The Working Year of English Day Labourer, c.

1300-1830

Robert C. Allen † Jacob L. Weisdorf ‡

Abstract
It is conventionally assumed that the pre-modern working year was fixed and that
consumption varied with changes in wages and prices. This is challenged by the twin theories
of the consumer revolution and the ‘industrious’ revolution, positing a longer working year as
people earned surplus money to buy novel goods. We assume that workers stabilized
consumption and compute for England 1310-1830 annual working days needed to achieve
that. Compared with independent work-estimates, we find no consumer revolution among
rural workers; their labour-supply curve was backward-bending, and their ‘industrious
revolutions’ came from economic hardship. Urban workers, by contrast, suffered little
hardship and displayed great scope for a consumer revolution.

JEL Codes: J22, J43, N30

Keywords: Consumer Revolution, Cost-of-Living Index, Day Wages, ‘Industrious’
Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Labour Supply, Standard of Living

†
Nuffield College, University of Oxford; e-mail: bob.allen@nuffield.ox.ac.uk.
‡
Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen; e-mail: jacob.weisdorf@econ.ku.dk (corresponding author).
1
 INTRODUCTION
The length of the working year touches many themes in early modern economic history.
One is the standard of living. This is often measured by dividing an annual time series of
daily wage rates by a cost of living index. That quotient tracks changes in material
consumption from year to year only if the number of days worked per year remains the same,
and that is the usual assumption ― implicitly or explicitly. An invariant working year,
however, is called into question by a second theme ― the twin theories of the consumer
revolution and the ‘industrious’ revolution, which posit an increase in the number of days
worked per year as people earned surplus money to buy novel consumer goods like tea,
sugar, books, and clocks. If the working year increased in this way, then labour inputs
increased more rapidly than the population, and that rise may have had macroeconomic
implications in boosting the rate of economic growth and stimulate the industrial revolution.
There are scattered estimates of the length of the working year, which we will discuss
shortly, but they do not provide enough information to pin the matter down on their own. In
this paper, therefore, we take a different approach using existing time series of wages and
prices. In contrast to the usual approach in the real wage literature, which assumes that the
working year was constant and then computes how much annual consumption changed as
wages and prices varied, we assume that workers acted to stabilize consumption over time
and compute how much the working year had to change in order to achieve that. The
assumption is unusual, but it turns out to be consistent with many existing estimates of the
length of the working year.
We perform these calculations for the period circa 1310-1830 for two groups of day
labourers ― farm workers in Southern England and London building workers. For farm
labourers, our numbers agree reasonably well with independent estimates. Since the
consumption basket we use contains no novelties (no sugar, tobacco, tea, coffee etc), but only
daily consumption goods that were readily available in pre-modern England, this suggests
that something like a consumer revolution did not take place among pre-industrial farm
workers. For London building workers, on the other hand, a large and widening gap between
ours and independent estimates points to a massive consumer revolution going on among
more well-off labourers in the run up to the industrial revolution, harmonious to de Vries’
(1994; 2008) hypothesis.
For farm labourers, moreover, we detect a steep increase in work-requirements over
the periods 1540-1616 and 1750-1818. Remarkably, the initial upsurge in working days

2
required per year coincides with the removal of 49 holy days in England, conducted in 1536
as part of the Protestant Reformation. If this abolition of holy days was intended to help the
poor maintaining their consumption by allowing them to work more days throughout the
year, then it might have helped also more affluent groups of workers, such as urban labourers,
to realize a higher desired consumption level, thereby encouraging the industrial revolution.
As regards the work-load of farm labourers during the industrial revolution, we closely match
Voth’s (2000; 2001) profound increase in labour input between 1750 and 1800. However,
this ‘industrious revolution’ of farm labourers at the height of the industrial revolution was
not a consumer revolution, but came out of economic hardship.

