Field work

along
Tanguar Haor,Lalakhal and Lawachara
Rain Forest

Report Submitted to
Professor Dr.Amir Hossain Bhuiyan Md Amadul Huda
Abdul Kadir Ibne Kamal

Report submitted by
Group 4
Roll : 401,408,417,426,429,434,441
Session : 2016-17

Department Of Environmental Sciences

Faculty Of Mathematics and Physical Sciences
Jahangirnagar University Savar,Dhaka-1342
 Table Of Contents

Page No

Table of contents
Part I : Biodiversity Of Tanguar Haor

Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location
1.1.2 Geomorphology
1.1.3 Climatic Feature of study area
1.1.4 Educational condition of study area
1.1.5 Flora and Faunna of study area
1.1.6 Livelihood
1.1.7 Health and Sanitation
1.1.8 Disasters of study area
1.1.9 Source Of Fuel
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Aim and Objectives
Chapter 2 : Methodology

2.1 Study Area

2.2 Tools
2.3 Questionaries

Chapter 3 : Results and Discussions

Chapter 4 : Conclusion

Part II : Lalakhal – Depot Of Geological features

Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location
1.1.2 Geomorphology
 1.1.3 Climate and weather of study area
1.1.4 Demography
1.1.5 Livelihood
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Aim and Objectives
Chapter 2 : Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Tools
2.3 Questionaries
Chapter 3 : Results and Discussions
Chapter 4 : Conclusion

Part III : Natural resources of Lawachara Rain Forest

Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location
1.1.2 Geomorphology
1.1.3 Climatic Feature
1.1.4 Demography
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Aim and Objectives
Chapter 2 : Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Tools
2.3 Questionaries
Chapter 3 : Results and Discussions
Chapter 4 : Conclusion

References
Annexe
 Part I

BIODIVERSITY
OF
TANGUAR HAOR
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter Contents :
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location
1.1.2 Geomorphology
1.1.3 Climatic Feature of study area
1.1.4 Educational condition of study area
1.1.5 Demography
1.1.6 Livelihood
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location
Tanguar haor , which was our study area, is one of the largest wet land
system in the northeast region and located in located at 25°5'25'' North
and 91°1'91'' East. Approximately one-thirds lies in Tahirpur Upazila
and two-thirds lies in Dharmapasha Upazila, both of which are located
in Sunamgonj District of Sylhet Division. The area of Tanguar Haor
including 46 villages within the haor is about 100 square kilometres of
which 2802.36 ha is wetland (Banglapedia, 2006). The haor is located at
an altitude of only 2.5-5.5 meters above mean sea level.

Figure 1 : Map of Tanguar Haor

1.1.2 Geomorphology

The wetland is bounded on the north by the Shillong Plateau, an

elevated block of PreCambrian Basement rock which has been draped
over by late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments. The south face of the
plateau has been dissected by steep, V-shaped canyon that follows
structurally controlled valleys. The southern escarpment of the plateau
is bordered by the east-west rending Dauki Fault, which forms a
distinct lineament separating the lowlands in Bangladesh from the
mountains in India (NERP, 1993b)
Most of the haor area is covered by the Young Piedmont. Alluvial
plain which comprises the alluvial fans of the Shillong plateau and
also the adjoining basins and basin depressions. The fan soils are
poorly to imperfectly drained, strongly mottled brown, loamy sands to
clay loams, poorly structured to strongly to very strongly acid
reaction. The very poorly drained basin deposits comprise strongly
reduced heavy clay lacking any sign of profile development. Tanguar
Haor is located right at the foothills of the Meghalaya Hills. Apart
from these features, location of this haor is another factor for its high
biomass production. The haor system is mainly rendered with the
blackflow of river waters from Baulai, Patnai and Jadukata rivers.
Few hill streams flow into the haor system but the major water thrust
comes from the south because of the back flow. The hill streams do
bring in some sediment but considering the volume of water held in
the haor and the area of the haor itself, it is insignificant. Because of
the low quantity of silt plus its dissemination during flooding season
this haor is still deep enough compared to the other haors where the
rate of sedimentation is comparatively higher.
 1.1.3 Climatic Feature of the study area

The climatic condition of Tanguar Haor is sub tropical-monsoon with

three dominating seasons, summer, monsoon and winter. Average
annual rainfall is about 8000 mm in the northern part of Sunamganj
with 65-69 % of the total rainfall occuring in the summer.
Evaporation enhances rainfall during the spring causing flash floods
in Tanguar Haor. Summer starts from the month of April to June with
the temperature ranging from 30.9 ~ 33.4 C, monsoon from May to
September and winter from October to February where the
temperature ranges from 8.5 ~ 16.6 C. Humidity is about 83% in wet
season and 64% in dry season.

