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☆過過過過過過過 ˙過過過過過
過過過過過過 Trimethaphen 過過過
Hexamethonium
CNS 過過 Methyl tyrosine 過過過過過 = Metyrosine
Clonidine α2 agonist 過過 opioid 過過過過 BP、HR (副作用:頭暈)
過過過過過 rebound HTN
Methyldopa 過過過過過過過 過過過過過 過過
Reserpine NE過5-HT過DA↓(過過) 過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過 Guanethidine 過 NE 過過過過
過過過過過過過過過
α1過α2 過過 Phenoxybenzamine 過過過過過過 HTN (過過過過 HF 過過↑) 過過過過過過 (過過過過過)
Phentolamine 過過過過過過 BPH 過過過 HR
Pheochromocytoma Syncope
Sexual impairment
Betaxolol 過過
1
☆過過過過過過過過
過過 過過 Pilocarpine 過過過 過過過 過過過
過過(-chol) Bethanechol 過過過過過過過(過過過過) 過過過
Carbachol 過過過過過 M過N (過過過過過過過過過過) (過過過)過過過過過過過
過過 過過 Physostigmine 過過過 過過過 MG
anti-AchE 過過過過過過過
過 Atropine 過 TCA 過過 過過過過過過過過過過過
Neostigmine 過過+過過 N治 MG 過過過 過過過過Epinephrine
過過過過過過過過 β1 過過過Timolol
過 Tubocurarin (過過過過過過)過過 過過過過過Pilocarpine
Pyridostigmine 過過過 MG 過過過 Physostigmi
Edrophonium 過過過 MG ne
☆過過過過過過過
過 M = 過過過過
過過 Atropine 過過過過過過過 過過過過 過過過 過過過過 過過過 過過過過
(3胺) 過過過過過 →過過過過過 過過過過(過過 ) 過過過過 過過過 過過+過過過過過(M3)
過過過過Physostigmine 過過過過過過過過 過過 BPH Atropine
Scopolamine 過過過過過過過過 過過過COPD 過過 過過過過 Tropicamide
過過 Tropicamide 散瞳→眼底鏡檢查 短效 過過過 過過過 過過過過 (α1)
(4胺) Ipratropium 氣喘、COPD (首選藥) 吸入給藥 過過過過 過過過過 Phenylephrine
(Atrovent) 過過過過 過過過過
過過過過過過EPS
Propantheline 降低胃酸分泌及腸胃蠕動
(被 Pirenzepine 取代)
Pirenzepine 降低胃酸分泌 抗 M1
Trihexyphenidyl 帕金森氏症、EPS (Artane)
Benztropine
Biperiden
過 Nn = 過過過過過過(過過過過)
過 Nm = 過過過過過過過過過(過過過過過過過過)
過過過 d-Tubocurarine 過過過過過過(過過過 )→過過 →… 過過過過 Histamine 過過 過過過過過過過過過過
(d-Tc) (過過過過過過過過過) 過過過 N-R antagonist
過過過過過 Fade during titanic
過過過過過過過 and TOF stimulation
過過過過Neostigmine
Vecuronium 過過過 Histamine→過過過過過過 過過 過過過過
Pancuronium 過過 M2→過過過過(過 Atropine) 過過
Atracurium 過過過過過過→過過 ICU 過過 過過 Histamine 過過 Hoffmann elimination過
過過過過過過過過過 過 RBC 過過過過過過
過過過過 pH 過過過
過 d-Tc 過過 Denzylisoquinolines
Mivacurium 過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過 Succinylcholine 過過過過過過過過 過過過過過 過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過
(Ach-Ach) 過過過過過過 pseudo-AchE →Halothane 過過過 N-R agonist
過過過過 →Dantrolene 過過 Non-fade
過過過過 過過過
過過過過過過過(過過過 AchE 過) 過過 Histamine Dantrolene過
過過過過 過過過 CCB過過 CA2+過過過
2
☆過過過過過
Nitrates Amylnitrite 過過過過過過過 過過過 過過過 過過過過
Nitroglycerin 過過過過 NO→cGMP↑(過過過過) 過過過過過過 過過
(NTG) (過過過過過過過) (NO 過過過過 Plt 過過 ) 過過 CHF 過過
過 3 過過過 過過 V>A 過過過過過 過過過過過過
過過 →↓preload > afterload (過 loop diuretics 過過) 過過過過過過過
過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 (過 β 過過過過過
~ dinitrate 過過過過過過 過 free 8 過過 (過 β-blocker 過過) 過過過過過過過)
~ mononitrate 過過過過過 過過過過過 Nitrite 過 過過過過過 過過
~ tetranitrate 過過過過過過 過過過過過過 (過過過 Methylhemoglobinemia) 過過過
☆過過過
Osmotic Mannitol 過過過過過過(過過過過過過) ↑過過過(過過過 Na+過過)
Urea 過過過過
CAI Acetazolamide 過過過→過過過過過 PCT過↓Na+過H+過過過 過過過過過過(過過 HCO3-) 過
+ -
過過過過過過過過過過 →↑Na 過HCO3 過過過 過過過→過過 Ca2+過過過 過
→過過過 seizure ↓H+過過 過
Thiazide (-thiazide) 過過過過過過過過過過過 DCT 過過過 過過過過過過 過 過
(過過過過過過過過過過過) + -
過過 Na /Cl symporter (過 Digoxin 過過過過過) 過
Mild HF 過過過過過過過過過過過(Niacin) 過
過過 過過 過
過過過過過 (+過過) 過
Loop Furosemide (Lasix) 過過過 Ascending Henle loop過 過過過過過過過 過
Ethacrynic acid 過過過過過(+Nitrate 過) 過過 Na+,K+,2Cl- pump 過過過
Bumetanide 過過 CHF (Vancomycin 過Aminoglycoside)
(過過過 Lasix 過) 過過過過 過過過過過
過過過過過(+過過 N/S) (Mancomycin過Aminoglycoside過
NSAID過Amphotericin B)
過過
K+ sparing Spironolactone 過過過 DCT過CD過 過過過 過
過過(過過過) 過 Aldosterone 過過過過過 過過過過過過(過過 H+) 過
Amiloride 過過 CHF 過過過過過 過過過過 Na+過K+過過 過過過過過 過
Triamterene Spironolactone 過過過過過過
(過 Androgen-R 過過過過過)
過過過過 過過過 Desmopressin (DDAVP) 過 V2 (↑過過過) 過過過過 (cf. Imipramine)
2+
V1→Gq→Ca ↑(過過過過) 過過 A 過過過過
V2→Gs→cAMP↑
過過 Thiazide +過過
3
☆過過過 ˙(ABCD過 ACEI / ARB過β-blocker過CCB過Diuretics)
β-blocker 過過過過↓renin 過過過過過過(↓SV過HR 過過過過) RAA 過過過過β-blocker過ACEI過ARB
過過過 Thiazide (過過過過過過過過過過過過過)過Loop過過過過
過過過過過 Angiotensin ACEI 過過過 過過 ACE→ 過過過過 過過過
antagonist (-pril) 過過過 ↑Angiotensin I 過過 (Bradykinin↑) 過過過過過過過
(過過過過過) HF過MI 過 LV 過過過過 ↑Bradykinin (過) 過過過 過過(Methyldopa)
過過過+過過過 過過過過
ARB 過過過+HTN 過過過過過過過過過 過過過過
(-sartan) 過過過 AT1 過過過 過 過過過過過過 (過過過 Bradykinin↑)
CCB Nifedipine…
α1-blocker (-zosin) BPH+過過過
過過過過 Hydralazine 過過過過過 Lupus=like syndrome 過過過過
過過過 (Procainamide) 過過過過過過過
Minoxidil 過過 K+過過→過過過過過 過過(過過 ) 過過過過過過過
Diazoxide 過過過 ↑renin (過過過 β 過過過)
Nitroprusside NO 過過過過 V過A CN 過過- ↑Aldosterone
過過過過過過過過過過 Coronary steal ↑過過過過(過過過過過過)
過過過 (Dipyridamole過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Isoflurane)
過過 過過過過過 Trimethaphan 過過過
CNS 過過 Methyldopa 過過過過過
Clonidine
過過過過過過過 Ganethidine
過過過過過過過 Reserpine 過過過過過過
☆CHF
過過過過過 ACEI / ARB 過過(↑過過過)過↓CHF 過過
Nitrate (過過 v) + Hydralazine (過過 a) 過過過 HR↑
過過過 Loop diuretics 過過過過過+過過 CHF
Thiazide Mild CHF 過過過過 Digoxin 過過過
Spironolactone ↑過過過
過過過 Digitalis glycosides SV↑過HR↓(↓過過)過過過 CHF 過過過過 過過過過過
↓AV node (↑PR interval)過過過過過過 過過 Na+/K+ ATPase過↑過過 過[ Na+][Ca2+]
過過過過 CHF 過過過 過過過過過過過 ↓SA/AV node→↓HR
過過過過過過
Digitoxin 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過
(過過過過) 過過過過過過過過 HR↓(<60 過過過)過過過過過過過
4
☆過過過過過過 ˙過過 β 過過過過過過過過過
I Na+過過過過過(過過過過) 過過 Phase 3 AP 過過
phase 0 (過過過) duration
Ia 過過過 Atropine 過過 M 過過→↑HR→SVT↑過過過過過過過過過過 SVT 過 過過 過過 VT
VT Quinidine 過過過過 (VT過AF過PSVT) 過過過過過 (Cinchonism)過過過過過 (過過過過) (過 class III (SVT)
過過過過過過過 過過過過 過過過過過
(過過過過過過過過過) 過過過過過 QT 過過過
Procainamide 過 Quinidine Lupus-like syndrome (Hydralazine) Torsade de
Disopyramide pointes 過 VT)
Ib Lidocaine IV 過 VT (過過過過過過過) 過過過過過過過過↓→過過過過過 過 過過 過過 VT
VT 過 Digoxin 過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 (過過)
SC 過過過過過過
Mexiletine 過 Lidocaine過過過
Tocainide VT過過過過過
Phenytoin 過過過過過過
