NMiP BPM

• K-space ECE 6006 Numerical Methods in Photonics
– Derivation
Beam Propagation
Statement of problem
Now let the inhomogeneity be strong such that the Born
approximation is not valid. We will now use an iterative
solution that propagates through the space in small steps Δz
x,y
Unknown field in volume
!
E ( t, x, y, z ) ?
Known incident field
!
! ε (r )
E (t , x, y, z = 0) z
As long as each small slice obeys certain conditions (one of which

is again the Born approximation) we can accommodate strong
scattering in the volume. The penalty is that the solution is not
perfectly accurate for non-paraxial rays. There are modifications
that solve this limit.
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 218

• Fourier beam propagation ECE 6006 Numerical Methods in Photonics
– Derivation
Beam propagation
Derivation of scalar solution (1/3)
Approximations in red, numerical constraints in blue.
From the method of undetermined coefficients and the SVEA, we have
E ( t, x, y, z ) = Ftxy−1 { ε (ω , k , k , z ) e
x y
− jkz (ω ,kx ,kx )z
}
2 jkz
d
dz
ε ( ) (
= k02 ⎡⎣ε IH ω , K x , K y , z ∗kx ,ky E ω , kx , ky , z ⎤⎦ e+ jkz z )
Substitute the Fourier transform of the first into the second
2 jkz
d
dz
ε ( ) { ( ) }
= k02 ⎡ε IH ω , K x , K y , z ∗kx ,ky ε ω , kx , ky , z e− jkz (ω ,kx ,kx )z ⎤ e+ jkz z
⎣ ⎦
Let the step size z be sufficiently small that exp(-j kz z) can be treated as
invariant with kx and ky. Physically, this means the incident (inside
brackets) and diffracted (outside) envelopes all propagate with the same
phase and thus no diffraction occurs.
d
dz
ε (
ω , Kx, Ky, z = ) k02 ⎡
2 jkz ⎣
( ) { ( ) }
ε IH ω , K x , K y , z ∗kx ,ky ε ω , kx , ky , z e− jnH k0 z ⎤ e+ jnH k0 z
⎦
=
k02 ⎡
2 jkz ⎣ ( ) ( )
ε IH ω , K x , K y , z ∗kx ,ky ε ω , kx , ky , z ⎤⎦
( )
Assume kz ω , k x , k y ≈ nH k0 for the kz term in the denominator.
Physically, nH k0 kz = 1 cosθ which is a projection factor that accounts
for extra path length of angled rays, thus non-paraxial rays interact with
the material as if they were normal incidence. Finally, inverse transform
in the transverse coordinates:
d ! k ! !
E ( t, r ) = − j 0 ε IH ( t, r ) E ( t, r )
dz 2nH
– Derivation
Beam propagation
Change from dielectric to index perturbation: small
! ! 2 ! !
ε H + ε IH ( t, r ) = ⎡⎣ nH + nIH ( t, r ) ⎤⎦ = nH2 + 2nH nIH ( t, r ) + nIH
2
(t, r )
! !
∴ ε IH ( t, r ) ≈ 2nH nIH ( t, r )
to get a DE for the fields
d ! ! !
E ( t, r ) = − jk0 nIH ( t, r ) E ( t, r )
dz
whose solution is
⎡ z+Δz
! ⎤
E ( t, x, y, z + Δz ) = E ( t, x, y, z ) exp ⎢ − jk0 ∫ nIH ( t, r ) dz ⎥
⎣ z ⎦
⎡ ⎛ Δz ⎞ ⎤
≈ E ( t, x, y, z ) exp ⎢ − jk0 nIH ⎜ t, x, y, z + ⎟ Δz ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
Physically, this treats the inhomogeneous index as a thin transmission
function via projection in a small step Δz. If the perturbation is zero, we
obtain the solution that the field is invariant in z, as expected from the
approximations made.
This is equivalent to the homogeneous solution in which envelopes do not