1.1.3.1 Rainfall

The north-eastern part of Bangladesh experiences higher rainfall than

other parts of Bangladesh due to its physiographic considerations. Total
number of rainy days in Sylhet (149) is more than that of Srimangal
(116) with higher annual normal rainfall (4195.9 mm in Sylhet,
2354.8 mm in Srimangal). More than 80% of annual total rainfall
occurs during the May to October period in both Sylhet and
Srimangal area. The rainfall distributions in March to October, April
to October and May to October for Sylhet and Srimangal stations
show similar percentages(Table 1.1).
Table 1.1: Average normal rainfall (mm) and number of normal rainy
days at Sylhet and Srimangal

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Avg. 18.5 20.5 24.3 26.1 26.7 27.5 28 28.1 27.9 26.4 23.2 19.8
Temparature(c)
Min 12.1 13.8 17.8 21 22.6 24.5 25.1 25.1 24.6 22.3 17.7 13.6
Temparature(c)
Max 25 27.3 30.8 31.3 30.9 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.2 30.6 28.7 26.1
Temparature (c)
Precipitation / 13 27 108 319 549 780 751 595 468 227 31 8
Rainfall (mm)
1.1.3.2 Temparature

Temperature is an important meteorological parameter for

maintaining ecological balance in Tanguar Haor. The Sylhet area has
been experiencing temperature range from 9.68 ~ 35.7 C (from
January to December). According to the historical monthly maximum
and minimum temperature analysis (from 1981 to 2010), maximum
temperature occurs in the month of March-April while minimum
temperature occurs in December and January (Figure 1.2).

1.1.4 Educational condition of study area

Most of the people of the haor are illiterate or studied up to class five.
They do not listen to local or national news and are thus unaware of
issues such as climate change.

Figure : Floating school by Brac NGO

In fact, they also miss out on local developments and do not know
about the programs or projects that have been implemented by the
government within the Tanguar Haor area.
 Figure : A primary school at Jaypur village
However, they are interested to know and learn about climate change
and disasters.

Educational level of Tanguar Haor (In percent )

45
40
35
30

P 25

er 20 39.8

c 15
29
e 10 21.5
nt 5
0 5.4 4.3
Illiterate Primary SSC HSC Bachelor

Axis Title

Educational level of Tanguar Haor

1.1.5 Livelihood
INCOME/MICROCREDIT
Monthly income of the households ranges from a minimum of Tk. 500
per month to Tk. 7,000 per month. On an average, the monthly income
of families interviewed in the TH area is about BDT 4,050. There are
large seasonal variations in income; most of the households have little
or no income during the rainy season. Income is usually higher during
winter, due to farm output in addition to fishing, which is the sole
occupation for the rest of the year. Mainly men earn for the family
and in a few exceptional cases, women also work in the agricultural
fields or as domestic help.
Most of the villagers have access to some kind of microcredit system.
CNRS has started a Shamity, which is locally called ‘Baro (12) takar
Shamity’. To some extent the system helped the local people; they used
these loans to set up shops, purchase fishing gears and boats, etc. But
the interest rate seems high to them and the timeline of repayment is too
short, so they often take loan from the local ‘mohajon’, which entails
higher interest rates. A loan of Tk. 1,000 can have an interest rate as
high as Tk. 100 per month. This in fact pushes a lot of the people into
the downward spiral of poverty, as they are unable to repayment the
interests. Often, they use loans to meet their subsistence needs and are
not even able to invest in a business that can bring income.
A number of microcredit service providers operate in these villages,
such as Grameen Bank, ASA, ERA and BRAC, which especially
provide loans to the women. In most cases, after getting loans, the
women members handover the money to their husbands and they use
the money then in various income generating activities. A very few
women are doing businesses by themselves in the area. Women were
also trained by the Community Based Sustainable Management of
Tangaur Haor project in tailoring, which brought them an additional
source of income.

