ASSIGNMENT FOR A SECTION

1. Define critical region and acceptance region.

2. Mention the steps in the process of testing of hypotheses.
3. Discuss the properties of Chi-Square Distribution.
4. What is Type I and Type II error?
5. Mention the properties of normal distribution curve.
6. Retell the properties of t distribution curve.
7. Distinguish between level of significance and degrees of freedom.
8. Mention the properties of F distribution.
9. In a sample of 600 parts manufactured by a factory, the number of defective parts was
found to be 45. The company claims that only 5% of their products is defective. Is the
claim tenable at 5% LOS.?
10. To Check 108 ambulance service’s claim that at least 40% of its calls are life threatening
emergencies, a random sample was taken from its files and it was found that only 49 out
of 150 calls were life threatening emergencies. Can you justify the claim at 5% LOS.
11. Suppose that a manufacturer of a certain bearing knows from his past experience that 20
samples of size 4 have the diameter of the bearing . Interpret the value of LCL and UCL.
12. Discuss Randomized Block Design briefly.
13. Discuss Latin Square Design
14. Write the ANOVA table for
(i) One way classification ii) Two way classification table iii) Three table.

15. Mention three areas in which simulation is applied.

16. Explain the steps in random variate generation using inverse transform technique
17. Mention various components of Rapid rail system.
18. Suppose that the five numbers 0.44,0.81,0.14,0.05,0.93 were generated. Perform a test for
uniformity using Kolmogorov –Smirnov test with 5% LOS.
19. What are the steps in constructing X bar chart?
20. Write the working procedure for the one-way classification.
21. Explain briefly, the different types of models.
22. How will you perform Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for uniformity of random numbers?
23. List the various components of banking system.
24. Differentiate between np chart and c-chart.
25. Give the uses of Control Charts?
26. Mention different types of control charts.
27. List the advantages of Advantages of Completely Randomized Designs
28. List the disadvantages of Completely Randomized Designs.
29. Mention the assumptions made in (i) Completely randomized design (ii) Completely
Randomized Block Design.
30. Write the situations in which Completely randomized design is used.
PART B

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

LARGE SAMPLE

Single Mean

1. The diameter of a mechanical component is normally distributed with a mean of

approximately 28 cm. A standard deviation is found from the samples to be 0.25 cm. A sample
of 30 components gave mean 27.02. Test the hypothesis for mean = 27.02 against mean ≠ 27.02.

2. A trucking firm is suspicious of the claim that the average lifetime of certain tires is
atleast 28,000 miles. To check this claim, the firm puts 40 of these tires on its truck and gets
mean lifetime of 27,463 mils with a standard deviation of 1,348 miles. What can it conclude if
the probability a Type I error is to be at most 0.01%?

3. Benzene in the air workers breathe can cause cancer. It is very important for the benzene
content of air in a particular plant to be not more than 1.00 ppm. Samples are taken to check the
benzene content of the air. 35 specimens of air from one location in the plant gave a mean
content of 0.760 ppm, and the standard deviation of benzene content was estimated on the basis
of the sample to be 0.45 ppm. Benzene contents in this case are found to be normally distributed.

Is there evidence at the 1% level of significance that the true mean benzene content is less than
or equal to 1.00 ppm?

4. The diameter of a mechanical component is normally distributed with a mean of

approximately 28 cm. A standard deviation is found from the samples to be 0.25 cm. A sample
of 30 components gave mean 27.02. Test the hypothesis for mean = 27.02 against mean ≠ 27.02.

5. 45 standard reinforcing bars were tested in tension and found to have a mean yield
strength of 31,500 psi with a sample variance of 25 x 104 psi2 . Another sample of 15 bars
composed of a new alloy gave a mean and coefficient of variation of 32,000 psi and 2.0%
respectively. Yield strengths follow a normal distribution.

At the 1% level of significance, does the new alloy give increased yield strength?