change with z and that we have left diffraction out of the solution above
by assuming that there is no diffraction via exp(-j kz z) = constant. The
evolution of the envelopes can be found by Fourier transforming the
solution above:
⎡ − jk0 nIH ⎜ t ,x,y,z+ ⎟ Δz ⎤
⎛ Δz ⎞
ε( )
ω , kx , ky , z + Δz = Ftxy ⎢ E ( t, x, y, z ) e ⎝ 2⎠
⎥
⎣ ⎦
– Derivation
Beam propagation
Diffraction results when we insert the solution for the evolution of the
envelopes back into the solution assumed in the method of undetermined
coefficients:
E ( t, x, y, z ) = Ftxy−1 { ε (ω , k , k , z ) e
x y
− jkz (ω ,kx ,kx )z
}
To apply this formula, we must now assume that the envelopes don’t
change significantly over Δz. That is, the refraction must not change the
fields significantly while we are doing the diffraction step.
Plugging the previous solution into the above, we get an iterative solution
that advances the fields by one Δz
{ ( )
E ( t, x, y, z + Δz ) = Ftxy−1 E ω , k x , k y , z + Δz e− jkz (ω ,kx ,kx )Δz }
⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎛ Δz ⎞
− jk0 nIH ⎜ t ,x,y,z+ ⎟ Δz ⎤ − jkz (ω ,kx ,kx )Δz ⎫⎪
= F ⎨ Ftxy ⎢ E ( t, x, y, z ) e
−1
txy
⎝ 2⎠
⎥e ⎬
⎩⎪ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭⎪
which is the final result.

– Derivation
Beam propagation
Basic algorithm
This iterative solution switches back and forth between real space
where refraction is applied and Fourier space where diffraction is
calculated. It is thus often referred to as the Fourier split-step
method
⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎛ Δz ⎞
− jk0 nIH ⎜ t ,x,y,z+ ⎟ Δz ⎤ − jkz (ω ,kx ,kx )Δz ⎫⎪
E ( t, x, y, z + Δz ) = F ⎨ Ftxy ⎢ E ( t, x, y, z ) e
−1
txy
⎝ 2⎠
⎥e ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪⎭
Refraction Diffraction
Boundary condition E(xi ,yj ,0)
Diffract one Δz via FFT
Refract one Δz
Optionally, save E (xi ,yj zk) for later plotting
For all zk
Post-process, plot

– Passive optics
Grin lens
Half pitch 1 x 2.4 mm
500
δn Transverse sampling
512 steps of 2 λ0 = 2 µm
400
Longitudinal sampling
300
300 steps of 10 µm
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ z − 1300 ⎞
δn(x, z ) = 0.07 cos⎜⎜
200
x ⎟⎟ rect ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Lx ⎠ ⎝ 2400 ⎠
100
2
⎛ x ⎞
0
−⎜ ⎟
E (x,0) = e
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
500
⎝ 300 ⎠
|E|
400
300
200
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Linear (Gradium) glass

Simple way to implement prisms
500
δn Transverse sampling
400
300 300 steps of 10 µm
⎛ x⎞ z − 1050 ⎞
⎟⎟ rect ⎛⎜
200
δn(x, z ) = 0.07⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ Lx ⎠ ⎝ 1900 ⎠
100
0 2
⎛ x ⎞
−⎜ ⎟
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
E (x,0) = e ⎝ 60 ⎠
500
|E|
400
300
200
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Thin phase grating

δn
500
Transverse sampling
400
300
300 steps of 10 µm
200
⎛ 2π ⎞
cos⎜ x ⎟ +1
⎛ z − 500 ⎞ ⎝ 10 ⎠
δn(x, z ) = 0.07 rect ⎜ ⎟
100
⎝ 200 ⎠ 2
0
2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
⎛ x ⎞
−⎜ ⎟
E (x,0) = e ⎝ 60 ⎠
500
|E|
400
300
200
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Thin amplitude grating

Transverse sampling
Amplitude mask at z=200 512 steps of 2 λ0 = 2 µm
1
0.8 Longitudinal sampling

300 steps of 10 µm
0.6
0.4
⎛ 2π ⎞
cos⎜ x ⎟ +1
⎝ 10 ⎠
0.2
A(x, z ) =
2
0 100 200 300 400 500
2
⎛ x ⎞
500
−⎜ ⎟
|E|
E (x,0) = e ⎝ 60 ⎠
400
300
Zero order since DC component to

200 mask
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Gratings implemented
in Fourier-space
2π
At z=200 µm shift Fourier spectrum by δk x
10
to implement a single side-band grating
2
500
⎛ x ⎞
−⎜ ⎟
|E|
E (x,0) = e ⎝ 60 ⎠
400
300
200
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Jaram and Banerjee use this to simulate an AO device on page 253

of their textbook.