DATA AND METHODOLOGY

The basic idea is to calculate the number of days of work necessary per year to buy a fixed
consumption basket. To account for the fact that a labourer would typically provide not only
for himself but for an entire family, we compute the annual days of work required to support
a representative household. For this, we need two components: annual expenditures of the
household and the day wages of workers. Since we focus on two different groups of workers
― farm labourers and urban builders ― we need the wage rates of each group. In the case of
farm labourers, we use Southern England day wages for the period 1271-1830. These
numbers are provided by Allen (1992) and Beveridge (1936). For urban builders, we use
London day wages for the period 1301-1830. These come from Boulton (1996), Phelps
Brown and Hopkins (1955), Rappaport (1989) and Schwartz (1985).
As regards consumption expenditures, these depend on how the consumption basket is
designed. Because we want to inquire into de Vries (1994; 2008) hypothesis ― that a
consumer revolution took place in the century leading up to the industrial revolution ― we
rely on a very pre-modern basket comprising daily goods, such as foods, clothing, housing
and heating, but no novelties or imported items, like sugar, tobacco, potatoes, tea, coffee,
books or clocks. The items of the basket, as well as the annual amounts likely to have been
consumed by a representative adult individual, are detailed in Table 1. 1 Total consumption
expenditures are obtained by multiply the quantities of Table 1 by the unit price of each item.
Prices come from four sources: Allen (1992), Beveridge (1936), Mitchell and Deane (1971)
and Rogers (1866-1892). Five percent is added to the total expenses to account for the cost of
housing. Finally, consisting with the existing literature, we assume that a representative

1
For a discussion of the design of the basket, see Allen (2001).
3
household consist of 3.25 adult individuals, wherefore we multiply the costs of the basket by
3.25. 2 A largely similar methodology is used by Allen (2001). 3
The annual number of days of work necessary per household to obtain the
consumption basket specified above is then calculated using the following formula:

days per year = annual costs of basket / day wage

Figure 1 show the annual number of days of work required by a Southern England farm
labourer over the period 1310-1830 to provide for his family. Figure 2 report comparable
estimates for London builders for the period 1310-1830. The dashed lines in the Figures show
the number of working days required per year in order to buy the basket, while solid line is
the 10-years moving average. All estimates are reported in Table A1 in the Appendix.
Also added to the Figures are the scattered, independent estimates of days of work per
year found in the literature. These come from three sources. Firstly, Blanchard’s (1974)
detailed study of farming miners of Mendip in Somerset offers five observations of annual
days of work for the years 1433, 1538, 1578, 1584 and 1598. In Figures 1 and 2, Blanchard’s
estimates are marked by blank squares. Secondly, comparing payments by the day and the
piece made to pre-industrial sawyers and threshers, Clark and Van Der Werf (1998) are able
to extract five estimates of annual working days for England covering the period 1560-1771.
These are represented in Figures 1 and 2 by vertical, dashed lines. Finally, based on
witnesses’ accounts, Voth (2001) makes available three estimates for the years 1750, 1800,
and 1830 for London and Northern England. Voth’s numbers concern annual working hours,
but can be transformed into days of work per year under the conventional assumption that
workers toiled in the neighbourhood of ten hours per day during the industrial revolution.
Since Voth provides labour estimates for both farmers and manufacturers, we assume that
manufacturers compare with building workers in terms of labour input. This explains why the
grey squares, representing Voth’s estimates, are not identical in Figures 1 and 2. The
independent estimates from all three sources are detailed in Table 2.

2
Specifically, we assume that a household consists of two adults and two and a half children, and that children consume half
as much as adults. Using two plus the net rate of reproduction instead of 3.25 does not have any significant impact on the
qualitative results presented below.
3
Data used to calculate days per year are available at http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/General/Members/allen.aspx. Sources
for the data are detailed there.
4
 RESULTS AND INTREPRETATION
Four observations can be made with regards to days of work per year required by farm
labourers (Figure 1). The first thing to note is that our estimates agree reasonably well with
the scattered, independent estimates of days worked per year presented in the existing
literature. This suggests that the working year of farm labourers during the Industrial
Revolution was extraordinary long by pre-industrial standards, a conclusion also reach by
Voth (2000). More specifically, between the Great Famine of the 14th century (circa 1315-
1317) and the ending of the Early Modern era (circa 1750), a work-load of more than 300
days per year per family was rarely required, except for a brief period around 1600 and
during years of severe misery (the spikes in the dashed line of Figure 1). In fact, the work-
requirements of Late Medieval farm labourers were fairly modest, even by modern standards,
involving less than 200 days of work per year to provide for an entire family. Putting the
matter this way is the flip side of the usual interpretation in real wage studies, which find that
the fifteenth century was the ‘golden age of labour’ (Postan 1972, Hatcher 1977, pp. 47-54,
Dyer 1989, pp. 211-33, Hatcher and Bailey 2001, pp. 47-9). For instance, Phelps Brown and
Hopkins (1956) concluded that the high real wage between the ending of the Black Death
(circa 1350) and the beginning of the Early Modern era (circa 1500) was not regained until
the nineteenth century, and subsequent studies have confirmed that view.
The second observation to be made relates to a long-standing debate about the
existence of agrarian labour surplus in pre-industrial England. The estimates of Figure 1 show
that the main component of Lewis’ (1954) labour surplus theory (i.e. the surplus labour) was
certainly present, at least in principle, particularly by the beginning of the Early Modern era.
Indeed, by the middle of the fifteenth century, it needed less than half a labourer’s full
capacity, or around 150 working days per year, to provide for a representative household. If
at this point farm labourers were induced to double their labour input, then this would release
fifty percent of all farm workers for industrial purposes.
This conclusion is different from that usually found in medieval economic histories,
which see the pre-plague period as one of overpopulation and surplus labour, while the
fifteenth century is regarded as an era of full-employment in view of the lower population.
Another interpretation, however, is summarized in Dyer’s (1989, p. 224) observation that “a
plausible reconstruction of workers attitudes in the period 1349-1520 is that they set
themselves goals in cash or consumption needs, and worked until they had achieved their

