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8/17/2018 Treatment of the Lower Extremity Contracture/Deformities : Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics
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Treatment of the Lower Extremity Contracture/Deformities

van Bosse, Harold J.P. MD*; Pontén, Eva MD†; Wada, Akifusa MD, PhD‡; Agranovich, Olga E. MD, PhD§;
Kowalczyk, Bartłomiej MD, PhD∥; Lebel, Ehud MD¶; Şenaran, Hakan MD#; Derevianko, Denis V. MD§;
Vavilov, Maxim A. MD**; Petrova, Ekaterina V. MD, PhD††; Barsukov, Dmitry B. PhD††; Batkin, Sergey F.††;
Eylon, Sharon MD¶; Kenis, Vladimir M. MD, PhD§§; Stepanova, Yulia V. MD, PhD††; Buklaev, Dmitry S. MD,
PhD††; Yilmaz, Guney MD∥∥; Köse, Oksana MD¶¶; Trofimova, Svetlana I. MD, PhD§; Durgut, Fatih MD##
Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics: July/August 2017 - Volume 37 - Issue - p S16–S23

doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000001005
Arthrogryposis 2017 Supplement
Abstract
Author Information
Article Outline
Lower extremity deformities of patients with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita present a wide spectrum of
severity and deformity combinations. Treatment goals range from merely ensuring comfortable seating and
shoe wear, to fully independent and active ambulation, but the overarching intention is to help realize the
patient’s greatest potential for independence and function. Treatment of hip and knee contractures and
dislocations has become more interventional, whereas treatment of foot deformities has paradoxically become
much less surgical. This article synopsizes the treatment strategies presented in September 2014 in Saint
Petersburg, Russia at the second international symposium on arthrogryposis.
*Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA
†Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
https://journals.lww.com/pedorthopaedics/fulltext/2017/07001/Treatment_of_the_Lower_Extremity.7.aspx 1/9
‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saga Handicapped Children’s Hospital, Saga, Japan
§Arthrogryposis Clinic, Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics, Saint Petersburg,
Russia
††Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics
§§Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Neuroorthopaedics and Systemic Disorders, Turner Scientific and
Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics, Saint Petersburg
**Yaroslavl Regional Children’s Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia
∥Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, Krakow,
Poland
¶ALYN Rehabilitation Hospital for Children and Adolescents, and Pediatric Orthopedic Service, Shaare-Zedek
Medical Center
#Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, and Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan,
Turkey
∥∥Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical School of Selcuk University
¶¶Konya Bozkir State Hospital
##Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Meram University Hospital and Selçuk University Faculty of
Medicine, Konya, Turkey
The authors have no sources of support or funding to declare.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Reprints: Eva Pontén, MD, Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna,
SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: eva.ponten@ki.se.
Abstract
OVERALL GOALS AND STRATEGIES OF TREATMENT FOR THE LOWER EXT...
HIP DISLOCATIONS AND CONTRACTURES
Hip Dislocations
Hip Contractures
KNEE CONTRACTURES
FOOT DEFORMITIES
Classic
Clubfoot
Equinocavus
Clubfoot Variant
CVT
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
The majority of children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) have lower extremity involvement.
Although there are typical patterns of presentation, variability of deformity combinations seems unlimited,
including asymmetric involvement. The classic arthrogrypotic hip contracture is flexed, abducted and
externally rotated, with a subgroup of children with hip extension contractures. AMC hips dislocate much
earlier in pregnancy and are therefore more proximally displaced and stiffer than idiopathic dislocations. Knee
contractures can either be in flexion or extension, with a lack of motion causing added treatment difficulty. Foot
deformities include the clubfoot and its variants, and the congenital vertical talus (CVT), which have all seen a
recent paradigm shift in treatment.
Although not all adults with AMC are ambulatory, those who do walk work hard to remain so. The philosophy
of treating children is gradually changing toward achieving each child’s individual potential to become more
functional, independent, and ambulatory. This article synopsizes the treatment strategies presented in
September 2014 in Saint Petersburg, Russia at the second international symposium on arthrogryposis. It will
discuss different procedures to approach the constellation of lower extremity deformities in AMC, and
strategies of timing of the procedures and treatments to effect the best outcomes, without over treating a
patient past their potential.