Ic Flecainide VT 過 過過過 過過過 VT>>SVT
VT Propafenone 過 Flecainide (過 Ic + II) (過過過過)
II β 過過過過↓過過過過過過→↓SA
SVT Propranolol AF過↓MI 過過過過過過過過
Esmolol AF AV block 過過過過過過過過過過 β 過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過 (過過過過過過過過 )
+
III K 過過過過過過過過 phase 3 (過過過)→過過過過過過 QT 過過過 Torsade de pointes
SVT Amiodarone 過過過過過過過過過過 t1/2 >50 days (過過過過過過)
VT 過過過 class I過II過III過IV 過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過 過(過 thyroxine) 過過過(Bleomycin)過過過過(Tetracycline)過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 (Wolff-Chaikoff effect)
Goiter 過過過過過過過過過過過過過(Jod-Basedow phenomenon)
過 Digoxin 過過過Digoxin 過過過
Bretylium 過過過過過
Sotalol 過 β 過過
IV CCB過↓SA/AV node rate→過過過過過過過過
SVT Verapamil AF過PSVT ↓HR過↓SV過(過過 CHF 過過過過)
Diltiazem 過 Verapamil
過過 Adenosine A1 (AV node 過)→Gi→ →↓AV過↓HR 過過過過過過過過過
↓cAMP → 抑制 Ca2+ 內流
(SV→過極化
↑K+ 外流 過過過過) 過過過過(過過 )
AF過PSVT過SVT (過過)
過過過(IV) A2→Gs→過過過過
Digoxin SVT過PSVT GI過CNS過過過過過
↓SA/AV node→↓HR過↑SV 過過過過過過過過
Atropine 過 Sinus bradycardia
MgSO4 過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
↑PR interval過Adenosine > Class II過IV
↑QRS duration過Class III > Ia > 過過
↑QT interval過過過 Class III過Ia
過過過過過 SVT(β 過過過過K+過過過過過過CCB過Adenosine過Digoxin)
過過 VT (class I過K+過過過過過)
5
☆過過過過過
過 Plt過過過過過過過
過過 TXA2 Aspirin 過過過過過 MI過過過過過過 過過過過過 COX
過過過過過(<325mg) (NSAID 過過過過過過)
過過 ADP-R Ticlopidin Aspirin 過過過過過過過 過過 neutropenia (Clozapine)
Clopidogrel 過過過過過
過過 Gp Ilb/IIIa-R Abciximab 過過
Tirofiban
過過 PDE Dipyridamole 過過過過過過過過 過過 adenosine uptake Coronary steal
過過過過過 (Nitroprusside過Isoflurane)
Cilostazol Intermittent claudication PDE3 過過過
(50-100mg 過過過過過過過過 (PAOD)
bid)
過過過過過過過過過過過
Heparin (LMWH) Coumarin (過過過 )
過過 過過過glycosaminoglycan 過過過過過(過過過Warfarin過Dicumarol)
過過 過過 antithrombine III→↓Thrombin (IIa) 過過 Vit. K
過過過過過過過過(過過 IIa過Xa) →過過 Vit. K eposide reductase (KO 過過 過 )
(LMWH 過過過 Xa) 過過 Protein C過Protein S
(過過 Heparin 過過 Coumarin 過過過過過過 )
過過過過 過過過(過過過過1-3 hrs) (LMWH 過過過過) 過過過(過過過過12-24 hrs) (過過過 1.5 days)
過過過過 過過 (LMWH 過過過過過過 ) 過過
過過 過過過過過過過 過過過過
過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過 過 Heparin過DVT過過過過
過過過 過過過Thrombocytopenia 過過過過過過過
過過過 Protamine (過過)過過過過過 過過過過 FFP
Vit. K1 (Phytonadione)過過過過
過過 Clotting time過aPTT (1.5-2.5) PT過INR (2-3)
(LMWH 過 aPTT 過過過)
過過 過 過過
過過過過 Clofibrate過Metronidazole過Disulfiram 過過↓p450
→過過 Warfarin 過過過
過過過過過=過過過過過過過 (Fribrinolysic agents)
Urokinase 過過過過 過過過過 plasminogen 過過過 plasmin過
Streptokinase 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過 fibrin 過過
Alteplase (tPA) DNA 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過 fibrin 過過過過 AMI 過 6 過過過過過過過
Plasminogen (過過過過) 過過過過過過過過 3 過過過過過過過
☆過過過
Aminocaproic acid 過過 plasminogen 過過 過過過過過過過
Tranexamic acid 過過過 Aspirin 過過過過過過過過過過 Aspirin 過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過
Vit. K 過過過過過過過過(Coumarin)
(Phytonadine) 過過 Vit. K 過過過過過過
6
☆過過過過
Statins ↓過過過 過過 HMG-CoA reductase (↓過過過) 過過過過過
過過過過 LDL-R (↑LDL 過過) 過過過過過 (過過過 Fibrates 過過過)
過過 Pra-過過過過過過過過過 過過過過
Atro-過過過過過
Resins ↓過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過(Vit. ADEK↓→↓Warfarin 過過過過過)
Cholestyramin 過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過
e ↓過過過過過過過過 LDL-R 過過過過過過過過過
Cholestiple
Fibrates ↓TG 過過過過過 PPAR-α 過過 LPL (↑VLDL 過過) 過過過 (過過過過過過過)過過過過
Gemfibrozil ↑HDL 過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過Statins過Warfarin
↓TG (VLDL)過↓LDL過↑HDL 過過過過過 PPAR-γ(-glitazone)過過過
Niacin (B5) ↓TG 過過過過過過 VLDL 過過過過過過過過過
↑HDL 過過過過過過過過 (↓FFA) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
↓Lp(a) ↓TG (VLDL)過↓LDL過↑HDL過↓Lp(a) 過過過Thiazide過Niacin 過過過過過過過過過過
Probucol ↓HDL 過過 LDL 過過過過過過過 foam cell ↓HDL
(過過過過) 過過過過過過過過過 LDL 過過 過過 QT interval
Fish oil 過過過過 ω3 過過過過 過 LDL 過過過
過過過過過↓TG 過 Lipoprotein過↑HDL
☆過過過
過過過過過過 Orlistate (過過過 ) 過過 lipase
過過過過過過 Sibutramine (過過過 ) 過過過過 5-HT過NE過DA 過過(過 TCA過SSRI)
(過過過過過過過過過) Dexfenfuramine (過過) 過過過 5-HT agonist 過過過過(過過過過過 )過過過過
(↑Serotonin 過過過過過過過)
PPA (過過) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Phentermine (過過)
7
☆過過過過過 ˙過過過過過 過過過過 過 過 過 過過過過
過過過過過過-maintain過過過過過過過過過過過過
Nitrous oxide 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過
(N2O) 過過過過過過 過過過 close gas space 過過過 過過/過過過過過Des>Sevo>Iso>En>Halo
過過過 Halothane 過過 Vit. B12 過過過過過過 N2O Des Sevo Iso En Halo Methoxy
Second gas effect MAC >100 6.0 2.0 1.4 1.7 0.75 過過過過
Halothane 過過過過過 過過過 B/G 0.47 0.45 0.69 1.4 1.8 2.3 →過過過
過過過過過過過過過 過過過過 ˙MAC 過過過 potency 過過
過過過 N2O (過過過 catecholamine 過過過↑) ˙Blood/Gas partition coefficient (=1-FA/FI)過過
過過過過過 過過過過(過過過)過過過過過過過過過過 =過過過過過
過過過過 =過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過 過過 -過過過過過 ↑過過過過Halo>En>Iso過Des
Methoxyfluran 過過過過過過過 過過過過 過過 F過過過過過 ↓過過過過過Iso過Des>En>Halo
e 過過過過(dose-dependent)過
Enflurane 過過過過 過過過過 EEG 過過 epileptiform activity Halo>En>Iso過Des過Sevo
過過過過 過過過過過過過Des>Iso>En>Halo過Sevo
過過過過過過(PaCO2 過過 60) ↓過過過過Halo>En>Iso過Des過Sevo
Isoflurane Coronary steal 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
(Nitroprusside過Dipyridamole) 過過過過過 Halothane 過過
Desflurane 過過過過過過
Sevoflurane ↓過過過過過 過 CO2 過過過(lime soda)過過過過
↑過過過過過 compound A (過過過)
過過過過過過過過-induction + maintain
Barbiturates過 過過過過過過過過IV 過過過過 過過過過過
Thiopental 過過過過過 (↓BP過CO過過過過↑HR) ICU過Propofol過BDZ
Methohexital 過過過過(2nd peak) Acute intermittent porphyria 過過過過過過 Propofol
過(過過過過 )過過過 +Xylocaine 過過過 過 (過過過過過過 )過BDZ過Opioid
BDZ過
Midazolam BDZ 過過過過過過 過 opioid 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過
過過 pH過過過過過 過過過 C/S 過過過過過過 BDZ 過過過過過BDZ