Fishing
News and warning of disasters are mostly received via mobile
communication. No existing early warning system is there for
impending disasters; they use indigenous knowledge, word of mouth
as warning for such events. There are radios and TVs in this village,
which fishermen listen to before heading out to the water.
During flash floods, they practice ‘uijja’ fishing, which is an indigenous
method of fishing. CNRS has started an early warning system for the
past 2 years in the haor area to forecast rainfall in the Meghalaya
region, which causes flash floods in the Tanguar Haor.
Some of their fishing boats are self-owned, but in general fishermen
use rented boats to go out for fishing. Boats that cost between Tk.
4,000 to 5,000 are rented at Tk. 20 to 30 per day, as informed by
development workers in the area. According to the villagers installing
engines would be a great improvement for fortifying their boats. They
use the following nets/gear for fishing: Shutar jaal; Jhaap jaal; Garo
jaal, Fara jaal, Patni jaal, Dhori jaal, Thela jaal and Lori jaal.

Figure : Boat of fishermen

According to the people consulted in the 9 sites, fish abundance and
species composition has changed due to illegal fishing by government
enforced guards (Ansars) and locals. The following species of fish can
be found in very low numbers: Katol, Rui, Ghonia, Shol, Boal, Gojar,
Gagoj. Other species such as Nanid; Moha Shol; Pangash; Bacha;
Garua; Shilon; Baghai and Chitol are on the verge of extinction. Among
other organisms, turtles have also become almost extinct. In the
wetlands, vegetation such as Nol, Khagra associated with fish habitats
have reduced along with trees such as Hijol and Koroch. Important
breeding grounds for fish species in the haor are Alamer duar, Roa Beel
and Baloer Doba (smaller pockets within the wetland). In general, most
of the people consider the current co-management system (being
established by the Community Based Sustainable Management of
Tangaur Haor project) as better than the previous leasing system.
AGRICULTURE
According to some of the development workers consulted, crop yield
in the haor area is divided between the landowner farmers on a half-
half basis or as otherwise agreed. Landowners do not share the costs
of input; it is solely borne by the farmers.
It has been recorded that the farmers of the interviewed villages
harvest 12 to 13 rice varieties, including HYV such as BR 29, BR 28
and local varieties like Lal Dhan, Mongol, and Boro Bichi, etc. They
irrigate with pumps and dig canals to carry water from the haor, when
water levels are low in the winter. They invest about Tk. 5000-15000
for fertilizers and seeds for each harvest, on approximately 2.5 acres
of land. Seeds are bought from the local bazaars. No seeds or
fertilizers have yet been received from the government. Farmers store
local seed varieties at home for plantation in the next season. BR 29 is
the most profitable variety with 40-50 mounds/acre yields, as reported
by the local farmers. Farmers are totally dependent on chemical
fertilizers and insecticides. They informed that it is difficult to get
fertilizers and insecticides during production period. They also shared
the observation that the productivity of land is decreasing day by day.
Rats as pests are a huge problem as they destroy substantial amounts
of rice crop in the fields. Moreover, birds often destroy crops. They
don’t have access to rat poison for controlling them and are keen to
learn about Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Flooding is a huge problem for farmers, as their livelihoods are
affected by the availability of agricultural land. The farmers have no
access to agricultural activities during monsoon, so they are interested
to avail new technology like floating gardening (hydrophonics). The
concerned officials of the Department of Agricultural Extension
(DAE) at union level do not visit regularly and offer their services.
Homestead gardening is practiced in the winter and these include
chillies, shim, lao, kumra, onions, garlic, etc. Dry leaves, twigs and
stems along with cow dung are collected and used as fuel for cooking.

HOUSING
Most of the houses in the haor area are flimsy and have little protection
against wave erosion and high wind. However, they can be made more
robust if concrete is used as building materials. Currently soil,
bamboo, corrugated steel sheet, Chhon (hay) and wood are used to
build most of the houses. Due to poor construction materials these
houses need to be repaired almost every year, following a flood.

The yearly house repairing cost is Tk. 4000 to 5000. The methods for
improved housing suggested by them is making flood protection wall
with bricks, cement and stones around the houses. In general most of
the homesteads are protected by planting Hijal, Karoch, chailla ghash,
nol khagra (reeds) and bamboo, as an alternative to building
expensive stone walls. People here build false roofs/ceiling (macha)
during floods and water logging. They have further suggested that
raising the plinth of their homes can greatly reduce their
vulnerabilities during and after floods.