5
aims. Then they ceased to work.” This observation is not consistent with full-time, full-year
work. Our calculations give numerical expression to Dyer’s observation and show that it
implies idle labour in the countryside in the fifteenth century.
The third observation concerns developments in standards of living. It has long been
recognized that well into the Industrial Revolution, wage rates, particularly those of farm
labourers, barely changed (Hatcher 1977, p. 49, Clark 2001). Voth’s (2001) account of rising
labour input between 1750 and 1800 reinforces the pessimistic interpretation of standards of
living, since leisure declined while material standards of living hardly rose. The present
estimates for farm labourers are very supportive of Voth’s findings. Since our estimates of
labour input agree reasonable well with existing ones, also in the centuries leading up to the
industrial revolution, Voth’s gloomy conclusion appears to extend all the way back to the
beginning of the Early Modern era (circa 1500) from when the working year of farm
labourers began to increase. This inference, however, does not apply to the London builders,
who will be discussed shortly.
The fourth observation concerns de Vries’ concept of an industrious revolution,
according to which ‘a broad range of households made decisions that increased both the
supply of marketed commodities and labour and the demand for goods offered in the
marketplace’ (de Vries, 2008, p. 249). The implied work-intensification among farm
labourers in the present study, though supporting the idea of households supplying more
labour over time, does not derive from a consumer revolution marked by more and new
goods entering the consumption basket. Rather, it stems from the fact that daily consumption
goods becomes harder to obtain economically. If expansion in the household’s demand did
indeed occur, as hypothesized by de Vries, then the increase in labour supply among farm
workers would have to be even greater than what Figures 1 suggests. Again, this conclusion
applies to farm labourers only, and does not extent to London builders.
The rise in implied work-loads observed among farm labourers took place over two
distinct periods, 1500-1616 and 1750-1818. Between 1500 and 1616, days of work required
per year increased from around 160 to slightly more than 300. 4 Most of the rise in labour-
requirements occurred between 1535 and 1616. Over this period, the number of working days
per year increased from 191 to 307, a 60 percent expansion in just 80 years. Remarkably, this
upsurge in days of work required coincides with the removal of 49 holy days in England,

