the two phases whe-
cer itself provides them, such as: bad milking, lack re there is apparently an improvement of 13.16 % of
of hygiene at the time of milking, lack of hygiene producers negatively detected in the CMT test, de-
of the milking area, not to separate the affected ani- monstrating that this type of quick tests are impor-
mals from the healthy ones, not to give the adequate tant tools in a basic laboratory for quality control in
treatment nor the correct and necessary dose to each a reception center for raw milk.
sick animal (Buxadé Carbó, 2002). For this reason According to the data obtained, the raw milk
subclinical mastitis remains the most expensive si- of small and medium producers associated in this
lent disease in the province due to the loss of pro- province improved 13.16 % compared to the results
duction, the low quality of the product and conse- of the first phase, these results motivate to conti-
quently problems in industrialization, this entails a nue looking for models of development in the awa-
severe economic loss for the producer (Mellado Bos- reness of disease control (mastitis) to achieve milk
que, 2010; Bonifaz y Conlago, 2016), for this reason from small-scale producers of sanitary quality.
Table 3. CMT test carried out in the milk reception to the producers of the 5 cantons of the province of Carchi.
Percentage ( %) Percentage ( %)
CMT Tests of producers of producers Difference
First sampling second sampling
- (Negative) 35.41 48.61 13.16
T (traces) 37.01 31.02 -5.99
+ (Positive level 1) 19.59 15.51 -4.08
++ (Positive level 2) 6.97 3.94 -3.03
+++ (Positive level 3) 1.02 0.93 -0.09
Total positive 64.59 51.39 -13.2
Total: 100 % 100 %
3.3 Chemical-physical quality of raw milk rectly affects the production of fat, while the protein
depends on the genetic factor, but that the feed defi-
3.3.1 Chemical composition nes the effective roof in both cases. The NTE INEN 9
(2015) establishes that raw milk must contain a mi-
The results of Table 4 indicate that 7.47 % and 8.12 % nimum of 3 % fat and 2.9 % protein, so it is not yet
of small and medium milk producers have pro- fully fulfilled in the province.
blems regarding the percentage of fat and protein The quality payment table issued in September
respectively, reflecting possible problems of adul- 2013 by the MAGAP establishes that the cost of sus-
teration with water or deficient nutrition of dairy taining the liter of raw milk is 42 cents, with the fat
cows. Regarding nutrition, after non-genetic, the ge- content of 3.0 % and protein in 2.9 %. With this ar-
netic factors such as nutrition is the determining gument the milk of the province 92.5 % and 91.9 %
factor in the production of fat and protein in milk. of fat and protein respectively their raw milk is en-
The climate of the region also plays a crucial role titled to payment for quality, however, this price
in the nutritional management of the cow, as the may fall or rise because of the bacterial content,
rainy seasons should take into account the availa- which the table stipulates that it must contain ≥
bility and digestibility of pastures especially in pro- 300,000 IBC/ml or 300,000 cfu/ml to obtain the res-
tein rationing, while in dry times the high tempe- pective bonuses, otherwise it is penalized by lowe-
ratures and the increase of grassland fiber can af- ring its cost including support.
fect the quality of the daily ration supplied, affec- Regarding the first diagnosis, fat and protein
ting the production of total solids in milk, Valdés were maintained at 90 and 86 % respectively, cu-
y Canto (2015) argue that the contribution of fiber rrently it can be mentioned that there is an impro-
in the food ration for example fat can increase up vement of 2.5 and 6 % respectively, lying composi-
to 1 % and protein in 0.3 %., also note that food di- tional quality (Chuquín et al., 2017).
Table 4. Percentage of fat and protein in the raw milk of the producers of the 5 cantons of the province of Carchi.