OVERALL GOALS AND STRATEGIES OF TREATMENT FOR

THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
Arthrogryposis is a heterogenous spectrum of conditions with >400 different causes, making all-encompassing
statements on treatment difficult. However, the general aim should be to optimize hip, knee, and ankle
positioning for sitting, standing, and walking when the child is fully grown, while importantly preserving
muscle strength.
Sometimes the first encounter with an orthopaedic surgeon follows an ultrasound discovery of a fetus with
malpositioned joints and a scarcity of movements. In these cases, it is advised to not let the fetus be born
overdue, as early free movement is advantageous for muscle formation and joint mobility. After birth, stiff and
malaligned joints should be gently mobilized, modifying retaining splints as the range of motion improves.
Early after birth the connective tissues are very compliant, and the noncalcified cartilaginous joints are elastic,
so early manipulations may almost normalize some joint and ligament configurations. The hyperextended and
dislocated knees are a good example, where very early manipulations often alleviates any need for surgery.
When hyperextended knees present with congenital foot deformities, they can be treated early with
simultaneous serial casting. Later, the child’s normal urge to sit, stand, and walk is supported, with the help of
ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs), knee-ankle-foot orthoses, or hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses, as appropriate. By using
the usually strong core muscles, the child will learn to find their center of gravity. Balanced standing and
walking, with the help of custom molded orthotics, will reduce the need for crutches.
Open reduction of dislocated hips should be performed after correction of the feet, and in any case before the
age of 3. Hip contractures are best treated during the same timeframe, with a reorientational osteotomy of the
proximal femur for severe contractures, and fascial releases for more minor ones. This could minimize the need
for tenotomies around the hip, maintaining all the muscle strength available.
Knee flexion contractures may be the last deformity corrected. Guided growth may be used for mild
deformities. Alternatives are serial casting or posterior releases followed by slow extension with an external
fixator. Clubfoot relapses will often occur during the growth years and may be treated by repeated serial
casting. Such casting is more beneficial for the child, as extensive surgery increases the risk for future
osteoarthritis and pain. If casting is unsuccessful, a posterior release might be needed, but talectomy should be
avoided.1 Fibrotic and malfunctioning muscle will have a disordering effect on the physes and joints, resulting
in recurrence of the malformed joints. The use of splints can help to counteract these forces by keeping the
joints in a functional position. It is therefore strongly advised that orthotics be used throughout childhood and
adolescence.

Hip involvement in AMC occurs in 56% to 90% of patients, either as hip dislocations (15% to 30%) or hip
contractures (18% to 51%). Correcting these deformities improves the chances of achieving independent
ambulatory status, and/or continued functional ambulation as an adult.
Hip Dislocations
These teratologic dislocations occur much earlier in gestation than idiopathic hip dislocations, and are
therefore stiffer with higher displacement. Nonsurgical methods of relocation (eg, Pavlik harness) have proven
to be ineffective. Historically, strong arguments were made against performing open reductions of
arthrogrypotic hips out of concern of resulting hips becoming stiff and painful. But 2 studies have shown that in
cases of unilateral dislocations, the flexion-extension total arc of motion of the dislocated hip is only 12 to 20
degrees2 less than the contralateral side, both before and after relocation. When comparing preoperative to
follow-up range of motion of a dislocated hip, the flexion-extension total arc of motion only decreased by 8
degrees on an average. In a study of 14 patients with 5 to 23 years follow-up after hip reduction, 11 were
community and 3 were household ambulators.
Strategies on the timing and extent of surgery for hip dislocations differ with the authors:
Open reduction between 3 and 6 months of age, none of the patients requiring femoral shortening.
Reduction via the anteriolateral approach, either as reduction alone for age 6 to 20 months, or
supplemented with femoral osteotomies (shortening, derotation, varus) and pelvic osteotomies for ages 2
to 6 years (Fig. 1).