Waveguide
δn
500
Transverse sampling
512 steps of λ0 = 1 µm
400
300
300 steps of 10 µm
2
⎛ x⎞
−⎜ ⎟
δn(x, z ) = 0.01(z > 40 )e ⎝5⎠
200
2
100
⎛ x ⎞
−⎜ ⎟
E (x,0) = e ⎝ 30 ⎠
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
500 500
Δn=.01 |E| Δn=.04 |E|

400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Curved surfaces
⎛ x ⎞⎡ 2
δ n ( x, z ) = 0.2 Rect ⎜ ( ) ≤ 600 2 & z < 1800 ⎤⎦
2
⎟ ⎣ x + z − 1500
⎝ 300 ⎠
δn
500
Transverse sampling
400
300
300 steps of 10 µm
Curved surface anti-aliased

200
100
0 2
⎛ x ⎞
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
−⎜ ⎟
500
|E| E (x,0) = e ⎝ 200 ⎠
400
300
Even with averaging to reduce

discontinuities, discretized surface
200 acts as random diffraction grating
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

– Smooth surfaces
Smooth surfaces in BPM

Sample problem – tilted interface
Index for an air/glass

n=1 n=1.5 interface with a surface
normal = 30o
Subtract the average

index at each x. The
average index is used in
the diffraction
propagator.
δn= -.5
The difference is the

DC-free δn(x), used in
δn=0 δn=0
the refraction operator.
δn= .5


Wrong: discretize n
Diffraction from surface


Right: integrate n in z
Diffraction from surface


E.g. lenses (1/2)


E.g. lenses (2/2)
Shows expected aberration behavior including spherical, coma, and field

curvature.


Limitation
OPL for previous lens calculated by projection of (n-1) in z.
The change in OPL between adjacent transverse samples must be < λ. If it is

not, the refracted wave will suffer spatial-frequency aliasing and will propagate
at an unintended angle. The Nyquist frequency is a built-in limit of transverse
sampling . If the x cell size in the previous case is increased by a factor of 4,
this limit is violated at the edges of the beam:
Aliasing of high angles.
Low angles within Nyquist.
Aliasing of high angles.

– Enhancements to method
–  ABC
Absorbing boundary condition

β
⎧⎛ 1 − γ ⎞ ⎡ Nw +1− m ⎤ ⎛ 1+ γ ⎞
⎪⎜ ⎟ cos⎢π ⎥ +⎜ ⎟ m = 1… N w
⎪⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ Nw ⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎪
T (x = m δx, z ) = ⎨1 m = N w + 1… N x − (N w + 1)
⎪ 1− γ β
⎪⎛⎜ ⎞ ⎡ Nw + m − Nx ⎤ ⎛1+ γ ⎞
⎟ cos⎢π ⎥ +⎜ ⎟ m = Nx − Nw … Nx
⎪⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ Nw ⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Adjustable parameters: γ the absorber strength, Nw the absorber width in units of δx.
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
γ = 0.5, N w = 40 γ = 0.5, N w = 5
T
TT
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
m m
x [cells] x [cells]
x: 256 cells of λ/2 x: 256 cells of λ/2

z: 500 cells of 2 λ
z: 500 cells of 2 λ

x [cells]
40 cells
5 cells

z [cells] ⎛ x ⎞
2
(
−⎜ ⎟ − jk sin −10! x ) z [cells]
E (x,0) = e ⎝ 30 ⎠

– Validation & step size choice
Example of conservation checking

Conservation of E in FFT BPM
Problem: Verify guided mode of step-index slab waveguide by invariance to

propagation.
Step 1: Calculate mode with slab mode solver:
d = 4 µm
1
E [V/m]
δn = .005
nclad = 1.5
λ = 1.0 µm 0
-10 -5 5 10
x [mm]
Step 2: Set dn in the BPM and launch this field
Note use of 0.005

average
index at
guide edges.
dn
0
-2 2
x [mm]
X=128 x 0.5 µm, Z = 10K x 10 µm

no ABC
|E|
20.1
Power conserved 20.08
20.06
P
20.04
20.02
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

i
iz
z
1.75
But clear reflections 1.5 |E(x,0)|

1.25
|E(x,zmax)|
»»
1
E
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
i
ix
X=128 x 0.5 µm, Z = 10K x 10 µm

5 cell ABC each side
|E|
20
Power NOT conserved 18
16
P
14
12
10
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

iz
iz
But no reflections 1.5

|E(x,0)|
1.25 |E(x,zmax)|
»»
1
E
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
i
ix
Largest possible Δz
When applying refraction operator, we assume that diffraction is
negligible. This requires that the phase acquired by different transverse
spatial frequency components be nearly the same:
E (0) e − j k z + E (k x ) e − j (k − Δk z ) z
⎡ k x2 2⎤
Δk z Δz = k − k − k Δz ≈
⎢
⎢⎣
2
Δz = π
⎥
x ⎥
2k ⎦
kz
k
Δz = 2π
k2
x kx
For an object of finite size L
Δk z
2π 2
L =14.6 µm kx
kx = ΔzDiffraction =
L λ
Similarly, during application of the diffraction operator we assume

refraction is negligible. This requires phase at different positions be the
same:
E (x1 )e − j k0 δn ( x1 )z
+ E (x2 )e
− j k0 δn ( x2 )z
0.005
k0 ΔnΔz = π 0.004
λ0
0.003
dn
ΔzRefraction = =100 µm 0.002
2Δn 0.001
We would expect these to be the correct 0