4
The numbers reported in this and subsequent paragraphs are taken from the 10-years moving average series (Table 1,
Column 4), so as to avoid confusing them with year-by-year variation in prices and wages (Column 3).
6
carried out in 1536 as part of the Protestant Reformation. 5 If the abolition of holy days was
intended to help the poor maintain their consumption by allowing them to work more days
per year, then the industrial revolution might also have been encouraged by allowing higher
paid workers ― urban building workers among them ― to realize a higher level of
consumption along the lines proposed by de Vries. 6
In the century after circa 1616, there was a modest decrease in work days required for
farm workers to purchase the consumption basket. This trend reversed in the eighteenth
century. From 1750 onwards, the required number of days grew by nearly 60 percent, from
around 250 working days per year to a staggering 400 just before 1820. 7 At this point, a
single worker was no longer able to support an entire family on his own, not even toiling
every day of the year. This could explain why the work of women and children appears to
have increased during the Industrial Revolution 8 ― they were forced to in order to maintain
the household’s standard of living. However, from 1818 onwards, and over little more than a
decade, work-requirements plummet from around 400 days of work per year to a manageable
275. The fact that the drop in days of work required closely matches Voth’s (2001) estimates
of labour input during the industrial revolution again suggests that the labour supply curve of
farm workers could have been almost perfectly backward-bending.
Turning now to the labour-requirements of London building workers, as illustrated in
Figure 2, this provides a picture quite different from that of farm labourers, at least from 1600
on. That is, from the ending of the fourteenth century and up until the beginning of the
seventeenth century, the implied working year of rural and urban labourers is more or less the
same. But then the two start to diverge. While the work-requirements of farm labourers
continue to rise well into the seventeenth century, the labour input required by London
builders drop dramatically between 1600 and 1750, from around 275 days per year to a mere
140 annual days of work. Remarkable, the independent estimates suggest the opposite,
namely a steady growth of labour input between 1600 and 1750 up till a point where urban
labourers toiled more than 300 days per year (Table 2). If we take the independent estimates
to be a good proxy for the actual labour supply, and since they rise steadily between 1600 and
1750, Figure 2 offers great support in favour of de Vries’ hypothesis of a consumer

5
See de Vries (2008, p. 87).
6
This practise was later followed by other countries, such as the Netherlands in 1574, France in 1666, and Austria in 1754
(de Vries, 2008, p. 88).
7
By comparison, Voth (2001) observes a 48 percent increase of annual hours worked between 1750 and 1800.
8
E.g. Horrell, S. and J. Humphries (1995); Thompson, E.P. (1967).

7
revolution preceding the industrial revolution: a large and widening gap in the run up to the
Industrial Revolution between our estimates and independent numbers indicates a work-year
far in excess of what was required to cover the costs of a basket of daily pre-modern
consumption goods.

CONSUMER REVOLUTION OR BACKWARD-BENDING LABOUR SUPPLY CURVE?

The contrasting experiences of farm workers and urban labourers show how important it is to
distinguish between different groups of workers when analysing labour inputs and patterns of
consumption in pre-industrial times. By comparison with independent estimates, our numbers
show no notable sign of a consumer revolution among farm labourers. By contrast, there was
great scope for a consumer revolution among urban ― or, more generally, well-off ―
workers. The exercise also suggests that farm workers had a largely backward-bending
supply curve, whereas urban labourers did not. If we accept that the labour supply curves of
farm workers was, in fact, backward-bending, then our estimates can be used as a proxy for
the days worked per year among farming day labourers from the Late Middle Ages through
the Industrial Revolution.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper has benefitted from comments and suggests made at the Final Conference of the
RTN ‘Unifying the European Experience’, the Strasbourg FRESH Meeting, as well as
research seminars at University of Oxford and University of Tubingen. We particularly
acknowledge the feedback from Joerg Baten, Steve Broadberry, Bruce Campbell, Giovanni
Federico, Karl Gunnar Persson, Albrecht Ritschl and Joachim Voth.

8
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Allen, R.C. (2001), ‘The Great Divergence in European Prices and Wages from the Middle
Ages to the First World War’, Explorations in Economic History 38, pp. 411-447.

Blanchard, I. (1978), ‘Labour Productivity and Work Psychology in the English Mining
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Beveridge, V. (1936), ‘Wages on the Winchester Manor’, Economic History Review 7 p. 22-
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Boulton, J. (1996), ‘Wage Labour in Seventeenth-Century London’, Economic History

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de Vries, J. (1994), ‘The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution’, Journal of
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de Vries, J. (2008), The Industrious Revolution, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Clark, G. (2001), ‘Farm Wages and Living Standards in the Industrial Revolution: 1670-
1869’, Economic History Review 54, pp. 477-505.

Clark, G. (2005), ‘The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1209-2004’, Journal of
Political Economy 113, pp. 1307-1340.

Clark G. and Y. Van Der Werf (1998), ‘Work in Progress: The Industrious Revolution’,
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9
Dyer, Christopher (1989). Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in
England, c. 1200-1520, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hatcher, John (1977). Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1348-1530,
Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education Ltd.