Reduction via the anteriolateral approach for ages 10 to 38 months, each including a femoral derotation-
varus and/or shortening osteotomy, and 18 of 22 having pelvic osteotomies (Fig. 2); or
Reduction via the medial approach for ages 10 to 40 months with femoral shortening osteotomies in 22 of
33 hips.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
The anteriolateral approach is a more direct exposure, and has accessibility for pelvic osteotomies if needed,
but often has higher blood loss and possibly an ancedotal association with heterotopic bone formation. The
medial approach tends to have less blood loss, with a cosmetic scar, but has a higher risk of neurovascular
traction injury. Two methods to supplement the stability of the reduction were described, one used the
ligamentum teres to tether the femoral head to the acetabulum,3 and the other was a temporary fixation pin
across the femoral-acetabular joint.4 Despite preoperative radiographic appearances, there is nearly always an
appropriately sized acetabulum present. A hip spica cast is used for about 6 weeks, with possible removal in the
operating room to allow for evaluation of the hips under anesthesia. Some authors used a hip abduction brace
for a variable amount of time thereafter. Complications included redislocation, stiffness, and an avascular
necrosis rate up to 19% in 1 series, the majority in patients over 3 years of age at surgery. Therefore, treatment
before 3 years of age is optimal.
Hip Contractures
Isolated hip flexion contractures may respond to a percutaneous anterior hip release. The contracted conjoin
tendon of the sartorius and the tensor fascia lata are released below the anterior superior iliac spine through a
“stab” incision. The fascia lata is further incised laterally to just superior to the greater trochanter. The rectus
femoris and the lateral fascia overlying the ileopsoas muscle may be carefully incised if necessary. A Petrie cast
is used for 4 to 6 weeks, with prone lying to help with hip stretching. Any remaining flexion contracture may
continue to improve with aggressive physical therapy.
The typical arthrogryposis hip contracture is multiplanar, in abduction, flexion, and external rotation. A
proximal femoral reoreintational osteotomy addresses all the deformities at a single level with a posterior-
medially based wedge-shaped intratrochanteric osteotomy, acutely derotating the limb.5 With the hip in its
usual resting position, a proximal osteotomy is made parallel to the transverse plain of the pelvis, and a second
osteotomy is made perpendicular to the shaft of the femur, removing the wedge of bone. This leaves the hip
joint in its original position but realigns the leg with the body. Fixation is attained with a 90-degree angled
cannulated blade plate (Fig. 3); a Petrie cast is used for 6 weeks, to allow for osteotomy healing and prone
positioning for hip flexor stretching. At an average 40-month follow-up after the procedure, 36 of 65 patients
with severe hip contractures walked independently, and another 20 walked with walkers.
FIGURE 3
KNEE CONTRACTURES
Knee contractures, whether in flexion or in extension, limit activities. Unopposed, spastic or fibrotic quadriceps
during gestation will lead to extension contractures. In severe cases the tibia will dislocate anteriorly and
proximally. If treated just after birth, when muscle, tendon and cartilaginous tissues are soft and pliable, the
dislocation and flexion deficit can in some cases be overcome without surgery. The knee is reduced similarly to
how a dislocated finger joint is reduced, by first distracting the joint, and then flexing the knee while
simultaneously translating the proximal tibia articular surface posteriorly with respect to the femoral
condyles.6 The limb is then casted in the maximally flexed position. By having the parents extend the hip while
stabilizing the pelvis, the short and stiff rectus femoris muscle can be stretched further between weekly
castings. If progress is limited, a lateral radiograph of the knee will determine if a pseudocorrection is occurring
through an iatrogenic anterior bow of the tibia, due to a too stiff knee. If so, surgery is needed, with lengthening
or percutaneous tenotomy of the rectus tendon (Fig. 4). If sufficient flexion is not achieved, the skin incision is
expanded and a quadricepsplasty with a V-Y-plasty of the rectus tendon is performed.7 For sitting 90 degrees of
flexion is ideal, but for bicycling 110 degrees of flexion is needed. A theoretical concern of performing a
quadriceps lengthening is that it will lead to knee extension weakness, so some practitioners favor waiting until
after 10 years of age and performing a Judet quadricepsplasty, elevating of the quadriceps from the femur, and
transecting the muscular fascia.8
FIGURE 4
Flexion contractures are more common than extension contractures, and may make walking difficult. For
optimal ambulation, the knees should have <15 degrees extension deficit. With this aim in mind, a child born
with flexion contractures should as early as possible be treated with manipulations and splinting in maximal
extension. If the flexion contractures are very stiff, serial casting could be tried. Surgical treatment of flexion
contractures is performed as early as 3 years of age by some, whereas others wait until after 4 years for the
larger anatomy and better cooperation with postoperative therapies.