245 250 255 260 265 270
i
magnitude but too large.
Try twice maximum Δz step

z=500 steps of 2*14.6 µm
|E|
20
Power really not
conserved! Thus the 15
extra-long step in z is
breaking the guiding, 10
P
allowing light to leak

and be absorbed by 5
the ABC.
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
iz
iz
Almost nothing left 1.5 |E(x,0)|

at end 1.25
|E(x,zmax)|
»»
1
E
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
ix
i

Try maximum Δz step

z=1000 steps of 14.6 mm
|E|
20
Better but not great 17.5
15
12.5
P
10
7.5
2.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000
iz
iz
1.5 |E(x,0)|
1.25 |E(x,zmax)|
»»
1
E
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
i
ix
Half maximum Δz step

z=2000 steps of 14.6/2 µm
|E|
20
Only ½ of power lost 18
16
P
14
12
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000
iz
iz
Field at end of
guide beginning to 1.5 |E(x,0)|
look like launch 1.25 |E(x,zmax)|
»»
1
E
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
i
ix
1/4 maximum Δz step

z=4000 steps of 14.6/4 µm
|E|
Pretty good. Only 20

4.5% of power lost
19.8
P
19.6
19.4
19.2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
iz
iz
Electric fields at
entry and exit 1.5 |E(x,0)|
overlap. 1.25
|E(x,zmax)|
»»
1
Therefore
E
0.75
1 ⎛ λ0 L2 ⎞ 0.5
Δz ≤ min⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟
4 ⎝ 2 Δn λ⎠ 0.25
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
i
ix
– Active optics
Acoustooptics (1/3)
Typically grating is quite weak so can approximate the
refraction step as
e − j k0 δn Δz ≈ 1 − j k0 δn Δz
= 1 − j k0 Δz C sin (Ω t − K x )
= 1 − k0 Δz e
2
(
C j (Ω t − K x ) − j (Ω t − K x )
−e )
Jarem and Banerjee present an algorithm that
simultaneously simulates both the positive and negative
side-bands using shifts in the Fourier space to represent
the grating, but there’s a problem with this. Each side
band is positive or negative Doppler shifted, which we
can not simulate in a one single-frequency simulation.
Thus the two terms will appear to interfere, but should
not.
Solution 1: Ignore problem but examine fields only

where diffraction off of individual side-bands don’t
overlap
Solution 2: Only simulate one side-band since Bragg

matching typically makes only one important.
– Active optics
Acoustooptics (2/3)
Perfect Fourier
transform lens
va (t)
Undiffracted
Focused field
incident field
Diffracted field
Propagation of acoustics FT Image plane
Portion of index structure at one time instant

– Active optics
Acoustooptics (3/3)
240 MHz 360 MHz
•  “Hole” carved in
angular spectrum of
incident beam.
•  Bragg matching causes
“hole” to change in
location
280 MHz 400 MHz
•  Efficiency of
diffraction depends on
distribution in K-space
320 MHz 440 MHz
80
•  Matches well to
70
Diffraction Efficiency (%)
experiment
•  Offset likely due to 60
small rotation of crystal 50
40 ∆F
around acoustic
propagation direction 30
20 Experiment
•  Accurately predicts
10 Numerical Modeling
bandwidth of device
0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Freqeuncy (MHz)
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado Sarah Walter, 2004 NMiP class project
247
– Active optics
Integrating nonlinearity
e.g. photopolymer
500 500
400
|E1| 400
|E2|
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
|E4|
500 500
400
|E3| 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
500
|E5|
δn(x, z ) = ∫ 10 E dt
400 −3 2
300
Filament forms.
No saturation in this model, which
200
100
might stabilize
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