Difference of Means

1. 45 standard reinforcing bars were tested in tension and found to have a mean yield
strength of 31,500 psi with a sample variance of 25 x 104 psi2 . Another sample of 35 bars
composed of a new alloy gave a mean and coefficient of variation of 32,000 psi and 23 x 104
psi2 respectively. Yield strengths follow a normal distribution. At the 1% level of significance,
does the new alloy give increased yield strength?
2. A company claims that its light bulbs are superior to those of its main competitor. If a
study showed that a sample of n1 = 40 of its bulbs has a mean lifetime of 1647 hours of
continuous use with a standard deviation of 27 hours, while a sample of n2 = 40 bulbs made by
its main competitor had a mean lifetime of 1638 hours, does this substantiate the claim at 0.05
LOS.

3. 41 cars equipped with standard carburetors were tested for gas usage and yielded an
average of 8.1 km/litre with a standard deviation of 1.2 km/l. 21 of these cars were then chosen
randomly, fitted with special carburetors and tested, yielding an average of 8.8 km/l with a
standard deviation of 0.9 km/l.

At the 5 percent level of significance, does the new carburetor decrease gas usage?

4. An investigation of two kinds of photocopying machine showed that 80 failures of 1st

kind of machine took average of 75.2 mins to repair with S.D of 20 min when 80 failures of 2 nd
kind machine took average of 82.8 mins to repair with S.D of 22 min. Test the null hypothesis
1  2 against 1  2 at 5% l.o.s.

5. To test the claim that resistance of electric wire can be reduced by more than 0.05 ohm by
alloying, 32 numbers of standard wire yielded a reduction of mean resistance of 0.136 ohm with
S.D = 0.004 ohm and another 32 numbers of alloyed wire yielded a reduction of mean resistance
of 0.0.083 ohm with S.D = 0.005 ohm. At 5% l.o.s does this support claim.

Single Proportion

1. A manufacture of light bulbs claims that on the average 2% of the bulbs manufactured by
him are defective. A random sample of 400 bulbs contained 13 defectives. On the basis of this
sample can you support the manufacturer’s claim at 5% LOS.

2. A foundry produces steel forgings used in automobile manufacturing. We wish to test the
hypothesis that the fraction conforming or fallout from this process is 10%. In a random sample
of 250 forgings, 41 were found to be nonconforming. What are your conclusions using α = 0.05?

3. A new rocket launching is considered for deployment of small and short range rockets.
The existing system has 80% successful launches. A sample of 40 experimental launches is made
with new system and 34 are successful. Would you claim that the new system is better?

Difference of Proportions

1. A study shows that 16 out of 200 Submersible pumps produced on one assembly line
required extensive adjustments before they could be shipped, while the same was true for 14 of
400 pumps produced on another assembly line. At 0.01 LOS, does this support the claim that the
second production line does superior work?

2. A study shows that 16 out of 200 capacitors produced on one assembly line required
extensive adjustments before they could be shipped, while the same was true for 14 of 400
capacitors produced on another assembly line. At 0.01 LOS, does this support the claim that the
second production line does superior work?

3. 57 out of 150 patients suffering with certain disease are cured by Allopathy medicine and
33 out of 100 patients with same disease are cured by Homeopathy medicine, is there reason to
believe that Allopathy is better than Homeopathy at 5% LOS.

SMALL SAMPLES

Single Mean

1. High sulfur content in steel is very undesirable, giving corrosion problems among other
disadvantages. If the sulfur content becomes too high, steps have to be taken. Five successive
independent specimens in a steel-making process give values of percentage sulfur of 0.0307,
0.0324, 0.0314, 0.0311 and 0.0307. Do these data give evidence at the 5% level of significance
that the true mean percentage sulfur is above 0.0300.

2. Two chemical processes for manufacturing the same product are being compared under
the same conditions. Yield from Process A gives an average value of 96.2 from six runs, and the
estimated standard deviation of yield is 2.75. Yield from Process B gives an average value of
93.3 from seven runs, and the estimated standard deviation is 3.35. Yields follow a normal
distribution. Is the difference between the mean yields statistically significant? Use the 5% level
of significance, and show rejection regions for the difference of mean yields on a sketch.

3. The average daily amount of scrap from a particular manufacturing process is 25.5 kg
with a standard deviation of 1.6 kg. A modification of the process is tried in an attempt to reduce
this amount. During a 10-day trial period, the kilograms of scrap produced each day were: 25.0,
21.9, 23.5, 25.2, 22.0, 23.0, 24.5, 25.0, 26.1, 22.8. From the nature of the modification, no
change in day-to-day variability of the amount of scrap will result. The normal distribution will
apply. A first glance at the figures suggests that the modification is effective in reducing the
scrap level. Does a significance test confirm this at the 1% level?