過過過 IM 過 BDZ 過過 TCA 過過過 過過過過過Opioid
Diazepam 過過過 ↑the inhibitory tone of GABA 過過過過過Atropine
Lorazepam 過過過過過Droperidol (過 D2)
Propofol 過過過過 ↑GABA synapse activity 過過過過過過過過過過過過過…
過過過過+過過過 過過過過過過過 過過
(過過過過過) 過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過 opioid過lidocaine 過過過
過過過過過過過 過過 6hrs 過過過過過
Ketamine 過過過過過 過過 glutamate NMDA-R
過 IM 過過過過過過過過 BP↑過HR↑過IOP↑過ICP↑
過過過過過過過 過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過
Opioid 過過過過過
Fentanyl 過過過過過
過過過 Droperidol (Haloperidol 過過)過過過(過過過過過過 Innovar)
8
☆過過過過過 ˙過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過 (Ester)過過過過過過過過 pseudocholinesterase 過過(cf. Succinylcholine) 過過過
Cocaine 過過過過過過過過過 過過 CNS 過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過(過過過過過過過過過)過 過過過過 Na+ channel 過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過 Epi 過過過過 (h-Gate of inactived site)過過過過
Procaine 過過過過IV過過過 過 PABA 過過過↓過過過過過(過過過過) →過過過過過
Tetracain 過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
e 過過過過過
Bezocain 過過過過 過過過過過
e C≧B>A (過>過>過過.過過)
過 過過 (Amide)過過過過過過過過 dealkylation 過過(Phase II過過) pKa 過過 過過過過過過過
9
☆過過過過過過過
過過過過 Strychnine (過過過過 ) Glycine-R antagonist過 過過過過過過過過 過
過過過過過過過過過 (tonic convulsion) 過過 Glutamate NMDA-R
過過過過 Doxapram 過過過過過過過過過過過過 (過過過過 ) Non-NMDA-R
過過過過 Picrotoxin (過過過過 ) GABAA antagonist過過過過過過 (過過過過 ) 過過 GABA Cl- (GABAA)
過過過過過過 DA
A.Methylxanthine 過 過過過過過 過過過 ↓PDE→↑cAMP Opioid Gi
Caffeine CNS 過過過 過過 Aednosine 1-R (過 ) Glycine Cl-
過過過過過 過過過 CNS 過過 過過過 >過 >過過 過過 Ach
Theophylline (過過) 過過過過過 CV過過過過過過過過 >過過>過過 NE
過過過過過過(過過過 ) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 … Serotonin
Aminophylline 過過 過Adenosine→A1→Gi→↓cAMP
=+Ethylenediamine (過過過 )
Theobromine (過過過)
B.Nicotine 過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過 relax 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 …
Arousal過↑過過過過過過過過 過 過過過過過過過過過過過過
CV 過過過過 (過過 )
Bupropion 過過過(過過過過過過 )
C.過過 Amphetamine (Methylphenidate)過Cocaine過Ephedrine過過過過過過過過過過過
☆過過過過過過過過過
Barbiturates
過過過 Thiopental過Hexobarbital 過過過過 過過過過過 GABA 過過過 GABAA-R
過過 Secobarbital (過過 )過Pentobarbital 過過過過過過過 (過過 Cl-過過過 過過過過過過過 過 )
過過 Amobarbital (過過 ) 過過過 TI 過過過過過 (過過過過過過過 )
過過 Phenobarbital 過過過過過 ↑p450
過過過過過 febrile seizure 過過 過過過
過過過過
過過過 ↑Porphyrin 過過(過過過過過過過 )
BDZ過過過過過
過過 Triazolam (UK 過過 ) 過 過過過過過過過 過過過過過 GABA 過過過 GABAA-R (過過 Cl-過過過 過過過 )
Oxazepam 過過過TI 過
過過 Alprazolam (Xanax) (過過過 )過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過
Flunitrazepam (FM2) 過過(過 Triazolam過過 Temazepam過過 Flurazepam)
過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過 過
Oxazepam過Lorazepam過Midazolam
Clonazepam 過過過過
BDZω
Zaleplon GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過R 過過
Zolpidem (Stilnox) 過過 GABAA 過過 Cl-過過 (2α1過2β2過γ2)
Zolpiclone (Imovane) (3-4 hrs) 過 CNS 過過過 ω1 (過過過BDZω 過過過過 )過ω2 (過過過過過過過過過)
過過 過過過 Picrotoxin (GABA 過過過過過過過過 )過Bicuculline (過過 Cl-過過)
過過過 Barbiturate過BDZ過BDZω過過過過過過(alcohol過Propofol)
GABAB Gi protein→過過 Ca2+過過過過過 K+過過
過過過 Baclofen (過過過過過過過過過)
5-HT1A-R 過過過過過
Buspirone 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 (onset 過 1-2 wks)過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過 (Diphenhydramine) Ethanol 過過過過過過過過過(Baclofen) Chloral hydrate (過過過過過 )
10
☆過過過過過過 ˙過過過過過過過 DA↑↑過5-HT2A
Typical
Chlopromazi 過過過過過過 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過 D2-R (過過過過過過過過 M過
ne (過過過過過過過過 ) 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 H1過α1[過過過過過過 ]過5-HT[過過過過 ])
(Wintermine) 過過過 過過過Antipsychosis (過過過過 )
Thioridazine 過過 EPS 過過過 M 過(過過過過過過過 ) 過過過 Prochlorperazine (Novamin)
Fluphenazin 過過 過過(High potency)≠high efficancy Metoclopramide (Primperan)
e EPS 過過Prolactin↑ Toarette’s syndrome過過過過
Haloperidol 過過 過過過過 D2 過過過過過 EPS過
Toarette’s syndrome 過過 M 過(Atropine 過 )過過
Atypical (過過過)
Clozapine 過過 5-HT2過D4 (D1過D2 過) 2%過過 neutropenia 過過過
(過過過過 ) 過過 resistant pt 過過過過 EPS (Ticlopidine) 過過過過 5-HT2-R 過 D1過D2過D4
(過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 ) 過過 ↑過過過 ↑ 過過過
過過過過 (過過 ) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Olanzapine 過過 5-HT2過D2 (D1 過)
過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 model 過過過過
Quetiapine 過過過過過過過過 PCP (Phencyclidine過過過過 )
Risperidone 過過 5-HT2 (high)過D2 過過過(>6mg)過 -過過過過過 NMDA過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過 過 EPS過過過過
Ziprasidone 過過 5-HT2過D2過(過 5-HT1A過D3)
☆過過過過過過 ˙過過過過過 ↑NE過↑5-HT 1A
過過
TCA Imipramine 過過過(cf. DDAVP) 過過過過過過過過過 NE過5-HT 過過 過過 H1過α1過M
Amitriptyline 過過過過過(過 H1 過) 過過過過CV 過過過過 M過過 H1 (過過)過過 α1 (過過過過過過)
過過過過過 TCA 過過過過過過過(DM 過過過過過過 TCA過Carbamazepine)
TCA 過過過過Physostigmine
MAOI Tranylcypromine (過過過過) 過過過過過過過過過 MAOI→↑NE過5-HT過DA
Phenelzine 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過MAOI 過過 Tyramine (cheese)過SSRI過L-dopa過TCA 過過
過過過 (過過 6 過過過過過 )
RIMAs Moclobemide 過過過過過過 MAO-A過過過 NE過5-HT (過過過過過 )(過過過過過過過過過 )
(MAOI MAO-B過過過 DA (過過過過過)
A )
SSRIs Fluoxetine 過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 5-HT 過過
(Prozac過過過過 ) 過過過過過 MAOI 過過過過過 過過過過過 serotonergic syndrome
Citalopram Paroxetine過Sertraline過 過過過↓p450
Citalopram… 過過過過過 (過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 )
SNRIs Venlafaxine 過過過 SSRI 過過 5-HT過NE 過過(過過過 TCA)
Trazodone 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過 TCA 過過過過 M過過過過過過
Nefazodone 過過過過過 過 SNRI過過過過過 5-HT2A
NaSSA Mirtazapine 過過過過過 α2 autoreceptor 過過過 NE過5-HT
過過 5-HT2A過過5-HT3過H1
NARI Reboxetine 過過過過過 NE 過過
過過 Bupropion 過過過過過過
☆過過過過過
過過過過過
Lithium 過過 PIP2 過過過過Na+過過過過過過過 過過過