Hatcher, John, and Bailey, Mark (2001). Modelling the Middle Ages, Oxford: Oxford
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Horrell, S. and J. Humphries (1995), ‘ “The Exploitation of Little Children”: Child Labor and
the Family Economy in the Industrial Revolution’, Explorations in Economic History 32, pp.
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Matthews, R., C.H. Feinstein, and J.C. Odling-Smee (1982), British Economic Growth, 1856-
1973, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Madison, A. (1991), The Dynamic Forces of Capitalist Development, New York: Oxford
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Lewis, W.A. (1954), ‘Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour’,

Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 22, pp. 139-191.

Phelps Brown, E.H. and S.V. Hopkins (1955), ‘Seven Centuries of Building Wages’,
Economica 22, pp. 195-206.

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Phelps Brown, E.H. and S.V. Hopkins (1956), ‘Seven Centuries of the Prices of
Consummables, Compared with Builders’ Wage-Rates, Economica.

Postan, M.M. (1972). The Medieval Economy & Society, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books

Rappaport, S.L. (2002), Worlds within worlds: structures of life in the sixteenth-century
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Rogers, J.E.T. (1866-1892), A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 7 vols. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.

Schwartz, L.D. (1985), ‘The Standard of Living in the Long-Run: London 1700-1860’,
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Voth, H.-J. (2001), ‘The Longest Years: Estimates of Labour Input in England, 1760-1830’,
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11
 TABLE 1:
BASKET OF GOODS

Items Quantity/Person/year

Bread 182 kg
Beans/peas 52 liter
Meat 26 kg
Butter 5.2 kg
Cheese 5.2 kg
Eggs 52 each
Beer 182 liter
Soap 2.6 kg
Linen 5.0 meter
Candles 2.6 kg
Lamp oil 2.6 liter
Fuel 5.0 millions BTU*

Source: Allen (2001). *One BTU is the amount of

energy required to raise the temperature of one
pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

12
 TABLE 2:
INDEPENDENT ESTIMATES OF
DAYS OF WORK

Places/Years Days/Year

Mendip1
1433 171
1536 220
1578 262
1584 264
1598 270

England2
1560-1599 257
1600-1649 266
1650-1699 276
1700-1732 286
1771 280

London3
1750 231/301
1800 343/286
1830 276/343

Sources: 1Estimates from Blanchard (1978, Table C2).

2
Estimates from Clark and Van Der Werf (1998, Table
1).3 Estimates from Voth (2001, Table 7) assuming a 10-
hours working day in 1800 and 1830, and 12 hours in
1750; the first number is days per year for farmers, the
second for manufacturers.

13
 APPENDIX

Not for Publication

TABLE A1:
ESTIMATES OF DAYS OF WORK PER YEAR

Southern England London Building

Farm Labourers Labourers

Years Work-Days 10-Years M.A. Work- Days 10-Years M.A.

1310 367 393 348 305
1311 310 388 295 306
1312 326 383 310 309
1313 338 381 321 314
1314 391 381 371 322
1315 553 397 525 345
1316 555 417 527 370
1317 406 419 386 380
1318 336 408 319 378
1319 324 391 308 371
1320 363 390 339 370
1321 458 405 428 384
1322 431 416 403 393
1323 382 420 357 396
1324 375 418 350 394
1325 339 397 317 374
1326 298 371 279 349
1327 292 360 273 337
1328 348 361 325 338
1329 355 364 332 340
1330 409 369 370 344
1331 384 361 347 335
1332 318 350 287 324
1333 320 344 289 317
1334 319 338 289 311