4. The standard deviation of a particular dimension on a machine part is known to be 0.0053

inches. Four parts coming off the production line are measured, giving readings of 2.747, 2.740,
2.750 and 2.749 inches. The population mean is supposed to be 2.740 inches. The normal
distribution applies.
 a) Is the sample mean significantly larger than 2.740 inches at the 1% level of
significance?

5. A manufacturer of fluorescent lamps claims that his lamps have an average luminous
flux of 3,600 lm at rated voltage and frequency and that 90% of all lamps produced by an
automatic process have a luminous flux higher than 3,300 lm. The luminous flux of the
lamps follows a normal distribution. What standard deviation is implied by the
manufacturer’s claim? Assume that this standard deviation does not change. A random
sample of l0 lamps is tested and gives a sample mean of 3,470 lm. At the 5% level of
significance can we conclude that the mean luminous flux is significantly less than what
the manufacturer claims? State your null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.

Difference of Means

1. Two companies produce resistors with a nominal resistance of 4000 ohms. Resistors from
company A give a sample of size 9 with sample mean 4025 ohms and estimated standard
deviation 42.6 ohms. A shipment from company B gives a sample of size l3 with sample mean
3980 ohms and estimated standard deviation 30.6 ohms. Resistances are approximately normally
distributed.

At 5% level of significance, is there a difference in the mean values of the resistors produced by
the two companies?

2. A new composition for car tires has been developed and is being compared with an older
composition. Ten tires are manufactured from the new composition, and ten are manufactured
from the old composition. One tire of the new composition and one of the old compositions are
placed on the front wheels of each of ten cars. Which composition goes on the left-hand or right-
hand wheel is determined randomly.

The wheels are properly aligned. Each car is driven 60,000 km under a variety of driving
conditions. Then the wear on each tire is measured. The results are:

Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wear of 2.4 1.3 4.2 3.8 2.8 4.7 3.2 4.8 3.8 2.9
New
Composition
Wear of Old 2.7 1.9 4.3 4.2 3.0 4.8 3.8 5.3 3.7 3.1
Composition
Do the results show at the 1% level of significance that the new composition gives significantly
less wear than the old composition?
3. Nine specimens of unalloyed steel were taken and each was halved, one half being sent
for analysis to a laboratory at Delhi and the other half to a laboratory at Bangalore. The
determinations of percentage carbon content were as follows:

Specimen l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
No.
Delhi Lab 0.22 0.ll 0.46 0.32 0.27 0.l9 0.08 0.l2 0.l8
Bangalore 0.20 0.l0 0.39 0.34 0.23 0.l4 0.l3 0.08 0.l6
Lab

Is there any significant difference in mean carbon content tested by two labs at 1% l.o.s.

4. Two flow meters, A and B, are used to measure the flow rate of brine in a potash
processing plant. The two meters are identical in design and calibration and are mounted on two
adjacent pipes, A on pipe 1 and B on pipe 2. On a certain day, the following flow rates (in
m3/sec) were observed at 10-minute intervals from

1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m.

Meter A Meter B
1:00 p.m. 1.7 2.0
1:10 p.m. 1.6 1.8
1:20 p.m. 1.5 1.6
1:30 p.m. 1.4 1.3
1:40 p.m. 1.5 1.6
1:50 p.m. 1.6 1.7
2:00 p.m, 1.7 1.9
Is the flow in pipe 2 significantly different from the flow in pipe 1 at the 5% level of
significance?