FARMING
Homestead gardening is practiced in the winter these include crops
such as chillies etc. Some of them raise animals. They collect fuel and
fodder such as dry leaves, twigs and stems for cooking, along with
cow dung.
Rats are pests, as they destroy substantial amounts of crops in the
fields and pose as a huge problem. Increase in tree coverage for
protection against flooding and storm surge have added to the
greenery in the village.

1.1.7 Health and Sanitation

Although there are few pharmacies in the villages, it was recorded that
there were no hospitals nearby. The nearest hospital was found to be
ranging from 1 km to 15 km away, for the 9 villages visited. Although
on foot this might not seem like a far distance, when the land is
submerged, it is almost impossible to cover this distance with an ailing
patient. No existing task force or emergency medical services were
found in the villages visited. Villagers have to travel several miles to
reach the nearest hospital situated in Tahirpur, Dharmapasha,
Madhyanagar and Kalmakanda. It takes a long time to reach the doctor
or hospitals, as generally they use boat, motorcycle and rickshaw-van
as transport and that too is costly.
At Tahirpur Hospital, BDT 150 is charged as visit fees, as informed
by the local people. Local kobiraj (boiddya) provides medication and
advice for common ailments. There are some pharmacies at the
villages and basic medications are available there. On an average,
each household spends Tk. 3,000-15,000 to purchase medicines;
cover doctor’s fees etc per year. The male members usually miss
about 30 working days in a year due to sickness.
Very few villages have tube-wells and they depend on surface water for
drinking and other purposes. This is often not safe and hence pushes
them into the risks of being contaminated by water borne diseases.
These villages/unions have no Health Security Taskforce or
committee or working group. The emergency services are not
available and they rarely get anything in the emergency situations.
Child vaccination/immunization provided by the Government, but
they do not provide services regularly. Pre and post natal care is not
available either.
The most common diseases in this locality are namely: Fever,
Pneumonia, Malaria, stomach pain, cough, Diarrhoea, Dysentery,
Gastric, and Night-blindness. They do not grow herbal or medicinal
plants due to land scarcity but they have interest to know more about
the uses.
A large cause of stomach pain and Diarrhoea can be due to drinking
of contaminated water from haor. Night blindness is the result of
malnourishment during the childhood, which can be easily associated
with the living condition of the haor dwellers. At least 2 times in a
year they suffer from common health problems.
 Sanitation System of Tanguar Haor
60

50

40
p
e 30
r
c 20
e
n 10
t
0
Building Semi Building Paved( Kacha) Hanging

Sanitation

1.3 Aims and objectives

Aim :
• To learn diversity of flora and fauna in haor
• To see how haor area people lives
• To understand why disasters like flash flood occurs in haor area
• To learn the ecosystem of haor area
• To learn how hoar form
Objectives :
•
 Chapter 2

Methodology

Chapter Contents :
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Tools
2.3 Questionaries
2.1 Study Area
Our study area was Tanguaor haor , more specifically Part of Tanguar
haor situated in Tanhirpur Upazilla located between 25º06″ to 25º11″
N and 91º01″ to 91º06″ E and 10 km northwest of the Tahirpur
upazila and 30 km west and northwest, of Sunamgonj district in
Bangladesh, with an altitude of 5 m, during the period

2.2 Tools
Tools we used during the tour are
1. Map of Tanguar haor
2. Hardboard
3. Pencil
4. Rubber
5. Camera
6. 100ml Water Sample bottle
7. Boat
8. Paper
9. Formalin

2.3 Questioneries
We did a survey at Joypur Village in Tahirpur Upazilla.

Key Informer Survey

Key Informer : Md. Shamim Mia
Age : 50
Occupation : Fisherman
Question : How many childrens you have?
Answer : Four.3 Boys and 1 girl.
Question : How many of them goes to school ?
Answer : Two of them.Other two is toughted at home madrasha.
Question : How far school is from your home?
Answer : Its on Chilnipur.
Question : How they goes to school? Transportation ?
Answer : Boat.Boat is the only way in haor for transportation.
Question : Does government give stipends to your childrens who goes
to school ?
Answer : Yes.I got stipeds for one children.I got 600 tk after 6 months.
Question : How you lead life in time of flood?
Answer : In flood time it become very hard to earn livelihood.What I
did is stole fish from site where fish cultivate.
Question : Do you know what to do in flood and after flood time?
Answer : I need to go to rescue center.
Question : Where is the rescue center?
Answer : Rescue center is in Shreepur.
Question : Did government help any in flood time?
Answer : Not so much. They help very little. And also partial in case
of giving help.Those who get help get again,those who deosnt get
,dosent.
Question : Did government help in post flood time?
Answer : A little. They helped to repair house.