過過過過過過過 GI 過過 (過過 過過過過過過過過過過過 )過
過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Valproic acid 過過過過過過過過過過
(Deparkin) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過(過過過過過)
過過過過
Carbamazepi
ne
過過過過過過過過過Clozapine過Olanzapine過Risperidone
過過過SSRI過BDZ過過過過過過過(Lamotrigine過Gabapentin過Topiramate)
11
☆過過過過 ˙過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 ˙過過過過過過過 model 過過過過Pentylenetetrazol
過過 Carbamazepine 過過 Na+過過過↓Glutamate 過過 Stevens-Johnson syndrome (Phenytoin過Allopurinol)
(過過過過 ) 過過過過過過過過過過 CNS depression
過過過過 C/D
過 Phenytoin 過過 Na+過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
(過過過過) 過過過過過過 p450 過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 ↓Vit. D過↓Vit.K過↓過過
過過過過(class Ib) 過過過過 D
過過過過過過 (ex.D5W)過過 →過過過
Phenobarbital 過過 GABA 過過過 GABAA-R CNS
(過過) 過過 seizure 過過
Primidone 過過過 Phenobarbital
過 Ethosuximide 過過 T-type Ca2+ influx (過過過過過 ) 過過過CNS 過過過過過過過過
過過過過過 Valproic acid 過過過過過過過 過過過CNS 過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過 過過過過 D
過過過過 Diazepam過Lorazepam過Midazolam (IV)過過過過過過過過 GABAA 過過 過過過 Carbamazepine
過過過 Clonazepam 過過過過過過過過過過過bipolar disorder Phenytoin
Acetazolamide 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 seizure Lamotrigine
過過 Felbamate 過過 NMDA-R 過過過過過 Ethosuximide過Valproic acid
Topiramate 過過 AMPA-R 過過 GABA Barbiturate過BDZ
Lamotrigine Na+ channel blocker like Phenytoin Vigabatrin過Gabapenitn
Vigabatrin 過過過過過 GABA-transaminase 過過過過 Tiagabine
Gabapentin GABA analog 過過過過過過 過過 NMDA Felbamate
過過過過過過過過過 (過過過過過過過過 ) Topiramate
Tiagabine 過過 GABA 過過 Lamotrigine
12
☆過過過過過過 ˙過過過過μ→Endorphins (過過過過過過過過過過過 ) δ→Enkephalins κ→Dynorphins
過過(過過 )
Morphine 過過過過過 Morphine
(過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 ) 過過過過過過 μ(過)過κ receptor→Gi→Ca2+↓ 過過 K+過過
過過過過過 (+Nitrate過過過過) 過過過4-5 hrs (過)過過過(過過過過過過過 )
AMI 過過過
Codeine =Methylmorphine 過過過 過過過(κ-過過過過過 )過(μ2-過過過過過過過)過過過過過過
過過(過過過過過) 過過過 過過 (過 μ 過過)過過過(過過過過 CTZ 過 D2-R)
Papaverine ↑cGMP 過過過過 過過過(μ2-過過過過過過 )過過過 Oddi 過過過過過過 BP↓過
(過過過過過過過過 ) histamine 過過過過過 過過
Noscapine 過過 過過過過過過 (過過過 IICP)過過過過過 BPH過過過過過過
過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Heroin 過過 過過過過Naloxone (過過過過過過過過 )過Natrexone (過過過過過)
13
☆過過過 (Autacoids)
Amine Polypeptide Lipid
Serotonin (5-HT) Angiotensin Prostaglandin (PG)
Histamine (過過過過) Bradykinin (過過過過過過 ACEI) Leukotriene (LT)
Substance P Thromboxane (TXA)
Platelet activating factor (PAF)
☆過過過 過過過過過過
Agents Curare alkaloid (過過 )過Opiates過Atropine過Hydralazine過Dextran
Chemical Histamine過SRS-A (LTC4過LTD4過LTE4)過PG過TXA2過Ach過Bradykinin
☆過過過過過過
過過過(過過過)過過過過過過過過過 過過過
Diphenhydramine 過過過過過 R 過過過過過
(Vena) H1 過過 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過
Brompheniamine OTC 過過 (Gq 過過 過過過過過 過過過過過過 過過過過過過過
Chlorpheniamine OTC 過過 ) 過過過過過 過過
Promethazine 過過過過過過過 過過過 過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過 過過過過過 過過過過過過過
Meclizine過Cycli-過Bucli 過過過過 過過過 H2 過 過過過過 過過過過過過
- (Gs) 過 HR↑過SV↑
Cyproheptadine 過過過過+過 5-HT
過過過過過過 H1 過過過過過過 M過α1過5-HT過Na+過過過
Phenindamine 過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過(過過過過 )→過過過過過
過過過(過過過)過過過過過(過過過過 )過過過過 過過過過過 (過過)
Cetirizine (Zyrtec) QD GI 過過過過過(過過過過過過 )→BPH 過過
Loratadine (Claritin) QD 過過過過 →過過過過過過
Fexofenadine BID 過過過過過
(Allergra) ↓Ach→過 Parkinsonism過過過過 EPS
Terfenadine 過過↓p450 (CYP3A4)過過過過過過
Astemizole 過過過 QT prolong過過過過過
Cisapride
14
☆
過過 Phospholipase A2 Corticosteroid 過過>過過 過過過過 Lipocortin
過過 Cyclooxygenase NSAID 過過>過過
過過 COX-2 Celecoxib (Celebrex) 過過>過過
Rofecoxib (Vioxx) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過 Lipooxygenase Zileuton 過過過過過過過過
過過 Leucotriene Zafirlukast
Montelukast
☆Prostaglandins 過過過
PGE1 Alprostadil 過過過過 過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 PGE2過PGI2 過過過過過過過過
Misoprostol ↓過過過↑過過過過過過過過過過 NSAID-induced ulcer 過過過過過過過
過 Mifepristone (RU-486)過過過過過 過過過過 GFR
PGE2 Dinoprostone Ripening of the cervix 過過過過過→過過過過 Fetal ductus arteriosus
PGF2α Carboprost 過過過過(過過過過過過過過) PGE2過PGF2α 過過過過
Latanoprost 過過過過過過過過 PG TXA2過PGF2α 過過過過過過過過
PGI2 Etoprostenol 過過過過過 TXA2 過過過過過過過
Treprostinil 過過過過過過過過過過過
☆過過過過
過過過過 Colchicine ↓過過過過過過 /過過過過 過過過過過 Neutrophils 過過 tubilin 過過過 microtubule
↓過過過過過 →過過過過過過(過過過 ) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過(過過過過過過過過過)
過過過過 agranulocytosis
NSAID Indomethacin過Ketorolac 過過 Aspirin
過過過過過 Allopurinol Azathioprine過6-Mercaptopurine (6MP) 過過過↓Xanthine oxidase (XO)過過過過過過過
過 XO 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 1/4 過過過過Steven-Johnson syndrome (Carbamazepine過Phenytoin)
Probenecid 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過↓過過過過過過過過過過過↑過過過過(過過過過過過過過過過過 )
(Penicillin過Sulfonamides…) 過過過過過過過過過過過
15
☆RA 過過
NSAID 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過 過過過 DMARDs 過過過過過過過過
DMARDs Hydroxychloroquine 過過過過過過過過 lysosome 過過過過 GI 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
(過過過過過 )
Gold 過過過過過過過 lysosome 過過過過 GI 過過過過過過過過過過(Dimercaprol 過過)
+
Gold Na thiomalate (IM)
Auranofin (PO)
Sulfasalazine 過過過過(過過過 IBD) GI 過過過過過過leukopenia (過)
D-Penicillamine 過過過過(過過過過過 ) GI 過過過過過過過過過過thrombocytopenia (過)
過過過過過 Methotrexate DMARDs 過過過過過
過過過過BM 過過過ulceration
Azathioprine過6-Mercaptopurine ↓Lymphocytes
Cyclosporin (過過 BM 過過) ↓IL-2 (過過過過 T 過過過過過過過 )
過過過過過過過過HTN過過過過過 p450
Anticytokine Etancercept 過過 TNF-α
Infliximab
☆過過過過過
Methysergide 過過過過過 5-HT2過1
Ergotamine 過過過過過(過過 Caffeine 過過) 5-HT1過2過α
Ergonovine 過過過過過過(過過過過)(+Transamine)
過過過過過過
Bromocriptine Hyperprolactinemia過過過 DA-R
Parkinson’s Dz