14
1335 345 339 312 310
1336 328 342 297 312
1337 297 342 268 312
1338 265 334 239 303
1339 320 331 289 299
1340 249 314 248 287
1341 249 301 248 277
1342 247 294 246 273
1343 280 290 279 271
1344 258 284 257 268
1345 260 275 259 263
1346 316 274 315 265
1347 305 275 304 268
1348 274 276 273 272
1349 296 274 295 272
1350 238 272 344 282
1351 280 276 355 293
1352 255 276 324 300
1353 210 269 266 299
1354 220 266 278 301
1355 225 262 286 304
1356 238 254 302 303
1357 236 247 299 302
1358 219 242 278 303
1359 241 236 305 304
1360 213 234 308 300
1361 221 228 319 297
1362 230 225 332 297
1363 229 227 331 304
1364 224 228 323 308
1365 200 225 289 309
1366 218 223 315 310
1367 232 223 336 314
1368 224 223 323 318
1369 280 227 405 328
1370 256 231 362 334
1371 221 231 313 333
1372 225 231 212 321
1373 209 229 198 308
1374 228 229 215 297
15
1375 225 232 212 289
1376 200 230 189 277
1377 183 225 173 260
1378 185 221 175 246
1379 206 214 195 225
1380 201 208 199 208
1381 197 206 196 197
1382 194 203 193 195
1383 193 201 192 194
1384 199 198 197 192
1385 193 195 192 190
1386 178 193 177 189
1387 171 192 170 189
1388 170 190 168 188
1389 190 189 189 187
1390 220 191 216 189
1391 195 190 190 188
1392 176 188 172 186
1393 185 188 181 185
1394 172 185 169 182
1395 184 184 180 181
1396 199 186 195 183
1397 195 189 191 185
1398 194 191 189 187
1399 186 191 182 186
1400 198 188 207 185
1401 194 188 203 187
1402 188 190 197 189
1403 168 188 151 186
1404 170 188 152 185
1405 160 185 143 181
1406 172 183 154 177
1407 177 181 159 174
1408 205 182 183 173
1409 211 184 189 174
1410 172 182 161 169
1411 166 179 156 165
1412 180 178 169 162
1413 178 179 146 161
1414 180 180 148 161
16
1415 192 183 157 162
1416 203 186 166 163
1417 179 187 147 162
1418 186 185 153 159
1419 172 181 141 154
1420 170 181 145 153
1421 167 181 142 151
1422 164 179 139 148
1423 161 177 137 148
1424 175 177 149 148
1425 161 174 137 146
1426 157 169 134 142
1427 159 167 136 141
1428 206 169 175 143
1429 204 172 174 147
1430 182 174 157 148
1431 173 174 149 149
1432 192 177 166 151
1433 182 179 157 153
1434 176 179 151 153
1435 175 181 150 155
1436 177 183 152 157
1437 207 187 178 161
1438 251 192 216 165
1439 200 192 172 165
1440 157 189 143 163
1441 157 187 144 163
1442 161 184 147 161
1443 159 182 146 160
1444 152 179 138 158
1445 177 180 162 160
1446 164 178 150 159
1447 164 174 149 157
1448 163 165 149 150
1449 159 161 146 147
1450 180 164 160 149
1451 173 165 154 150
1452 167 166 148 150
1453 166 167 147 150
1454 156 167 138 150
17
1455 163 165 145 149
1456 162 165 144 148
1457 169 166 151 148
1458 166 166 147 148
1459 163 166 145 148
1460 179 166 159 148
1461 182 167 162 149
1462 152 166 135 147
1463 152 164 135 146
1464 160 165 142 147
1465 165 165 146 147
1466 167 166 148 147
1467 167 165 149 147
1468 167 166 149 147
1469 173 167 153 148
1470 173 166 154 147
1471 172 165 153 147
1472 155 165 138 147
1473 156 166 138 147
1474 161 166 143 147
1475 164 166 146 147
1476 161 165 143 147
1477 174 166 154 147
1478 179 167 159 148
1479 171 167 152 148
1480 177 167 157 149
1481 198 170 176 151
1482 213 175 190 156
1483 184 178 164 159
1484 166 179 147 159
1485 159 178 141 158
1486 167 179 148 159
1487 169 178 150 159
1488 168 177 149 157
1489 170 177 151 157
1490 167 176 149 157
1491 170 173 152 154
1492 156 168 138 149
1493 153 164 136 146
1494 156 164 139 145
18
1495 158 163 141 145
1496 166 163 148 145
1497 161 163 143 145
1498 167 163 149 144
1499 161 162 143 144
1500 175 162 155 144
1501 191 164 170 146
1502 188 168 167 149