Fat Protein
Associations N◦ prov <3 % <2.9 %
Agroincas 42 6 14.29 2 4.76
San francisco/línea roja 27 3 11.11 7 25.93
A. Bicundos 29 5 17.24 4 13.79
A. Emprendedores 22 - - 1 4.55
A. San pedro 9 2 22.22 2 22.22
Centro agrícola tulcán 8 - - 1 12.5
Chitán 8 2 25 - -
La paz 48 8 16,67 7 14.58
Mariscal sucre 47 3 6.38 2 4.26
Piartal 10 1 10 1 10
Pizán 24 2 8.33 2 8.33
Comercializadora/taya 30 4 13.33 5 16.67
Tuquer 13 3 23.08 1 7.69
Progresista mirador 18 1 5.56 2 11.11
Q’señor 52 6 11.54 13 25
Total: 616 46 7.47 50 8.12
3.3.2 Protein stability reaction (Alcohol test) lity. The percentages 13.93 % and 13.19 % in the two
phases analyzed respectively corroborate the lack of
The results of Table 6 are related to high bacterial quality of the milk that is deposited in the collection
counts, this implies that these raw milks tested po- centers in the province.
sitive for alcohol, confirming the poor hygienic qua-
Table 5. Summary of the alcohol test carried out on the producers of the 5 cantons of the province of Carchi.
The alcohol test must be done every day in the it is suggested to follow up in the dairy herd to
collection centers of raw milk, because every day is closely identify the problem of watering or others
a separate reality, an oversight in the system and as a nutritional deficiency, lactation time, environ-
the results are unsatisfactory in the quality of the mental temperature, physiological pathologies of
product, the only way to control the compliance or the animal that they may be going through (Gon-
breach of the minimum standards of hygiene in the zález Cuascota, 2013), and consequently the cryos-
process. It is the only empirical and rapid test that copy this outside the state norms.
can help to judge the product at the time of recep-
tion.
3.3.4 Methylene blue reduction time (Reductase ges >to 5 hours that according to the NTE INEN 9
test) (2015), the product is of quality.
The average of the percentages of the farmers of the In a study conducted by Buñay y Peralta (2015),
5 cantons of the province responded to the treat- in 168 samples of suppliers of raw milk in the pro-
ment, there is a significant progress after the techni- vince of Cañar, only 32.1 % meet the quality criteria
cal intervention. However, this progress is not satis- imposed by NTE INEN 9 (2015) by >3 hours what
factory or expected, in the first phase 70.64 % (308) evidence that in the province of Carchi the advance
of the producers obtain a quality milk checked by is significant in the control of the quality of the raw
this examination at the time of receipt, while in the material, but still needs to continue.
second phase 81.29 % (352) ) of the producers provi- This test maintains a careful process, but with
de quality milk according to this test. training is manageable to control the hygienic sta-
The reductase test in the qualification of the hy- te of the milk, the collection centers must maintain
gienic quality of raw milk, indicates in a rough man- it for daily control and monitor the quality of the
ner the degree of bacterial contamination. In the Ta- received product (Zambrano y Grass, 2008) and be
bla ??. It is observed that the averages in the two able to take the measurements with the associated
samples taken before and after the technical inter- users and to be able to advance in the quality pro-
vention, there is an increase of 10.65 % of the avera- cess.
Table 6. Summary of the alcohol test carried out on the producers of the 5 cantons of the province of Carchi.
3.3.5 Lacto fermentation that did not present coagulation presumably be-
cause they contain chemical substances, detergents,
The 48.2 % and 6.57 % of producers of the provin- pesticides from the stables. The milks with negative
ce maintain fermentable (coliform) and proteolytic results are favorable for the dairy producing cheese
bacteria problems respectively, 44.91 % of producers industry (Figure 1.) This test helped to identify that
presented negative milk to the test reflecting a good the milk of the province has serious deficiencies in
quality hygienic product, and 0.31 % of the samples the hygienic quality originated in the stables.
Figure 1. General result of the lacto fermentation test of small and medium producers in the 5 cantons of the province of Carchi.
4 Conclusions Acknowledgements
In a special way to the producers of the provincial of
Laboratory analyzes undoubtedly remain a funda-
Carchi, to the technical personnel of GADPC; alpina
mental tool for the diagnosis of the quality of raw
foundation and UPS for the support and delivery to
milk at the producer level. Qualitative tests such as
the research project, for all the resources allocated.
CMT help diagnose health problems at the produ-
cer level; while the test of alcohol, reductase, lacto
fermentation helped to roughly determine the hy-
gienic state of raw milk. Quantitative tests such as References
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