Lysergide(LSD) 過過過過過過過過(過 過過 )
16
☆過過過過過
Insulin 過過過過
過過過 Insulin Lispro 過 過過過過
Insulin Aspart 過 過過過(過過過過過 ↑過過過過過過過過過過過過 )
過過 Regular insulin (RI) 過 IV 過過過過過 過過過
過過 NPH 過 過過過(+Protamine) 過過過過過過過過過過 β 過過過
Lente 過 (+過過過過過 過 )
過過 Ultralente 過 (+過過過過過過)
Insulin glargine 過 過過過過過過過 peak
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過 Insulin 過過過過過過
過過過 RI (30%)+NPH (70%)
過過過過過過過
過 insulin Sulphonylurea Tolbutamide (過) 過過過 過過過過過過 過過 β 過過過過 ATP-dependent
過過 Acetohexamide (過) (過過過過) K+ channel 過過過(過過過過過過過 )過
Chlorpropamide (過) 過過過過 Ca2+過過→insulin 過過過過
(Gli- / Gly-) 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過 β 過過過過
Meglitinides Repaglinide 過過過過過 過過過過 Sulfonylurea過過過過過過過過 Insulin 過過過↑
(Novonorn) (過過過) 過過過過 Glibencliamide過Glipizide過Gliclazide過Glimeperide
過過 insulin Thiazolidine- Troglitazone 過過過(過過過過) 過過過過過 PPARγ→↑GLUT-4
過過過過 diones (TZD) Rosiglitazone (Avandia) 過過過過 (過過過過過過過過過過過過)
Pioglitazone 過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過
(過過過 insulin 過過過過過過過過過)
過過過過過過過 Fibrates (PPARα)
過過 過過 Biguanides Metformin (Glucophage) 過過過過 or 過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 (過)
PCOS 過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過(過過過過過過過過)
→過過過過過過 過過 insulin 過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過GI distress
↓過過過過 α-glucosidase Acarbose (Glucobay) 過過 or 過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 α-glucosidase
inhibitors Miglitol →過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過
→過過過過過過過過
過過過過GI effect
過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過 (過過過 β-glucosidase)
17
☆過過過
過過過過過過過過 (過過)
Sulfonamide 過過 PABA 過過 FH2 過過過 過過過過過過 G(+)過G(-) (過過過過過過過過過過 ) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過
(過過過過過 Dihydropteroate synthetase Cotrimoxazole (Baktar) AOM
過 TMP 過過) (PABA過p-aminobenzoic acid) =Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) 400mg + (TMP 80mg) Shigella過Salmonella
過過過過過過過過過過過過 (過過過過過 +過過過過過) 過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過(Sulfacetamide) 過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過 (Silver Sulfadiazine) 過過
過 Acetylation IBD (Sulfasalazine=過過過 +Aspirin) 過過過 (過過過過過)
Trimethoprim 過過 FH2 過過 FH4 過過過 Procaine 過 PABA 過過過過過過過過過過過 G6PD 過過過過 (Chloromycin)
(TMP) Dihydrofolate reductase Thrombocytopenia
(MTX 過過過過過過過)
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
β-lactam Penicillin 過過 Penicillin G 過過過過過 β-lactam 過過過
Benzathine ~ IM過過過 過過 Acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine過
˙過過過 過過 Penicillin V 過過(過過過過) 過 PBPs (Penicillin-binding protein)過過
β-lactamase過 過過+過 Methicillin 過過過MRSA過過過(過過過過) →過過過過過過過過 transpeptidase
S. aureus PRSP Nafcillin Naf-過過(過過過過過) →過過過過過過過過過過過 peptidoglycan
N. gonorrhea (Penicillinase- Oxacillin (ORSA) 過過過過+過(過過)過 過過過過過過過
P. aeruginosa resistant Cloxacillin 過過過過過 GPC過過過過過過過過
penicillins) Dicloxacillin 過過過過過過過過 Pneumococcus過Meningococcus
Treponema pallidum過Spirochetes
過過 G(+)>G(-) Aminopenicillin過
過過過過
(過過過 ) Ampicillin +Sulbactam =Unasyn (過過)
過過過過 (Skin test過過過 Epi過過過過過過)
過過(過過過) Amoxicillin 過過過 Ampicillin 過過q6≒8h
過過過
+Clavulanate =Augmentin
過過
過過 G(+)(-) Carbenicillin (過過過過)
(+Probenecid 過過過過過過過)(過過過過)
+過過過過 Ticarcillin +Clavulanate =Timentin
(+Benzathine過Procaine 過過過過)
過過 Piperacillin +Tazobactam =Tazocin
過 Penicillin 過過過過過 Erythromycin過
過過過過過過過
Lincomycin過Clindamycin 過過
Cephalo- 過過過 Cephalexin 過過過q6h 過過 G(+)(過過) 過過過
sporin 過過過 BBB Cefadroxil 過過過q12h 過過 G(-)(過過過過) 過 Penicillin 過過過
Cefazoline 過過過q8h Cefazoline 過過過過過 過 G(+)過G(-)過過過過過
Cephradine 過過過q6h 過 Penicillin 過過過
過過過 Cefuroxime 過過過 過過 G(+)過過過 G(-) β-lactamase 過過
過過過 BBB Cefamandol 過過過過
Cefmetazole 過過過過過
過過過
過過過 Cefoperazone (CPZ) q8-12h 過過過過過過過過過 GNB過GPC 過
過過過
過 CPZ 過 Ceftazidime (Fortum) CPZ 過過過過過
過 Penicillin 過過過過10%
過過過 BBB Cefotaxime 過過過過過過過過過 GNB過GPC 過
過 Cephalosporins 過過過
Ceftriaxone qd過過過 Ceftriazone 過過過過過
Ceftizoxime
過過過 Cefapime (=過+過過) 過過 β-lactamase 過過過Cover 過過過 G(+)
Carbapenem Imipenem 過過(G(+)(-)過過過)過過↑過過過↓過過→+Cilastatin (=Tienam)
Etrapenem 過 AB 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Meropenem (過過 ) 過過過 Imipenem 過過過過過過過 G(-)過過
Aztreonam β-lactam 過過過過過過過過過過過only G(-)過 過過
Vancomycin (500mg/vial) =Teicoplanin (過過過 ) Vancomycin 過過過 過過過過過 glycopeptide 過過過
Bacitracin 過過過→過過 ORSA (MRSA)過過過過過 過過 G(+)過過過過過
Cycloserine TB 過過過(過過過過過過過) 過 β-lactam 過過過過 G(+)過過過 過過過過過過過過過 G(-)
Fosfomycin 過過過 UTI (過過) 過過過過過過 過過過過
Echinocandins 過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過 Metronidazole 過過過 過過過過過 Red man syndrome
Caspofungin (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthase 過過過過過過 Aminoglycoside 過過過過過過過
過過 Mucomycosis過 過過過過 TDM 過過過過過過過
Cryptococcus 過過
18
過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Tetracyclines 過過 Tetracycline 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過(過過過過過過過過過) 過過過過過過 30S 過過過
(過過過 BBB) 過過 Minocycline bid 過過過過 過過過過 (過過 tRNA binding)
過過 G(+)(-)過 Doxycycline bid 過 qd 過 Acne 過 過過過過 (<8y/o 過過過過) 過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過 過過過過(Amiodarone) 過過過過過
Superinfection 過過過過過過過過過
BUN 過過 過過過過過過過過
Aminoglycosides Streptomycin TB 過過過 過過過 過過過
過過 G(-) (過過過) 過 Penicillin 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過 30S 過過過
(過過 GNB) 過過(過過過過過過 )>過過 過過過 β-lactam 過過過過過過過 (Incorrect reading of mRNA)
過過 G(+) Gentamicin 過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過 過過過過過過
S. aureus
Tobramycin 過過過過 pH 過過過過過過過過過 過過過過
Coagulase(-) Sta.