– Active optics
Kerr nonlinearities
In the mid 80’s, amplifiers on the Nova laser had the habit
of developing tiny pinholes in the direction of propagation.
This was identified as nonlinear focusing. Mike Feit and
Joe Fleck successfully predicted the formation of high-
intensity filaments using nonparaxial beam propagation.
Conservation of energy in the simulation is essential
(several early works used a difference scheme that gave
nonphysical results due to numerical nonlinear
absorption).
Simple scalar, instantaneous χ3 nonlinearity
n(E ) = n0 + n2 E
2
500
Transverse sampling
|E| 512 steps of 1 λ0 = 1 µm
400
300
300 steps of 10 µm
δn(x, z ) = 10−3 E
200
2
100
2
⎛ x ⎞
−⎜ ⎟
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

E (x,0) = e ⎝ 30 ⎠

– Active optics
Solitons
Substitute the equation for n into the wave equation to
get the nonlinear Schrodinger equation.
∂
∂z
ε =
1 2
2 jk
∇ ⊥ε − jk0 n2 E ε
2
k ≡ k0 n0
In one dimension this has a stable solution:
ε (x ) = n2 k0
κ
(
sech x κ k )
where κ is a free parameter
Transverse sampling
512 steps of λ0 / n0 = 1/1.5 µm
300 steps of 10 µm
δn(x, z ) = 10−3 E
2
⎡ 1 ⎤
κ = 1 / 50 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ µm ⎦

– Active optics
Solitons in multiple
dimensions (x,y,t)
Write the permittivity as a sum of frequency dependent dispersive linear and
instantaneous nondispersive nonlinear parts
or, taking ε = n2 = (n0 + δn)2 ≈ n02 + 2 n0 δn
Shift into the GV coordinate system and scale the field and coordinates
to give the unitless, 3+1 dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS)
R. Mcleod, K. Wagner and S. Blair, “3+1 dimensional optical soliton

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado dragging logic”, Phys Rev A, vol. 52(4), pp. 3254-78, Oct 1995. 251
– Active optics
Eigen-solutions of NLS
Assume a stable (eigen) solution that propagates only with a change of phase:
which reduces the d-dimensional NLS to an ordinary DE in the radial coordinate, r

We can deduce a scaling relationship from this equation

Solutions for d=3, a=1:


– Active optics
Solution in various
coordinate systems
To solve the diffraction portion of the d+1 dimensional NLS, we need to express
the field u as a sum of the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian:
Since Γ is an orthogonal, complete basis in d dimensions, we can write the

transform pair:
In rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates, Γ has the following forms
where Jm and Ym are Bessel functions, jl and yl are the spherical Bessel functions
and Ylm is the spherical harmonic

– Active optics
Soliton stability by BPM

in spherical coordinates
Solitons are stable to propagation when dP / dβ > 0. Using the scaling
relationship, we can find
Stable
Marginally stable
Unstable
To verify this prediction, let us assume only a radial dependence to the field u and
propagate in this reduced spherical coordinate system. The eigenfunctions of the
Laplacian reduce to:
The transformation into the radial k-space can then be written with Fourier transforms:
Forward transform
Reverse transform
A. A. Kolokolov, Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics,

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado V 3, p 426, 1973 254
– Active optics
Results of radial-spherical
BPM with saturating n2
Replace n2 |E|2 with n2 |E|2 /(1 + |E|2 /E2sat). Previous stability test now predicts
stable 3+1 light-bullets when E(0) ≥ Esat
Three radial-spherical
BPM results for linear
medium, E(0) = 95% Esat
and E(0) = 1.01 Esat
Distance of stable
propagation vs strength of
saturation

– Active optics
Vector nonlinear
propagation
As usual, write the linear material properties for the ordinary and extra-ordinary
polarization
but now let them be coupled by the fourth-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor.
This is assumed to be instantaneous and thus nondispersive.
Which results in a coupled vector non-paraxial wave equation:

– Active optics
Small perturbation and

phase matching
Assume perturbations are small, which reduces previous equation to two coupled
scalar wave equations
In an anisotropic material, only a few terms of the nonlinear perturbation are phase
matched
allowing us to collapse the 4th order tensor expression to self and cross-phase
modulation indices:
resulting in two coupled NLS equations

∂uord 1 2 ⎛ n2cross 2⎞
+ ∇ξητ uord + ⎜⎜ uord + self uext ⎟⎟uord = 0
2
−j ,ord
∂ζ 2 ⎝ n2,ord ⎠
∂uext 1 2 ⎛ n2cross 2⎞
+ ∇ξητ uext + ⎜⎜ uext + self uord ⎟⎟uext = 0
2
−j ,ext
∂ζ 2 ⎝ n2,ext ⎠
– Active optics
Interaction of two light-bullets