5. Slaked lime is added to the furnace of an electric power station to reduce the production
of SO2 (a major cause of acid rain). Extensive previous data showed that a standard method of
adding slaked lime reduced SO2 emission by an average percentage of 31.0 with a standard
deviation of 4.70. A test on a new method gives mean percentage removed of 33.5 based on a
sample of size 15 with no change in the standard deviation. Is there evidence at the 1% level of
significance that the new method gives higher removal of SO2 than the standard method?
F- Test

1. Two different lighting techniques are compared by measuring the intensity of light at
selected locations in areas lighted by the two methods. If 15 measurements in the first area had a
SD of 2.7 foot-candles and 21 measurements in the second area had a SD of 4.2 foot-candles, can
it be concluded that the lighting in the second area is less uniform? Use 5% LOS

2. Two different lighting techniques are compared by measuring the intensity of light at
selected locations in areas lighted by the two methods. If 15 measurements in the first area had a
SD of 2.7 foot-candles and 21 measurements in the second area had a SD of 4.2 foot-candles, can
it be concluded that the lighting in the second area is less uniform? Use 5% LOS.

3. The following are the Brinell hardness values obtained for samples of two magnesium
alloys before testing.
Alloy 1: 66.3 63.5 64.9 61.8 64.3 64.7 65.1 64.5 68.4 63.2
Alloy 2: 71.3 60.4 62.6 63.9 68.8 70.1 64.8 68.9 65.8 66.2
Test whether the two samples came from same normal population.
3. The coefficients of thermal expansion of two alloys, A and B, are compared. Six random
measurements are made for each alloy. For alloy A, the coefficients (×106) are 12.95, 14.05,
12.75, 12.10, 13.50 and 13.00. Coefficients (×106) for alloy B are 14.05, 15.35, 14.35, 15.15, 13
85 and 14.25. Assume the values for each alloy are normally distributed. Is the variance of
coefficients for alloy A significantly different from the variance of coefficients for alloy B? Use
the 10% level of significance.

4. The standard way of measuring water suction in soil is by a tensiometer. A new

instrument for measuring this parameter is an electrical resistivity probe. A purchaser is
interested in the variability of the readings given by the new instrument. The purchaser put both
instruments into a large tank of soil at ten different locations, both instruments side by side at
each location, and obtained the following results.
Suction (in cm) Measured by
Tensiometer Electrical Resistivity Probe
355 365
305 300
360 375
330 360
345 340
315 320
375 385
350 380
330 330
350 390
Choose an appropriate level of significance and test for a significant difference in the variance of
the two instruments.

5. A general contractor is considering purchasing lumber from one of two different suppliers. A
sample of 12 boards is obtained from each supplier and the length of each board is measured.
The estimated standard deviations from the samples are s1 = 0.13 inch and s2 = 0.17 inch,
respectively. Assume the lengths follow a normal distribution. Does this data indicate the lengths
of one supplier’s boards are subject to less variability than those from the other supplier? Test
using a level of significance equal to 0.02.

6. Wire of a certain type is supplied to an electrical retailer by each of two manufacturers, A and
B. Users of the wire suggest that there is more variability (from specimen to specimen) in the
resistance of the wire supplied by Company A than in that supplied by Company B. Random
samples of wire from spools of the wire supplied by the two companies were taken. The
resistances were measured with the following results:
Company A B
Number of Samples 13 21
Sum of Resistances 96.8 201.4
Sum of Squares of Resistances 732.30 1936.90
Assume the resistances were normally distributed. Use the results of these samples to determine
at the 5% level of significance whether or not there is evidence to support the suggestion of the
users.

CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION

1. Three different shops are used to repair electric motors. One hundred motors were sent for sent
for each shop. When a motor is returned, it is put in use and then the repair is classified as
complete, requiring an adjustment or an incomplete repair. The column totals are fixed 100 each
and the grand total is 300. Shop I produced 78 complete repairs, 15 minor adjustments, and 7
incomplete repairs. Shop II produced 56, 30, and 14 respectively; while Shop III produced 54,31,
15 complete, minor adjustment, and incomplete repairs respectively. Is here any significant
difference between repairs and Shops at 5% l.o.s.

2. The following table gives the two wheeler accidents occurred during one week.

Days: Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

Accidents: 14 16 8 12 11 9 14

Can you say that the accidents are uniformly distributed over the week? Use 5% LOS.
3. The following table shows the opinions of voters before and after a Prime Minister election.

Before After Total

For Ruling Party 79 91 170

For Opposition Party 84 66 150

Undecided 37 43 80

Total 200 200 400

Test at 5% LOS whether there has been any change of opinion of voters.