Kanamycin 過過過→過過 →過過過過過過過過 過過過
Strep. viridans
Amikacin 過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過(過 UTI 過) 過過過
Enterococci
(Amikin) TB 過過過 過過過過過 (Furosemide過Amphotericin B)
(PCN 過過過 )
Gentamicin 過過過過過過 過過過過過過 ICU 過過 過過過過過過(過過過過過)過
Neomycin 過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過 Cr 過過過 TDM 過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過
weaning
Erythromycins Erythromycin Most cost-effect 過過過 過過過過過過 (Macrolide)
過過過過過 G(+)過 Clarithromycin 過過過過過 H. pylori 過過 Legionella過Mycoplasma 過過 過過 50S 過過過
過過 GNB Azithromycin 過過 Compliance 過過 Penicillin 過過過過過過過 (過過 translocation)
(過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過(Azithromycin 過) 過過過過過過過過(↑GI 過過)
過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 ↓p450過Terfenadine過Astemizole過 過過
過過 β-lactam 過過過(qd) Cisapride 過過過過 QT 過過過 過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過 過過過過>過過過過過過 過過過過
過過/過過過過過) 過過過過過過過 ↑Digoxin 過過
Chloramphenicol 過過過 過過過過 過過過
過過過G(+)(-)過過過過 Gray baby syndrome 過過過 50S 過過過
過過過S. aureus過過過過過 Blood dyscrasia (過過 transpeptidation)
過過過H. influenza過S. pneumonia過 G6PD 過過過過過過過
Neisseria meningitides
過過過過過<8y/o 過過過 Tetracycline 過過過
Lincosamide Lincomycin 過過過過過過過過過 BBB 過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Clindamycin 過過過過過過過過過 Erythro- 過 G(+)過過過 Erythromycin過 過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過
過過 /過過過過過過過過過 過過過 Thrombocytopenia過
過過過過過 Leukopenia過
過 Penicillin 過過過過過過過過過過 Granulocytopenia
19
抑制核酸:孕婦不適用
Quinolones 過過過 Nalidixic acid 抗藥性(不含基
過過過過過
易生 過過 ) 過過過 機轉:
口服佳 第二代 Fluoroquinolones過 過過過過過過 G(+)(-) 過過 DNA gyrase過
組織穿透佳 100mg/# Norfloxacin qd過過過(過 UTI) 過過過過過過 泌尿道感染(磺藥
過過過; Topoisomerase II 及IV過
廣效 Nitrofurantoin-長期肺纖維化 ) 過 DNA 無法複製
過 400mg Lomefloxacin 過過過 過過過 G(-)
Acquire
q12h Ofloxacin 過過 G(+) 過過 GNB 似Aminoglycosides 過過過過過過+抗生素後效應
resistance
Ciprofloxacin 過過過 G(-)過過 過過過過過 甚至更強 藥物動力學:
easily
過過過 Levofloxacin 過過過過過過過 過過過過 前列腺炎(過過過) 空腹GI 過過過(Sucralfate過
˙過過過β-lactam過Vancomycin過Aminoglycosides
˙過過過過過過過Aminoglycosides過Quinolones過Metronidazole (過過過過 qd 過過過過 )
˙PAE (Postantibiotic effect)過β-lactam 過 G(+)過 PAE過過 G(-)過 PAE
˙過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過 過過過過 過過過 過過過過過過 過過過過過過
20
☆過過過
過過過過 (Anthelmintic)過過過(Mematodes)過過過(Trematodes)過過過 (Cestodes)
Mebendazole 過過 Microtubules 過過過過過過(過過過過 )
過過過過過過過過過
Pyrantel Pamoate 過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過
過過過過(Antiprotozoal)過
Metronidazole 過過過tid 過過過 過過過過過過
(Flagyl) 過過過過 過過過過過過
過過過過(過過過過過過過) (Clindamycin過Lincomycin)
Emetine 過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過
過過 (過過過過) Chloroquine 過 RBC 過過
Primaquine 過 RBC 過過(過過過過)過過過過過過過過
過過過過過 Quinine =Cinchonism + Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine (過過過)
☆過過過過 ˙過 5 過過
Amantadine 過過 Parkinsonism
過過 A 過過過過過過 (過過 uncoating)
Rimatadine
Acyclovir 過過過過過過過過過過
(過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過 )
Ganciclovir CMV 過過
Famciclovir
Ribavirin 過 INF-α 過過 C 過過過(過過過)
Lamivudine 過過 B 過過過
Interferon- α HCV
β Multiple sclerosis
γ 過過過過過過過 (Immunomodulatory)
Enfurotide T- 過過過 HIV 過過過過過過 fusion 過過過過過過過過過
20
☆過過過
Clonidine 過過 Opioid 過過過過
Physostigmine 過 Atropine 過 TCA 過過
Neostigmine 過 Tubocurarin 過過
Atropine + PAM 過過過過過過過
Nitrite 過 CN-過過
Sodium thiosulfate
Lidocaine 過過過過過過過 過 Digoxin 過過(過過 Quinidine)
Flumazenil 過 BDZ 過過
Naloxone 過 Morphine 過過
Acetylcystein 過 Acetaminophen 過過
Deferoxamine 過
Dimercaprol (BAL) 過過 過過過
EDTA 過
Penicillamine 過
過過 過
21
☆過過過
過過過(Antimetabolites) (CCS過S 過)過過過過過過過過過過 (BM 過過過過)
過過過過 Methotrexate (MTX) (M) 過過過過過過過過過 過過過 過過 Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)過
Immunosuppression Leucovorin(過過過過過 過 FH2 過過過過過 FH4過過過過過過過 過過過
Leukemias過 過 N5, N10- Methylene- Thymidine 過過過過
non-Hodgkin’s Dz FH4 (Trimethoprim 過過過過過過過 )
過過 MTX 過過 DHFR)
Folate (過過 )
過過過 過 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 過過 ALL (過過過過 ) 過 Allopurinol 過過過過 XO↓過過 6-MP↑
過過過 過 Fluorouracil (5-FU) (F) 過 Leucovorin 過過過過過過 過過過過 過過 Thymidylate synthase (TS)過
(過過 covalent ternary 過過過過 過過過過過過 過過過過 dUMP 過過 dTMP
complex of TS and 5F-dUMP) hand and foot syndrome 過 prodrug過過過過過過過過 (5F-dUMP)
過過過過過過過過過過 過過 Dihydrouracil
過過過過過過 dehydrogenase 過過過 ↑
過過過 Tegafur 過過過過過 5-FU過過過過過 過過過過過
過過過 Uracil+Tegafur (UFUR)過過過過過過過
過過過 Capecitabine 過過過過過過過過過過過 過過 5-FU prodrug過過過過過過過過過過
過過 Cytarabine (ara-C) 過過 AML 過過過 Cytosine 過過過過過 tumor cell kinases 過過
Gemcitabine (Gemzar) NSCLC過 過過過過過過過 Cytidine 過過過過過過過過 DNA過RNA
(Difluoro-deoxycytidine) (過過過過過過過 )
Alkylating agents (CCNS)過過 DNA 過過 G 過過過過過過過過過 DNA 過過過過過過過過 G1過S 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
BM 過過過過
Nitrogen Mechlorethamine Hodgkin’s Dz 過過 過過過過
mustard Cyclophosphamide (C) 過過過過過過 過過過過過 過 prodrug過過過過 p450 過過過過過過
(過過過 ) non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (過過 過過 acrolein 過過→過過過過過過 (Mensa 過
Ifosfamide 過過過過
Chlorambucil 過過
Melphalan 過過
Busulfan 過過過過過過過過過過 WBC 過過 BM 過過過
Thiotepa 過過
Nitroso- Carmustine 過過過過過過過 CNS→過過過 過過過