Key informer : Habibul Bashar

Age : 40
Occupation : Farmer

Question : How many childrens you have?

Answer : 4 person. One boy and three girl.
Question : Does your girl go to school?
Answer : Yes,she does.She goes to school at Chilanipur.
Question : How many of your children goes to school?
Answer : Two of them goes to school.One at class five ,one at class
one.Another one too small to go to school.
Question : Does government give stipends to your childrens who goes
to school ?
Answer : Yes.I got stipeds for one children.I got 600 tk after 6 months.
Question : Which water you use during flood time?
Answer : When tubewell is under water, we use haor water.
Question : How you are helped by NGO?
Answer : NGO gives 500 tk with 30 kg each family.
Question : Did government run “Khadder Binimoy Shikkha”
programe here?Or did you get any food from school?
Answer : School authority says that they will give food but not get yet.
Question : Who made the dam ?
Answer : Government made this dam.
Question : How was the level of water during flood?
Answer : Water reached at home.
Question : Where you take shelter during flood?
Answer : House.
Question : Why you not go to rescue center?
Answer : Rescue center is too far from here and also I had to leave my
house with my properties what I don’t want.

Key Informer : Md. Ojud Mia

Age : 30
Occupation : Fisherman

Question : How many childrens you have?

Answer : 3 person. Three boy.
Question : How many of your children goes to school?
Answer : One.Rest are too little to go to school.
Question : Did you get relief during flood time?
Answer : I get nothing.
Question : What type of loss happen due to recent flash flood?
Answer : last flood washed away all of my paddy field. It left nothing.

FDG (Focus Group Discussion)

Participant no :1
Name : Shayna
Age: 35
Number of children : 2 son, 4 daughter
State of children : 2 daughters got married 2 daughters go to school.
the elder one is in class 8 and the younger one is in class 5. 2 sons are
involved in fishing, boating,and agriculture

Question : What Do you know about climate change?

Answer : Nothing bt we can feel extreme heat during summer,
extreme cold during winter and extreme rainfall during rainy season.
Question : Do you get early warnings or campaigns about disaster?
Answer : No
Question : Do you use radio/newspaper to know about weather forcast
or climate change?
Answer : No
Question : Do you get relief?
Answer : Yes. but not sufficient. the amount of relief is also not
sufficient for us.
Question : Is there district disaster management committee (DDMC) or
task force or upazilla disaster management committee (UDMC)
working in your union?
Answer : Yes.
Question : Do these committeess perform their role judiciously?
Answer : No.
Question : Do you get relief from chairman, government institutions
or NGOs?
Answer : Yes. But very few of us get these relief.
Question : What type of house do you currently live in?
Answer : Our houses are made of bamboo sticks, chon, wood
Question : Are these houses able to survive during disaster?
Answer : No.
Question : How does the situation become during disaster like flash
flood?
Answer : We get stuck in our houses. we can't move frequently.
children can't go to school. we can't go for fishing or boating. our
crops gets washed away, our houses damage, our cattle die, we don't
get sufficient relief in time. Thus our life becomes miserable Question
: Do you grow rice?
Answer : Yes. we get seeds of BIRRI 28, BIRRI 29
Participant no : 2
Name: Nurunnahar
age : 33
number of children : 3 daughters, 1 son
state of children : 2 daughters got married after their primary school at
the age of 16 and 18 and the other one is in class 2 in JOYPUR
SHORKARI PRATHOMIK BIDDALOY.The boy is involved in
fishing, boating and other work

Question : How much is your monthly income?

Answer : 3000 to 5000 tk.
Question : Who earns in your family?
Answer : my husband, son.
Question : Why did you give your daughter so early to marriage?
Answer : Because of proverty?
Question : Why you involved your son in fishing instead of sending
him to school?
Answer : Because of low family income.
Question : Don’t you think your boy need to go to school?
Answer : Yes,He need to go to school,but I can’t.