4. To determine whether there really is a relationship between an employee’s performance

in the company’s training program and their ultimate success in the job, the company takes a
sample of 400 cases from its extensive files and obtain the following results.

Performance

Success Below Average Above

Average Average
in job
(Employer’s Poor 23 60 29
raring)
Average 28 79 60

Very Good 9 49 63

Use 1% l.o.s to test the hypothesis that is there any relation between performance in the training
and the success in the jobs.

5. Absenteeism of Fourth Semester students from Mathematics IV classes is a major

concern to math instructors because missing class appears to increase. Three statistics instructors
wondered whether the absentee rate was the same for every day of the school week. They took a
sample of absent students from three of their statistics classes during one week of the term. The
results of the survey appear in the table.

Day Mon day Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

No. of Students 28 22 18 20 32
Absent

Determine the null and alternate hypotheses needed to run a goodness-of-fit test.
6. Car manufacturers are interested in whether there is a relationship between the size of car
an individual drives and the number of people in the driver’s family (that is, whether car size and
family size are independent). To test this, suppose that 800 car owners were randomly surveyed
with the following results. Conduct a test for independence.

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

1. The following data shows the lives in hours of four brands of electric lamps
Brand

A: 1610 1610 1650 1680 1700 1720 1800

B: 1580 1640 1640 1700 1750

C 1460 1550 1600 1620 1640 1660 1740 1820

D: 1510 1520 1530 1570 1600 1680

Perform an analysis of variance and test the homogeneity of the mean lives of the four brands
of lamps @ 5% LOS.

2. A study of depression and exercise was conducted. Three groups were used: those in a
designed exercise program; a group that is sedentary; and a group of runners. A depression rating
was given to members in each group. Small random samples from each groups provided the
following data:

Exercise Group: 63 58 61 60 62 59

Sedentary Group: 71 64 68 65 67 67

Runners: 49 52 47 51 48

Does the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate a difference among the population means at
1% l.o.s?

3. The following data give lifetimes, in hours, of three types of three types of battery.
Type I: 50.1 49.9 49.8 49.7 50.0

Type II: 51.0 50.8 50.9 50.9 50.6

Type III: 49.5 50.1 50.2 49.8 49.3

Analyze these data for a difference between lifetimes. ( Use 5% significance level)

4. Three special ovens in a metal working shop are used to heat metal specimens. All the
ovens are supposed to operate at the same temperature. It is known that the temperature of an
oven varies, and it is suspected that there is significant mean temperature difference between
ovens. The table below shows the temperature, in degrees centigrade, of each of three ovens on a
random sample of heating.

Temperature O C

Oven

1 494 497 481 496 487

2 489 494 479 478

3 489 483 487 472 472 477

Test for difference between mean oven temperatures at 5% l.o.s.

5. A manufacturer of television sets is interested in the effect on tube conductivity of four

different types of coating for color picture tubes. The following conductivity data are obtained.

Coating Type Conductivity

1 143 141 150 146

2 152 149 137 143

3 134 136 132 127

4 129 127 132 129

Test the null hypothesis that H 0  1   2  3   4 , against the alternative that at least two of
the means differ. Use α = 0.05.
6. A varietal trial was conducted on wheat with 4varieties A, B,C D. in a Latin square
design.The plan of experiment and the plot yield are given below.
C25 B23 A20 D20

A19 D19 C21 B18

B19 A14 D17 C20

D17 C20 B21 A15

Analyze the data and interpret the result. Use 5 % LOS.

7 An experiment was designed to study the performance of four different detergents for
cleaning injectors. The following “cleanliness” readings were obtained with specially designed
equipment for 12 tanks of gas distributed over three different models of engines.

Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 3

Detergent A 45 43 51

Detergent B 47 46 52

Detergent C 48 50 55

Detergent D 42 37 49

Obtain appropriate ANOVA table and test at 1% LOS whether there are differences in the
detergents on in the engines.

8. An industrial engineer tests four different shop-floor layouts by having each of six work
crews construct a sub assembly and measuring the construction(minutes) as follows.