ureas Lomustine
Platium Cisplatin (P) Cisplatin 過過過過過過 過過 (Amifostine 過過過過 過過過過過
(過 ) (過過 D5W 過過過 ) 過過過過過 過過過過過過過 ) 過過 cytotoxic free radicals 過過過過 all stages
Phenytoin 過 ) 過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 過過 過
過過過過過過過 過過過過過 (5-FU過Oxaliplatin過Irinotecan)
Carboplatin 過過過過 BM 過過過 過過過(Cisplatin + Paclitaxel)
Oxaliplatin 過 Oxaliplatin 過 5-FU 過過過過過過過過
(過 N/S 過過過過過過過 ) 過過過過過過過過過 (Paclitaxel)
Procarbazine (P) 過 Hodgkin’s lymphoma Disulfirum like Procarbazine 過過 MAOI
Dacarbazine (過過過過過過 )
過過過過 (CCNS)過(過過過過過過 ) 過過過過過過 DNA 過過過過過 DNA 過 RNA 過過過Natural product
Anthra- Doxorubicin (A 過 H) 過過過過過過過 過過過過(過過過過過過過過 過過過
cycline (Adriamycin) 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過 <550mg/m2)過BM 過過過 Intercalate DNA
(過過過 ) (過過(E)過過 ) ↓Topoisomerases II (Podophyllotoxins)
Daunorubicin (D) 過過過 Leukemias BM 過過過過過過過過過 過過 free radical
過過過過過 (過過 Idarubicin (I)過過過 AML)
Actinomycin D (Dactinomycin) Wilm’s tumor過過過過過 過過 DNA 過過 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Bleomycin (B) (CCS→G2 過) 過過過過 SCC (過過過過過過 ) 過過過過 (Amiodarone) 過 glycopeptide過過 free radical 過過 DNA
Mitomycin 過過過過 過過過過 過過過 過過過 Alkylating agent
Plant alkaloids (CCS過過過過過過 CCNS)過Natural product (+過過過過過過過過 L-Asparaginase)
過過過 Vincristine (Oncovin) (O) 過過過過過過過 過 tubules 過過過過過過過過過過
(M 過) 過過過過過 (過過 VWCD) (過過過 DTR↓過過過過過 ) (過過 mitotic spindle)
BM 過過過 (cf. Clochicine)
Vinblastine (V) 過過過過過過過過 BM 過過過過過過過過
Vinorelbine 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 NSCLC過過過過過過
過過過 Paclitaxel (過 D5W 過過) 過過過過過過過NSCLC 過過 過過過過過(Oxaliplatin) 過過過 Paclitaxel 過過 Cisplatin過過過過過過過
(M 過) Docetaxel 過過過NSCLC 過過過 過 Tubulin 過過過過
Podophy- Etoposide (VP-16) 過過過過 Late S 過 early G2 過
llotoxins Teniposide 過過過 ↓Topoisomerase II過過過 DNA 過過
過過過 Topotecan 過過過過過過過NSCLC ↓Topoisomerase I過過過 DNA 過過
(Campto- Irinotecan (過 prodrug) 過過過過過過過過過過 過過
thecins) (過過過過過 5-FU 過過) (Cholinergic diarrhea)
22
過過
L-Asparaginase 過過 ALL 過過過 ↓Asparagine (過過過過過 )
(過 Natural product) 過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過
IFN-α CML過MM過Hairy cell leukemia過low grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
過過過 RCC (過 α-2A type)
Tretinoin Acute promyelocytic leukemia 過 Retinoic acid 過過過
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) Acute promyelocytic leukemia
☆過過過過過過過過過
Thioamide Propylthioruacil 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過
過過過過 (PTU) 過過過過過過過過 過過 I-→I0 過過過 (Peroxidase)過I0→MIT/DIT 過過過過過 (過過 )
過過過過過 過過過過 T4→T3(過過過 )(過過 )
Methimazole 過過過過過過過過過 PTU 過過 過過過過
(MMZ) 過過過過過過過過過過過過 Agranulocytosis(過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過 Thioamide 過)
Carbimazole 過過過 Methimazole 過過過過 過過 (過過過 )
(CMZ) 過過過過過過過過過 GI 過過過過過
Iodide Lugol’s 過過過過過 Proteolysis過過過 T3過T4 過過
過過過過 solution 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
SSKI 過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過 I131 過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過 (I125 過過過過 )
過過過過過過過過過過過
β 過過過 Propranolol 10-40mg過qid (過過 HR<100) 過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過 T4→T3(過過過)
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 β-receptor 過過
過過過 Hydrocortisone 過過過過過過過 T4→T3(過過過)
˙過過過過過過過過過過過過 PTU (200-300mg過q6h)過 Methimazole (過過過過 T4→T3)
過過 PTU 過 2hrs 過過 Iodide (過過 T4過T3 過過)
Propranolol (40mg過q6h過po)
過過過Hydrocortisone過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 antipyretics
過過 I131
☆過過過過過過過過過
Tyroxine 過過過過過過過 (過過過過 )
Levothyroxin 過過過 T4 (過過過過過過 T3 ) 過過過過過過過過 (過過過過過 )過過過過過過過
e 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Liothyronine 過過過 T3 過過過過過(過過過過過)過IV 過過過過過過過過過過 coma
☆過過過過過過過過
過 過過過過 過過
過 (G) Mineralcoticoids Desoxycorticosterone 過過過過
(Aldosteron) Fludrocortisone 過過過過過過過 (Addison’s Dz 過過過過過過過過過過 )過過過過
過(F) Glucocorticoids 過過過過過過過過過 過過過過 過過過過 過 過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過
(Cortisol過 過過 Hydrocortisone 1 20 1 (過過過過過 >2wks 過過過 )
Cortison) 過過 Predinisone 4 5 0.8 過過過過過過過過過過 過過 ACTH (過 6-12 過過過過 )
過過 Prednisolone 過過過過 過過過過過過過過 /過過
Prednisolone 4 5 0.8 過過 過過過過 (過過過 Vit. D)
Methylprednisolone 5 4 0.5 過過 過過過過過 Mental dysfunction…
Triamcinolone 5 4 過過過 過過過過過過過 過 過過過過過過過過
23
☆Corticosteroid antagonist
Receptor Spironolactone 過過 Aldosterone-R 過過過過過
antagonist 過過 Androgen 過過過過過
Mifepristone (RU486) Progestin-R 過過過 過 Cushing’s syndrome
過過 Glucocorticoid-R 過 Misoprostol 過過過過過
Synthesis inhibitors Aminoglutethimide 過過過過過過過過 Pregnelolone過 過 Cushing’s syndrome
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過 Tamoxifen 過過過過
Trilostane 過過 3-β-dehydroxylation過 過 Cushing’s syndrome
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Ketoconazole 過過 17-α-hydroxylation過p450c17 過 Cushing’s syndrome
(Cortisol 過 Sex hormone↓)
Metyrapone 過過 11-β-hydroxylation 過過過過過過過
(Aldosterone 過 Cortisol↓過過 Androgen↑)
☆過過過過過 /過過過
Androgen Testosterone propionate
Danazol 過過過過過 /過過過過過 過 Endometriosis
過 Androgen Flutamide 過 Flutamide過 過過過過過
過 GnRHa (Goserlin過Leuprolide)