Small angle

– Active optics
Interaction of two light-bullets

Large angle

– Active optics
Spatio-temporal BPM in
anisotropic, nonlinear media
1.  Transform into group-velocity

and anisotropic walk-off
coordinate system
a)  Removes first-order terms in kz
2.  Propagate two polarizations
in independent spaces
a)  Polarization basis should be
eigenpolarizations of
unperturbed medium
3.  Couple polarizations by
nonlinearity calculated in real-
space for each grid

– Conservation of energy
Energy conservation
I prefer to add an explicit absorber at each plane rather than a complex δn, but they
are equivalent.
{ }
E(x,y,z + Δz ) = Fxy−1 Fxy [E(x,y,z )]e− jkz (ω,k x ,k z )Δz e− j k0 δn( x,y,z+ Δz/ 2 )Δz T (x,y,z + Δz/ 2)
Diffraction Refraction Transmission
Using Parseval’s theorem and the fact that δn and kz are real. Note kz real only for
propagating fields (not evanescent) – power is lost for evanescent modes.
∞ ∞ 2
∫ ∫ E (x,y,z ) ∫ ∫ F [E (x,y,z )]
2
dx dy = xy dk x dk y Parseval
−∞ −∞
∞ 2
( )
∫ ∫ F [E (x,y,z )]e
− jk z ω,k x , k y Δz
= xy dk x dk y kz real
−∞
{F }
∞
( )
[E (x,y,z )]e
2
∫∫ F
−1 − jk z ω,k x , k y Δz
= xy xy dx dy Parseval
−∞
{ }e
∞
( )
Fxy−1 Fxy [E (x,y,z )]e
2
∫∫
− jk z ω,k x , k y Δz − j k 0 δn Δz
= dx dy dn real
−∞
E (x,y,z + Δz )
∞ 2
= ∫ ∫ T (x,y,z + Δz/ 2)
−∞
2
dx dy FFT-BPM algorithm
(from above)
Let the field just after the transmission mask be E’: E’(x,y,z) = E(x,y,z) T(x,y)
∞ ∞
∫∫ E ′(x, y, z + Δz ) dx dy = ∫ ∫ T (x, y, z ) E (x, y, z ) dx dy

2 2 2
−∞ −∞

–  TM propagation
1+1 dimensional TM propagation

Exact equations for TE (top) and TM (bottom) fields:
∇2 E y + k02n 2 E y = 0
1 ∂n 2
∂H 1 ∂n 2
∂H y
∇ H y + k0 n H y − 2
2 2 2 y
− 2 =0
n ∂z ∂z n ∂x ∂x
Let us make a substitution in the TM wave equation
H y (x, z ) = n (x, z )F (x, z )

We now find that the “field” F satisfies the following wave equation:
∇2 F + k02nequiv
2
F =0
where
n 2 (x, z ) ⎡ 1 ⎤
n 2
(x, z ) = n (x, z ) −
2
∇ ⎢ 2
⎥
equiv
k02 ⎣ n ( x , z ) ⎦
Which can now be propagated in our regular scalar/TE BPM. Note that the
equivalent index is singular at material discontinuities. I usually handle this
by smoothing my waveguides slightly (typically with a second-order
interpolation to the step).
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado Poladian and Ladouceur, IEEE PTL, V10, 105-107 262
BPM of di/converging waves

Required spatial sampling
Consider the problem of modeling a converging wave:
-z z=0
θ0 wo
Δx = 2 z ⋅ NA
To avoid aliasing of phase fronts at the edge of the converging beam, let the
phase difference between adjacent cells at edge of beam be < π

2π
λ0 λ0
{
[rN / 2+1 − rN / 2 ] = 2π [δx (N 2 + 1)] + z 2 −
2
[δx (N 2)]2 + z 2 }
2π [δx (N 2 + 1)] − [δx (N 2 )]
2 2
≈ Binomial
λ0 2z
π
≈ δx 2 N Keep term of order N
λ0 z
2π
= δ x NA (δx N)/(2z) = NA
λ0
<π Nyquist sampling
λ0 π
δx < = w0 Sampling must be ~w0 IN ALL SPACE
2 NA 2
BPM of di/converging waves

Number of samples required
Δx
Nx = # of cells in one transverse direction.
δx
>
(2 z ⋅ NA)
From previous page.
⎛ λ0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 NA ⎠
4 NA2
= z
λ0
4⎛ z ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Using expression for z0
π ⎝ z0 ⎠
z
≈ Number of cells along one side is equal to
z0 distance from focus in units of Rayleigh range:
2
⎛ z⎞ Fine sampling and large beam size result
N x N y > ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
in excessive memory requirements.