Flexion contractures can be loosely categorized as mild (<30 degrees), moderate (30 to 50 or 60 degrees), and
severe (>50 or 60 degrees). Mild contractures can be treated by serial casting, or by temporary anterior
hemiepiphysiodesis of the distal femoral physis.9 Using fluoroscopy with a true lateral view, 2-hole plates are
placed over the physis medial and lateral to the patella, ensuring no impingement or soft tissue tethering.
Moderate and severe contractures often benefit from posterior knee releases as an adjunct procedure, either
through a standard posterior incision, or through medial and lateral longitudinal incisions.10 Posterior releases
usually do not increase knee extension by >10 to 20 degrees, but are permissive to further correction with
either serial casting or anterior distal femoral hemiepiphysiodess, for moderate contractures, or gradual joint
distraction with an external frame (Ilizarov) for severe contractures.10 With a frame, the knee could be
gradually extended 1 to 2 degrees per day. It is important to align the knee hinges with the knee center of
rotation, essentially along a line between the medial and lateral epicondyles. The acquired full correction is
maintained in the frame for an additional 4 weeks. When the frame is removed, the leg is casted in extension
for 4 weeks, where weight-bearing is allowed in the cast, then transitioned to a knee-ankle-foot orthoses. Light-
weight orthotics are most often needed the whole life, and should be fine-tuned to each individual’s special
need for stability, mobility, and power loading.
Obviously, when the physes are closed, guided growth cannot be performed. Although extension osteotomies
are shown to result in a recurrence of the flexion deformity with 1 degree per month if the physes are open, the
procedure has its place in the skeletally mature patient.11 The extension osteotomies could be fixed either with
an external fixator, or with a plate.
FOOT DEFORMITIES
Foot deformities occur in 80% to 90% of children with AMC, and can be classified as the classic clubfoot, the
equinocavus clubfoot variant, and the CVT. Treatment of these deformities has changed significantly in the past
2 decades, with an emphasis on deformity correction by casting and limited surgeries.
Classic Clubfoot
The goal of treatment for these severe, rigid, and relapsing deformities was defined by Lloyd-Roberts and Lettin
in 1970: “conversion of a deformed rigid foot into a rigid plantigrade platform”12 to which we add “with as few
surgical procedures as possible,” ultimately resulting in a painless, plantigrade foot that can be readily shoed or
braced. What makes the arthrogrypotic clubfoot so challenging is the high recurrence rate, regardless of how
correction is obtain (surgery or casting), probably related to both inherent muscular imbalances and residual
growth. Relapses become less frequent as the child ages, and rarely occur after skeletal maturity. Historically,
treatment of arthrogrypotic clubfeet was wholly surgical, usually an aggressive posterior medial release. But the
recurrence rate was on an average 73%, and secondary procedures would become incrementally more ablative,
including decancellations of individual tarsal bones, talectomies, osteotomies, and fusions.13 Unfortunately,
these procedures often did not prevent further deformity in the growing child, and after several operations the
foot was short, painful, and deformed. Talectomies, in particular, are associated with lack of forefoot correction,
clubfoot relapse, and calcaneotibial arthrodesis in rigid equinus. Large series report the long-term satisfaction
rate between 45% and 50% even for primary talectomies.1,14–16
The Ponseti method of serial casting has been modified by several practitioners to treat nonidiopathic clubfeet,
including to treat children of older ages (Fig. 5). The standard technique relies on a series of cast moldings to
gradually abduct the forefoot relative to the talus, thereby realigning the talonavicular joint and indirectly
correcting heel varus. A percutaneous Achilles tenotomy (PAT) is required in the majority of cases at the end of
treatment to achieve full correction. Modifications to this technique specifically for the arthrogrypotic clubfoot
include a PAT either initially or early in treatment for feet with severe equinus (∼40 degrees) to unlock the talus
from the posterior tibia and allow further correction; a second tenotomy is often required at the end of cast
treatment to correct the residual equinus. AMC clubfeet rarely dorsiflex as fully as idiopathic clubfeet directly
after a PAT, and occasionally a limited posterior ankle release or continued serial casting is required to achieve
dorsiflexion above neutral.17 In severe cases, initial treatment may require up to 20 casts and 2 Achilles
tenotomies, although <10 casts and 1 tenotomy is the norm. Once corrected, full-time bracing is necessary for
the growing child after clubfoot correction. The standard Ponseti foot abduction brace is difficult to apply to
children with hip and knee contractures, and children with AMC are unable to kick their feet, a necessary
function to prevent recurrent equinus with the foot abduction brace. Most practitioners used custom molded
AFOs with correction of heel varus and forefoot adductus; many use nighttime dorsiflexion straps for Achilles
stretching. A spring-loaded abduction-dorsiflexion mechanism brace has also had good early results as a
nighttime brace. Bracing is often necessary for the duration of childhood to prevent growth-related relapses, as
well as stable weight-bearing.