Finasteride (Proscar過過過 ) 5α-reductase 過過過過↓DHT 過 BPH過過過過 (Minosidil 過過過過過 )
Estrogens 過過 Estradiol 過過過過 過過過過過 (過過過過過過過過過過過過 )
Estrone (↑factor VII~X過↑plasminogen過
Estriol ↓Antithrombin III)
過過 Conjugated estrogens 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 HRT
(過過) (Premarin)
Ethylestradiol HRT過過過過
Ethinylsetradiol
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) 過過過過過過過 過過過過過過過(過過過過 )
過 Estrogens Clomiphene 過過過過過過 Estrogen-R 過過過過過過 過過過過過過過過 (過過過過過 )
Tamoxifen 過過 過過 過過 過過 SERM 過過
Toremifene Estrogen
Tamoxifen 1st 乳乳 乳乳乳乳乳
Raloxifen 2nd 乳乳 乳乳乳乳乳
Progestins Progesterone
Medroxyprogesterone (Provera) 過過 HRT 過過過過 Progestin
Dydrogesterone
Norethisterone acetate
Levonorgestrel (過過過 ) 過過過 72hrs 過過過 1#過12hrs 過過過過 1#
過 Progestins Mifepristone (RU486)
Aromatase 過過過 Aminoglutethimide 過過過過過 Estrogen 過過 Tamoxifen 過過過過過 ER (+)過過
Anastrozole 過過過過過過過
Letrozole
Exemestane
過過過 過過 Estrogen + Progesterone 過過過
Estrogen (過 14-16 過) 過過過
Progesterone(過 5-6 過過過)
Progestins (過過過過 ) Northisterone 過過過過
Depot Medroxyprogesterone 過過 12wks
過過 Levonorgestrel
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☆過過過過過過過 (過過過過 DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry)過過過過過過 (BMD)過 BMD<2.5 SD 過 T-
score<-2.5)
過過 過過 過過 過過 /過過
過過過過過
Estrogen (HRT) + 0 過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過 /過過過過過 ↑
Raloxifen (SERM) +++ 0 過過 HRT過過過過過過過過過過過過 SERM 過過過過過過
Salmon calcitonin + 0 過過過過過 (過過過過過過過 ) 過過過過(過過過過過過 )過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過Paget’s Dz 過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 PTH 過過
過過過過 過 過過過過過過 (↓過過過過過 )
Bisphosphonates +++ ++ 過過 過過過過
(過過過 hydroxyapatite 過過過過過 OC 過過過過)
過過過 Etidronate (Potency) 過過 OC 過過過過過過過過過 (過過 Osteomalacia)
1 過 Paget’s Dz過heterotopic ossification
過過過 Clodronate 10 過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過過
Pamidronate 100 過過過過過過過 過 過過(過過過過過過 )
Alendronate 1000 過過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過
過過過 5-10mg/d過35mg/wk 過過過 (<5%)
過過過10mg/d過70mg/wk
過過過 Risedronate 5000 GI 過過過
過過過過過
PTH (Teriparatide) +++ ++ 過過(過過過過 OB 過過) 過過過過(IM)
過過
Calcium (過過 )+Vit. D ± 0 過過過過過 過過過過過過
☆過過過
過 過過過過過過 過 Dimenhydrinate (OTC 過) 過過過過過 過過過過
Diphenhydramine
Promethazine
Meclizine
Cyclizine
過過過過 Scopolamine (過過 ) 過過過過過過過過過
過 D2 Prochlorperazine (Novamine) Medication-過toxin-過metabolic-induced emesis
Metoclopramide (Primperan) Primperan 過過 5-HT4 過過
Droperidol
5-HT3 過過過 (-setron) 過過過過過過過過
過 TCA Amitriptyline Functional nausea
Nortriptyline
BDZ Lorazepam Anticipatory nausea and vomiting with C/T
Alprazolam
Glucocorticoids Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) 過過過過
Dexamethaxone
X Cannabinoids (過過 ) Tetrahydrocannabinol 過過過過
☆過過過過過 (Prokinetic)
5-HT4 過過過 Cisapride 過過過 (Gastroparesis)過GERD 過過過過過過
5-HT4 過過過+D2-R 過過過 Metoclopramide 過過過過functional dyspepsia過過過 EPS 過過過過
過過 D2-R 過過 Domperidone 過過過過functional dyspepsia過
Parkinsonism 過過過過 L-dopa 過過過 過過過過
Motilin agonist Erythromycin 過過過過過過過過過過過過過
Somatostatin analogue Octretide Intestinal pseudoobstruction
過過過過過過 Bethanechol ↑Myenteric plexus→↑Ach 過過過過過過過過過過
過過 Simethicone 過過過過過
(Gascon)
25
☆過過過
過過過過過 Loperamide (Imodium) 過過過過過 Myenteric plexus μ-R (Gi→K+↑)過過過過過過過 Ach 過過
過過過過過過過過 BBb過過過過過過過
過過 2-4mg (Max過8mg)
過過過 Kaolin (過過過 )過Pectin (過過 )過Charcoal (過過 過 )
Kaopectin=Kaolin + Pectin 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過 Fiber
過過過過
☆過過過 (過過過 )
Stimulants 過過 Castor oil (過過過 Ricinolic acid) 15ml過過過過過過過
過過 過過 Bisacodyl (Ducolax) 過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過
過過 Anthraquinone Cascara (過過過過 )過Senna (過過過 )過Aloes (過過 )
Bulk (過過過) Methyl cellulose過agar過過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過
Osmotic MgSO4過MgO過Lactulose過Sorbitol 過過過過過過 過過過過過 過過過過過過過 →↑H2O retension 過過過過過過過過
過過過 過過過過Paraffin過Glycerol 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
☆過過過過
過過過過 β2 過過過 Salmeterol (過過) 過過過過過 β2-R過過過 AC→↑cAMP→過過過過過
Formoterol (過過)
Methylxanthine Theophylline 過過過過過 PDE過過過 Adenosine-1 receptor
Aminophylline 過過過過過過過過過過 過過 (過過過過過過過過過過 )
過過過過 過過 Ipratropium (Atrovent) 過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過 β2 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 β2 過過過
過過過 Corticosteroids 過過 Prednisolone 過過過過
(過過) 過過 Methylprednisolone
過過 Beclomethasone (過過) 過過過過過過過過過過
Budisonide (過過) (過過過過過過過過過過過 )
Fluticasone (過過過過過過 )
過 Leudotriene Zileuton (qid) 過過過過 5-Lipoxygenase
Zafirlukast (bid) Leukotriene-R antagonist
Montelukast (qd)
過過過過 過過 Mast cell Cromolyn 過過過過過 Ca2+過過 pul. Mast cell→↓degranulation 過過過過過過過過
Nedocromil 過過過過過過過(過過過過過過過過過)過過過過過過/過過過
☆COPD 過過 (過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 )
過過過過過(過過 ) 過過過 過過
β2 過過過(過過) Glucocorticoid 過過過過過過過過
過過過過(過過) (過過過過過 ) 過過過過過過過過過過過過
Methylxanthine過Theophylline 過過過過過過過過過過過過過過
˙過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過 Leukotriene 過過過過過 過過過 過過過過過過過過過過過過過
過過過過過過過過過過過過過過 過過過過 COPD 過過過過過過過過過過過過過 50%過過
過過過過過過過過過
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