⎝ z0 ⎠
Example: 0.6 NA beam 4 mm from focus
Nx Ny > (4000/0.47)2 = 85002 = 72M cells

= ½ GB single precision complex for single z plane
= 1 GB min unless using in-place FFT
Sziklas and Siegman algorithm

Mapping of converging to regular propagation
The Gaussian beam
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
− 2 − jkz − jk + jζ ( z ) ⎡ ⎛ z0 ⎞ 2 ⎤
! w
E (r ) = A0 0 e
2 R(z )
w (z ) R(z ) ≡ z ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
w(z ) ⎢⎣ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎥⎦
is a solution to the homogeneous paraxial wave equation
∂
− 2 jk E + ∇ 2xy E = 0
∂z
This motivates a coordinate transform in which the parabolic phase
curvature is removed from the field:
+j (
k 2
x + y2 )
E ′(x′, y′, z′) = z e 2z
E ( x, y , z )
The new field E´ obeys the paraxial wave equation
∂
− 2 jk E ′ + ∇ 2x ′y ′ E ′ = 0
∂z′
if
x y 2 z − zOrigin
x′ ≡ α , y′ ≡ α , z ′ ≡ α
z z z zOrigin
z coordinate here is measured from focus, so this implies that an
invariant coordinate grid x´ would converge approaching focus and
diverge leaving focus like
z
x= x′
α

Mapping of converging to regular propagation
Divide field by Gaussian phase matched in curvature to field

Propagate in uniform (not converging space).
Cell size dynamically changes proportional to distance from focus:
⎛ z ⎞
δx(z ) = δxinc ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ zinc ⎠
θ0
Δx = 2 z ⋅ NA
z=0
Region near focus must

use regular propagation
and thus is subject to
phase curvature &
aliasing restriction.
As cell size decreases
and distance to focus
decreases, sampling
density decreases.


An adaptive grid for spherical waves
Non-paraxial imaging of a rectangular aperture in 1+1 dimensions
Regular FFT
propagation
Sziklas FFT
propagation
E. A. Sziklas, A. E. Siegman
Applied Optics 14, pp. 1874-1889, 1975

–  Imaginary distance method
Tilted planes
Fourier-space rotation
Assu
x kx
me=0
ψ ψ
z kz
!
δk x k
δk′x
Disca
rd
Real space Fourier space
⎡ x′ ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡cosψ 0 − sinψ ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎢ y ′⎥ = R ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 0 Coordinate transformation for a point
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ y ⎥⎥ P to a point P’
⎢⎣ z′ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ sinψ 0 cosψ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦
! !
k′ = Rk Then in Fourier space
k x′ = k x cosψ − k 2 − k x2 sinψ Sampling in new space is not regular

even to first order in ψ

⎛ k x2 k x4 k x6 ⎞
≈ − k sin ψ + k x cosψ + ⎜⎜ + 3 + 5
+ … ⎟⎟ sin ψ
⎝ 2 k 8k 16 k ⎠
Thus must interpolate back to regular grid in k’x which is not numerically accurate
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado N. Delen, B. Hooker, JOSA A, V 15, N 4, 857-867, April 1998 268
–  Tilted planes
Tilted planes
Real-space propagation version
Write the free-space propagation algorithm: x
{
E (x,y,z ) = Fxy−1 Fxy [E (x,y,0 )]e
( )
− jk z ω,k x , k y z
}
= Fxy−1 {E (k ,k ,z = 0)e
x y
(
− jk z ω,k x , k y z )
} ψ
z
∑ E (k ,k ,z = 0)e
[ ( )]
− j k x x + k y y + k z ω,k x , k y z
= x y
k x ,k y
∑ E (k ,k ,z = 0)e
! !
− jk ⋅ r
= x y
k x ,k y
Define the new tilted plane as a set of vectors that regularly sample the space
!
rm ,n = mδ x′ xˆ′ + nδ y′ yˆ ′
And use the propagation formula to find E on this tilted, regularly sampled grid
∑ E(k , k , z = 0)e
!!
E (x′ = mδx′, y′ = nδy′) =
− jk ⋅rm ,n
x y
k x ,k y
This is a irregular, discrete inverse FT. The sum is over the regularly sampled spatial
frequencies kx and ky. As shown on the previous page, those spatial frequencies in
(x,y,z) that correspond to evanescent waves or backwards traveling waves in (x’,y’,z’)
should be discarded.
Now use a regular FFT to find the spectrum for propagation in the tilted coordinates
E (k x′ ,k ′y ,z = 0) = Fx′y′ [E(x′,y′,0)]
Note that for E in the x,z plane there will also be a polarization projection.