Participant no : 3
Name : Anwara begum
age : 40
Number of childrens : 4 daughters, 3 sons
State of childrens : 2 daughters got married at the age of 20 and 21. &
the other one is studying BA in tahirpur college whose name is
Shirina. she is the only girl in the village who is studying in BA. The
elder son has migrated to Dhaka for livelihood. other sons are
involved in fishing, boating,and agriculture.
Question : What do you do during medical emergency during
disaster? Answer : During emergency we have to wait for boat and
then we go to tahirpur. Sometimes patients don’t get proper treatment
in times and die.Pregnent women , old people are worst sufferer.
Question : What type of diseases occur in your locality during disaster?
Answer : Diarrohea, skin diseases, fever, pneumonia, malaria.
Dysentry break out,malnutrition etc are in common.
Question : What does your son do in Dhaka?
Answer : He drives rickshaw.
Question : How many class your son read in?
Answer : Class two.
Question : Why did your son go to Dhaka?
Answer : Because lack of job.After flood it is hard to find job here.
Question : What do you do during flood ?
Answer : During flood most of us go to dhaka to earn money.Rest of
us do nothing or steal or try to do some small work in upazilla.

Participant no 4:
Name: Halima age: 8 goes to JOYPURHAT SHORKARI
PRATHOMIK BIDDALOY
Question : In which class do you read?
Answer : Class 5
Question : How many schools are here in your village?
Answer : We have only one school among 4 villages.
Question : How many teachers are there in your school?
Answer : 4
Question : How many students are there in your class?
Answer : Around 100-150.
Question : Do you go to school during flood?
Answer : No.
Question : Do your family use school as rescue center?
Answer : Sometimes. very few of us go there during flood. the school
is not big enough to give shelter to all of us... Question : How do u go
to schoool?
Answer : Boat.
Question : Do your teachers teach you about climate change or disaster
or how to survive during disaster?
Answer : No.
Question : Do you get proper education from school?
Answer : No.

Participant no 5:
Name: Hafija
age: 37
number of children : 5 daughters, 2 sons
state of children : 3 daughters got married, 2 daughters go to nearby
primary school. 2 boyss don't go to school. They are involved in
fishing, boating, agriculture
Question : Do teachers come to encourage you to send ur daughters to
school?
Answer : Yes. they come.
Question : Why don't you let your daughters complete their education?
Answer : Because of poverty
Question : Is your house protected from disaster?
Answer : No.
Question : Do you think houses can be made more robusted through
design modifications?
Answer : Yes. but that would be costly.
Question : Are there any hospitals in your village?
Answer : No .
Question : How far are the hospitals from this village?
Answer : hospitals are in tahirpur upazilla.
Question : what do you do during medical emergency during disaster?
Answer : during emergency we have to wait for boat and then we go
to tahirpur. sometimes patientss don't get proper treatment in time and
dies. pregnent women, old people are the worst sufferer.
Question : What type of diseases occur in your locality during disaster?
answer : diarrohea, skin diseases break out malnutrition is common
question : how many times do you repair your houses?
Answer : almost every year.
 Chapter 3

Result and Discussions

Chapter Contents :
3.1 Flora and fauna Spoting
3.2 Disaters and their result
3.3
3.1 Flora and fauna spoting
 PART II

GEOLOGY STUDY
AT
LALAKHAL
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter Contents :

1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location
1.1.2 Geomorphology
1.1.3 Climatic Feature of study area
1.1.4 Demography
1.1.6 Livelihood
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location
Lalakhal , which was our study area, is located in
Jaintapur ,Tamabil,Sylhet. The area we studied was
located in 25°6'26"N and 92°10'39"E. The place is
passed through by a beautiful blue water river called
Shari.