1503 177 170 158 151
1504 169 171 150 152
1505 163 172 145 153
1506 164 172 146 153
1507 167 172 148 153
1508 162 172 144 153
1509 151 171 134 152
1510 155 169 138 150
1511 171 167 152 148
1512 196 168 174 149
1513 176 167 156 149
1514 172 168 153 149
1515 181 170 161 151
1516 179 171 159 152
1517 184 173 164 154
1518 181 175 161 155
1519 197 179 175 159
1520 197 183 182 164
1521 183 185 169 165
1522 169 182 157 164
1523 163 181 151 163
1524 168 180 156 163
1525 170 179 158 163
1526 183 179 169 164
1527 233 184 216 169
1528 195 186 181 171
1529 193 185 179 172
1530 183 184 176 171
1531 192 185 185 173
1532 183 186 176 175
1533 180 188 173 177
1534 169 188 163 178
19
1535 202 191 194 181
1536 205 194 197 184
1537 176 188 169 179
1538 183 187 176 179
1539 171 184 165 177
1540 158 182 163 176
1541 189 182 195 177
1542 189 182 195 179
1543 194 184 201 182
1544 197 186 204 186
1545 232 189 218 189
1546 206 189 177 186
1547 189 191 163 186
1548 216 194 186 187
1549 276 205 220 192
1550 218 210 219 198
1551 196 211 184 197
1552 193 212 170 194
1553 196 212 172 191
1554 221 214 194 190
1555 282 219 248 193
1556 270 226 237 199
1557 197 226 173 200
1558 197 225 173 199
1559 225 219 176 195
1560 228 221 177 191
1561 212 222 165 189
1562 279 231 217 193
1563 210 232 163 192
1564 209 231 163 189
1565 231 226 180 182
1566 207 220 161 175
1567 206 220 160 174
1568 223 223 173 174
1569 204 221 159 172
1570 176 216 160 170
1571 187 213 170 171
1572 199 205 181 167
1573 258 210 234 174
1574 202 209 184 176
20
1575 195 206 177 176
1576 219 207 199 180
1577 208 207 188 182
1578 191 204 173 182
1579 191 203 174 184
1580 204 205 181 186
1581 201 207 179 187
1582 201 207 179 187
1583 199 201 177 181
1584 200 201 178 180
1585 252 207 224 185
1586 307 215 273 193
1587 204 215 182 192
1588 199 216 177 192
1589 229 220 203 195
1590 229 222 220 199
1591 194 221 186 200
1592 201 221 193 201
1593 209 222 191 203
1594 295 232 258 211
1595 303 237 253 214
1596 370 243 297 216
1597 335 256 269 225
1598 264 263 211 228
1599 278 268 223 230
1600 284 273 227 231
1601 257 280 206 233
1602 234 283 188 232
1603 240 286 192 232
1604 261 283 209 228
1605 252 277 202 222
1606 260 266 208 214
1607 314 264 233 210
1608 322 270 222 211
1609 279 270 192 208
1610 273 269 195 205
1611 316 275 226 207
1612 313 283 223 210
1613 320 291 228 214
1614 305 295 218 215
21
1615 319 302 228 217
1616 313 307 223 219
1617 318 308 227 218
1618 277 303 198 216
1619 267 302 191 216
1620 244 299 169 213
1621 284 296 197 210
1622 306 295 212 209
1623 293 293 203 207
1624 304 292 211 206
1625 294 290 204 204
1626 255 284 177 199
1627 235 276 163 193
1628 266 275 184 191
1629 316 280 219 194
1630 310 286 244 202
1631 271 285 213 203
1632 281 282 221 204
1633 275 281 216 205
1634 274 278 215 206
1635 281 276 221 207
1636 275 278 216 211
1637 310 286 244 219
1638 259 285 204 221
1639 239 277 188 218
1640 261 273 193 213
1641 245 270 181 210
1642 246 266 182 206
1643 240 263 178 202
1644 237 259 176 198
1645 257 257 190 195
1646 284 258 211 195
1647 350 262 259 196
1648 347 271 257 201
1649 360 283 267 209
1650 314 288 210 211
1651 281 292 187 212
1652 244 292 163 210
1653 223 290 149 207
1654 219 288 146 204
22
1655 253 288 169 202
1656 266 286 177 198
1657 308 282 205 193
1658 309 278 206 188
1659 302 272 201 181
1660 302 271 201 181
1661 353 278 235 185
1662 274 281 182 187
1663 270 286 180 190
1664 264 290 176 193
1665 249 290 166 193
1666 230 286 153 191
1667 237 279 158 186
1668 265 275 176 183
1669 254 270 169 180
1670 257 265 172 177