Layout 1 Layout 2 Layout 3 Layout 4

Crew A 48.2 53.1 51.2 58.6

Crew B 49.5 52.9 50.0 60.1

Crew C 50.7 56.8 49.9 62.4

Crew D 48.6 50.6 47.5 57.5

Crew E 47.1 51.8 49.1 55.3

Crew F 52.4 57.2 53.5 61.7

Test at 1% LOS whether the four layouts produce different assembly times and whether some of
the work crews are consistently faster in constructing this assembly than the others.

9. Analyse the variance in the following Latin Square of yields (I kgs) of paddy where A,
B, C, D denote the different methods of cultivation.

D122 A121 C123 B122

B124 C123 A122 D125

A120 B119 D120 C121

C122 D123 B121 A122

Examine whether the different methods of cultivation have given significantly different yields.

10. An industrial engineer is conducting an experiment on eye focus time. He is interested in

the effect of the distance of the object from the eye on the focus time. Four different distances
are of interest. He has five subjects available for the experiment. Because there may be
differences among individuals, he decides to conduct the experiment in a randomized block
design. The data obtained follow.

Subject

Distance (ft) 1 2 3 4 5

4 10 6 6 6 6

6 7 6 6 1 6

8 5 3 3 2 5

Can we say distance affects the eye focus time at 5% l.o.s?

11. The following data resulted from an experiment to compare three burners B1,B2, and
B3. A Latin square design was used as the tests were made on three engines and were spread
over three days.

Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 3

Day 1 B1 16 B2 17 B3 20

Day 2 B2 16 B3 21 B1 15

Day 3 B3 15 B1 12 B2 13
Test the hypothesis that there is no difference between the burners at 5% LOS.

QUALITY CONTROL

1. Twenty pieces of cloth out of different roles contained respectively 2,4,3,1,4,3,7,3,

2,5,2,7,6,4,5,2,6,3,8,6 imperfections. Test whether process is under control.

2. Thirty five successive samples of 100 castings each, taken from a production line
contained respectively,3,3,5,3,5,0,3,2,3,5,6,5,9,2,1,4,5,2,0, 10,3,6,3,2, 5,6,3,3,2,5,1,0,7,4,3
defectives. If the fraction of defective is to be maintained at 0.02, construct appropriate control
chart and state whether the standard has been met.

3. Construct appropriate control for the number of defects from the following data which
represent the number of imperfections in 20 pieces of cloth in a certain production of a mill. Is
the process under control?

No. of imperfections : 3,3,4,10,10,3,3,3,6,5,6,10,4,7,4,7,4,8,4,7.

4. The following data gives the average life in hours and range in hours of 12 samples each
of 5 lamps. Construct the control charts for X and R chart, comment on the state of control.

X 120 127 152 157 160 134 137 123 1`40 144 120 127

R 30 44 60 34 38 35 45 62 39 50 35 41

5. Construct a control chart for defectives for the following data.

Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

No. of 90 65 85 70 80 80 70 95 90 75
Inspected

No of 9 7 3 2 9 5 3 9 6 7
defectives

6. A process for the manufacture of panel boards has performed in the past with an average
of 2.7 imperfections per 100 panels. Construct a chart to be used in the inspection of the panels
and discuss the control if 25 successive 100 panel board lots contained respectively, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5,
3, 5, 4, 1, 4, 0, 1, 2, 4, 3, , 4, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 6, 1, 3
SIMULATION

1. Mention some advantages and disadvantages of simulation.

2. Using multiplicative congruential method, find the period of generator for a = 13, m =
64, and X0 = 1, 2.

3. Explain in detail, the eleven steps in simulation.

4. How will you generate exponentially distributed random variate using inverse transform
technique?

5. Busses arriving at a bus stop according to Poisson process with mean of one bus per hour.
Generate a random variate which represents the number of busses arriving during one hour slot.
Assume the following consecutive random numbers, 0.4357,0.4146, 0.8353, 0.9952,8004,
0.7945,0.1530.

6. Downtimes for a high production candy-making machine have been found to be Gamma
distributed with mean 2.2 mins. and variance 2.10 min2. Generate a Gamma distributed random
variate. Assume the pairs of random numbers 0.832, 0.021; 0.434, 0.716.

7. How will you generate Weibull distributed random variate using Inverse transform
technique?

8. When simulation is an appropriate tool?