–  Curved propagation
Propagating in curved spaces

Heuristic derivation
Straight waveguide Bent waveguide, radius R
r
x x
θ

y z y z
The waves propagating in the curved space accumulate extra phase

proportional to distance from the center of the waveguide.
Ε( x, y , z ) = E ( x, y ,0)e − jk0 δn ( x ) z Usual propagator
Ε( x, y , r θ ) = E ( x, y ,0)e − jk0 δn ( x ) r θ Equivalent in curved space

Map to prev. coordinates
= E ( x, y ,0)e − jk0 δn ( x ) ( R + x ) ( z / R )
− jk [δn ( x ) (1+ Rx ) ] z Equivalent index
= E ( x, y ,0)e 0
x x
0 0
δn (x ) δn (x ) (1 +
x
R )
ncl nco nco
Thus we can simulate (and understand) curved waveguides via a scaled dn.
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado Pollock and Lipson 8.6.1, pg. 179 270
Propagating in curved spaces

Conformal transform
Consider a field in a 2D (x,z) plane described by
[∇ 2
xz ]
+ k02 n 2 (x, z ) E (x, y ) = 0
This formally applies only TE propagation of a field Ez given a physical
structure that is invariant in y. With minor modifications, it can describe
TM propagation or waveguides with confinement in the y direction via the
effective index approximation.
Apply a conformal transformation to a new set of coordinates u (radial) and

v (azimuthal). The proper transform is:
Z x + jz
W ≡ u + jv = R2 ln = R2 ln
R2 R2
Which gives the new wave equation:
{∇ 2
uv [
+ k02 eu R2 n(x(u , v ), z (u , v )) ] } E ( x, y ) = 0
2
Application:
n (u ) = e u R2 n (ρ )
≈ ⎢1 + + O (u 2 )⎥ n (ρ )
⎡ u ⎤
⎣ R ⎦
which is the previous expression
ρ
u = R2 ln
R2
v = θ R2
Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado Heilblum & Harris, IEEE J. Q. E., VOL. QE-11, pp. 75-83, 1975 271
BPM in straight guide

0.001

a = 5 [ µm]
Launch mode from
λ0 = 1[ µm]
slab waveguide
nco = 1.5
solver.
Neff Δn = .001
N eff = 1.50068
δn
Mode travels >
3mm without
significant chage.
|E| vs. x,z

BPM in curved guide
Launch mode from xEscape

slab waveguide
solver.
0.001

Mode at exit is Neff
δn
leaky, lower total Lossy Tail
power and shifted 0

towards larger
radius Radius of curvature,
R 20 mm
|E| vs. x,z . The

plotting coordinate
system has been
warped to match the
curvature of the
space. The original
propagation,
however, is simply
rectangular BPM
with the index
above.

NMiP BPM

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• K-space ECE 6006 Numerical Methods in Photonics

As long as each small slice obeys certain conditions (one of which

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 218

This is equivalent to the homogeneous solution in which envelopes do not

which is the final result.

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 221

Boundary condition E(xi ,yj ,0)

Diffract one Δz via FFT

Optionally, save E (xi ,yj zk) for later plotting

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 222

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 223

Linear (Gradium) glass

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 224

Thin phase grating

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 225

Thin amplitude grating

0.8 Longitudinal sampling

Zero order since DC component to

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 226

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Jaram and Banerjee use this to simulate an AO device on page 253

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 227

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Δn=.01 |E| Δn=.04 |E|

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 228

Curved surface anti-aliased

|E| E (x,0) = e ⎝ 200 ⎠

Even with averaging to reduce

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 229

Smooth surfaces in BPM

Index for an air/glass

Subtract the average

The difference is the

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 230

Smooth surfaces in BPM

Diffraction from surface

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 231

Smooth surfaces in BPM

Diffraction from surface

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 232

Smooth surfaces in BPM

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 233

Smooth surfaces in BPM

Shows expected aberration behavior including spherical, coma, and field

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 234

Smooth surfaces in BPM

The change in OPL between adjacent transverse samples must be < λ. If it is

Aliasing of high angles.

Low angles within Nyquist.

Aliasing of high angles.

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 235

Absorbing boundary condition

x: 256 cells of λ/2 x: 256 cells of λ/2

Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado 236

Example of conservation checking

Problem: Verify guided mode of step-index slab waveguide by invariance to

Step 1: Calculate mode with slab mode solver:

Step 2: Set dn in the BPM and launch this field

Note use of 0.005

• K-space ECE 6006 Numerical Methods in Photonics

1.  Transform into group-velocity