1671 257 256 172 170
1672 263 255 175 170
1673 307 258 205 172
1674 301 262 201 175
1675 256 263 171 175
1676 252 265 168 177
1677 290 270 193 180
1678 304 274 202 183
1679 269 276 179 184
1680 275 277 183 185
1681 261 278 174 185
1682 265 278 177 185
1683 261 273 174 182
1684 286 272 190 181
1685 245 271 164 180
1686 254 271 169 181
1687 240 266 160 177
1688 236 259 157 173
1689 256 258 171 172
1690 246 255 137 167
1691 274 256 152 165
1692 309 261 171 165
1693 331 268 184 166
1694 269 266 150 161
23
1695 302 272 168 162
1696 302 277 168 162
1697 322 285 179 164
1698 305 292 169 165
1699 270 293 150 163
1700 251 293 152 164
1701 246 291 149 164
1702 242 284 147 162
1703 267 278 162 159
1704 245 275 136 158
1705 235 269 143 155
1706 233 262 141 153
1707 244 254 148 150
1708 297 253 180 151
1709 335 259 203 156
1710 290 263 176 158
1711 278 266 168 160
1712 266 269 161 162
1713 279 270 169 162
1714 252 271 153 164
1715 267 274 162 166
1716 264 277 160 168
1717 250 278 151 168
1718 237 272 143 165
1719 250 263 151 159
1720 253 260 153 157
1721 246 256 149 155
1722 250 255 151 154
1723 253 252 153 153
1724 265 253 161 154
1725 279 255 169 154
1726 261 254 158 154
1727 291 258 177 157
1728 285 263 173 160
1729 251 263 152 160
1730 243 262 147 159
1731 232 261 140 158
1732 233 259 141 157
1733 245 259 149 157
1734 253 257 153 156
24
1735 256 255 142 153
1736 258 255 144 152
1737 247 250 137 148
1738 254 247 141 145
1739 285 251 159 145
1740 296 256 165 147
1741 259 259 144 147
1742 243 260 135 147
1743 239 259 145 146
1744 239 258 133 144
1745 259 258 144 145
1746 260 258 144 145
1747 257 259 143 145
1748 260 260 144 145
1749 258 257 143 144
1750 252 253 129 140
1751 264 253 147 141
1752 267 256 149 142
1753 264 258 146 142
1754 251 259 140 143
1755 266 260 148 143
1756 320 266 178 147
1757 297 270 165 149
1758 276 272 154 150
1759 262 272 146 150
1760 261 273 145 152
1761 247 271 137 151
1762 260 270 144 150
1763 265 271 147 150
1764 283 274 157 152
1765 308 278 171 154
1766 300 276 167 153
1767 333 280 185 155
1768 324 284 180 158
1769 294 287 163 160
1770 299 291 166 162
1771 321 299 178 166
1772 350 308 194 171
1773 350 316 194 176
1774 343 322 190 179
25
1775 341 325 189 181
1776 317 327 176 182
1777 341 328 189 182
1778 331 329 184 183
1779 312 330 173 183
1780 307 331 170 184
1781 330 332 184 184
1782 332 330 185 183
1783 341 329 189 183
1784 334 329 186 183
1785 323 327 179 182
1786 313 326 174 181
1787 317 324 176 180
1788 326 324 181 180
1789 342 327 190 181
1790 347 331 193 184
1791 334 331 186 184
1792 330 331 183 184
1793 354 332 181 183
1794 268 325 195 184
1795 315 325 213 187
1796 321 326 202 190
1797 293 323 178 190
1798 293 320 173 189
1799 338 319 178 188
1800 449 330 236 193
1801 452 341 237 198
1802 308 339 181 197
1803 299 334 175 197
1804 317 339 186 196
1805 365 344 203 195
1806 343 346 186 193
1807 337 350 182 194
1808 356 356 209 197
1809 376 360 204 200
1810 398 355 200 196
1811 402 350 202 193
1812 447 364 225 197
1813 455 380 213 201
1814 381 386 179 200
26
 1815 330 382 155 195
1816 407 389 204 197
1817 379 393 200 199
1818 367 394 184 197
1819 355 392 208 197
1820 322 384 189 196
1821 285 373 167 192
1822 268 355 157 186
1823 284 338 167 181
1824 301 330 177 181
1825 317 328 186 184
1826 302 318 177 181
1827 284 309 167 178
1828 277 300 162 176
1829 286 293 167 172
1830 273 288 160 169

Sources: All sources, as well as data used to calculate days of work, are available at
http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/General/Members/allen.aspx.

27