Figure : Google map view of lalakhal

1.1.2 Geomorphology

The investigated area is bounded from west to east by Khashi-

Jaintia hill range and is bordered on the northest by abrupt
scarp of the 4000 to 6000 feet high Shillong plateau.The
region is almost hilly.Numerous low to moderately elevated
hillocks are present here. The average elevation of the area is
about 60 to 340 feet.Maximum elevation is found at Lalakhal
area and minimum in northwestern region.The hilly area does
not comprise continuous heap of rocks but also furrowed by
numerous vallies giving the landscape of a rugged look. The
area embraces two major types of landforms. The investigated
area exhibits moderately hilly topography. The hills having
low to moderate elevation are almost East- West trending.
Four prominent hillocks are found in the studied area. These
are locally known as 'Tila'. The most prominent is the Sonatila
in the northwest part of area located on the bank of Dauki
Rive. It is about 214 feet in height Towards east another
prominent Tila is located in the Tamabil region with the
highest peak of 200 feet. Sripur Tila marks middle portion of
area. Dupitila is the southwestern part of the area and it
should be specially mentioned because this is hillock after
which the formation of Dupitila named.A large plain covering
several sq miles between Jaintiapur and Dupitila is locally
known as Boga bil,Bally bil.
These bills lie mainly on the valley of Hari river used for
cultivation during dry season .During the flood these low
lying area totally undeego into water.

2.1.3 Climatic Feature of the study area

Bangladesh lies under the hot and humid Climatic condition.
Here have six seasons, but we find mainly four season.Sylhet
is situated northeastern part of Bangladesh. Our study place is
border of Bangladesh. This area is mainly hilly region, with
some flat area. Silongplatue stand north of our study area. So
this climate is control by this Platue.
Because of geological location, the investigated area generally
falls under the tropical to subtropical climate. But as the
influence of the humid north-eastern monsoon wind over the
general climate of the area is noticeable, the overall climate of
the area is termed as ‘Humid Tropical to Subtropical
Monsoonal climate'. However the area is very much
susceptible to heavy monsoonal rainfall causing the periodic
flood in the plains.
So, the climate of the area can be divided in to three distinct
seasons in a year. The summer starts from March and continues
up to May having high temperature and moderate precipitation.
The monsoon begins in June and lasts till October and is
characterized by gusty wind and occasionally Because of
geographical location, the investigated area generally falls
under the tropical to subtropical climate. But as the influence of
the humid north-eastern monsoon wind over the general climate
of the area is noticeable, the overall climate of the area is
termed as ' Humid Tropical to subtropical cyclonic storm. The
winter begins from November and exists up to February with a
pleasant, Calm, cool and dry weather. (Map 2.2)
The average range of annual temperature, humidity and
rainfall of the area ranges from 900f - 65f, 36% - 99% and 300
cm - 380 cm respectively.
2.2 : Climate of Bangadesh
 Chapter 2

Literature Review
Demography
The total area of Jaintiapur Thana is about
280.27 sq km and according to the 2011
Bangladesh census, Jaintiapur has a
population of 1,21,458. The density of
population is 433.36/km sq . Male
constitute 52.08% of the total population
and females constitute 47.92% of the total
population.

People of all religion live here but muslim

are dominant in number. 89.84% of the
total population is Muslim.Among rest of
the population 9.9% are Hindu, 0.07% are
Buddhist, 0.05% are Christian and 0.14%
are of other religion. Religious institutions
Mosque 227, temple 7, church 2, tomb 4.
Average literacyof Jaintiapur is 35.11%.
Among half of the population depends on
agriculture for their livelihood. Main
occupation Agriculture 38.69% agricultural
laborer 17.77%, wage laborer 12.52% ,
fishing 2.5%, commerce 7.70% , service
5.69 % and others 14.99% . Among this
48.95% are land owner and 51.05% are
landless. Land control among the peasants
50.32% are landless, 14% are marginal,
29% intermediate and 6.68% rich. Land
use single crop 58.25% , double crop
38.78% and triple crop land 2.96% and 6
tea garden.

Besides Bangladeshi local people ,

different indigenous communities of
people like Khasia , Saotals, Oriyas and
Nunayas also live here. Mostly they are
employed in the tea garden . The khasia
are mainly Christians and have a language
of their own. They live in group of 10-30
families. They arr very hard working and
even the women work side by side of the
men.
Chapter Contents :
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Tools
2.3 Questionaries
 Chapter 3

Result and Discussions

 PART III

BIODIVERSITY
OF
LAWACHARA
RAIN FOREST
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter Contents :

1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location
1.1.2 Geomorphology
1.1.3 Climatic Feature of study area
1.1.4 Demography
1.1.6 Livelihood
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Aim and Objectives
 Chapter 2

Literature Review

Chapter Contents :
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Tools
2.3 Questionaries
 Chapter 3

Result and Discussions