The Skeletal System Humerus (Upper arm bone)

5 Functions of the Skeletal System

I. Movement: Skeletal system provides points of attachment
for muscles. Your legs and arms move when the muscles
pull on the bones.
II. Support: The backbone is the main support center for the
upper body. It holds your head up and protects your spinal
cord.
III. Protection: The bones of your skull protect your brain.
Your ribs protect your lungs and heart from injury.
IV. Makes Blood: Red and white blood cells are formed by
tissue called marrow, which is in the center of the bone
V. Storage: Bones store minerals, such as calcium and
phosphorus, for use by the body
Carpals or Wrist Bones, Metacarpals & Phalanges
Two Major Skeletal System Parts
1. Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull,
spine, ribs and sternum
2. Appendicular Skeleton: The appendicular skeleton
includes the appendages of the body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips, and legs

Skeletal System Bones

► Four basic bone shapes
1. Long- arms, legs and fingers
2. Short- wrist and ankles
3. Flat- skull and sternum
4. Irregular- spine

Typical Four Layers:

1. Periosteum: Covers Bones
2. Compact Bone: Lies beneath the periosteum Rib Cage
3. Spongy Bone: Lies beneath the compact bone
4. Bone Marrow: Fills the gaps between the spongy
bone
Bones of the Cranium

Sternum (Breast Bone)

Femur (Largest Bone of the Body)

Clavicle or Collarbone
► The clavicle or collarbone, holds the shoulder joint
away from the rest of the upper body and is only as
thick as your little finger.
Scapula
► The scapula is located on the back side of the
ribcage and helps provide part of the shoulder joint
and movement for the arms.
Vertebral column or Spinal Cord
Has 3 regions
1. The cervical region (neck bones)
2. The thoracic region (what the ribs attach to)
3. The lumbar region (the lower part of the back)
Circulatory System
• Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of
all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to
vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.
– The heart pumps blood into large vessels
that branch into smaller ones leading into
the organs.
– Materials are exchanged by diffusion
between the blood and the interstitial
fluid bathing the cells.
• Three Major Elements – Heart, Blood Vessels, &
Blood
– 1. The Heart- cardiac muscle tissue
– highly interconnected cells
– four chambers
• Right atrium
• Right ventricle
• Left atrium
• Left ventricle
• Pulmonary circuit
– The blood pathway between the right side
of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the
left side of the heart.
– Systemic circuit
– The pathway between the left and right
sides of the heart.
• Systemic circuit
– The pathway between the left and right
sides of the heart.
Blood Vessels -A network of tubes
– Arteriesarterioles move away from the
heart
• Elastic Fibers
• Circular Smooth Muscle
– Capillaries – where gas exchange takes
place.
• One cell thick
• Serves the Respiratory System
– VeinsVenules moves towards the heart
• Skeletal Muscles contract to
force blood back from legs
• One way values
• When they break - varicose veins
form
The Blood
 Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood. Contains clotting
factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients
and waste
 Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
– Carry hemoglobin and oxygen. Do not
have a nucleus and live only about 120
days.
– Can not repair themselves.
 Leukocytes – White Blood cells
– Fight infection and are formed in the
bone marrow
– Five types – neutrophils, lymphocytes,
eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.
 Thrombocytes – Platelets.
– These are cell fragment that are formed in
the bone marrow from magakaryocytes.
– Clot Blood by sticking together – via
protein fibers called fibrin.
–
Disorders of the Circulatory System
• Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count
• Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly,
causing anemia
• Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of
fibrinogen in thrombocytes
• Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by
valve problems
• Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart
become blocked with plaque, also called
myocardial infarction
Functions of the Heart
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
– Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
– Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
– Changes in contraction rate and force
match blood delivery to changing
metabolic needs
Muscular System
Characteristics common to muscle tissue
 Contractility: ability of the muscle to shorten.
 Extensibility: ability of muscle to lengthen.
 Elasticity: ability of muscle to return to normal
size.
 Atrophy: is the wasting of muscle tissue
 Hypertrophy: is the increase in size of muscle
tissue.
 Controlled by nerve stimuli.
 Fed by capillaries.
Different types of muscle tissue
 Smooth
 Cardiac
 Skeletal
Skeletal Muscles (striated or voluntary muscles)
 are those which attach to bones and have the
main function of contracting to facilitate
movement of our skeletons.
 Smooth muscle (Unstriated) Involuntary muscle
due to our inability to control its movements.
Found in the walls of hollow organs such as the
stomach, esophagus, bronchi and in the walls of
blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle only in the walls of the heart.
Similar to:
skeletal muscle -striated
smooth muscle- involuntarily controlled