FIGURE 5
To treat relapsed AMC clubfeet, recommendations include repeated series of castings, soft tissue releases, or
decancellations of tarsal bones. Talectomies lead to secondary deformities and tibiocalcaneal fusions, and are
rarely indicated.
In older children with severe neglected deformities or previous surgeries, gradual correction may be required
with a circular external fixator. This can be done as purely soft tissue distraction, or the frame can be applied
after soft tissue releases or osteotomies.
In circumstances and/or regions with limited medical services or lack of follow-up care, a single-step complete
correction surgery has been described for children over 3 years of age. A comprehensive soft tissue release is
followed by resection of a 3-dimensional midfoot bone wedge designed to align the forefoot with the hindfoot
(Fig. 6).
FIGURE 6
Equinocavus Clubfoot Variant
Equinus and complete midfoot cavus are the major deformities; heel varus, forefoot supination, and adductus
are mild or absent. Often a midfoot crease traverses the entire sole of the foot, and toe flexion contractures are
usually present. The deformity is very similar to the “atypical” or “complex” type of idiopathic clubfoot,
occasionally including the apparently foreshortened great toe. Casting is performed in a manner similar to that
of the atypical clubfoot as well, using the thumbs of both hands to dorsiflex the metatarsal heads, with
counterpressure of the index and forefingers on the dorsum of the midfoot to correct the cavus. Forefoot
abduction is avoided, to prevent development of an ugly equinovalgus/abducted foot. Achilles tenotomies
should be delayed until the cavus is fully corrected. This type of clubfoot seems less inclined to relapse if well
braced (Fig. 7).
FIGURE 7
CVT
Arthrogrypotic CVT are much less common (3% to 10%) compared with arthrogrypotic clubfeet (78% to 90%).
CVTs are usually associated with the distal arthrogryposis, contractural syndromes, or the more severe
syndromic or unclassified forms of arthrogryposis and rarely occur in amyoplasia. Treatment of CVT changed
precipitously a decade ago when the Dobbs method was described.18 The feet undergo serial “reverse Ponseti”
casting, stretching the foot into adductus, plantarflexion and supination, whereafter a limited talonavicular
open reduction with pinning is performed. Even in cases of recurrence, correction can be reachieved in the
same manner. Care should be taken to evaluate the calcaneal cuboid joint—if it too is initially dislocated, it
should be percutaneously pinned at the time of surgical reduction.
Postoperatively the patient is casted for 6 weeks, then protected with an AFO molded to correct hindfoot valgus
and forefoot abductus, transitioning to a University of California Biomechanics Laboratory (UCBL) when the
patient demonstrates adequate ankle plantarflexion power for proper ambulation.
CONCLUSIONS
Treatment of lower limb deformities in patients with arthrogryposis can make meaningful and often life
altering changes to their abilities, function, and independence. The constellation of deformities with which each
patient presents can be overwhelming to the treating practitioner, unless they have knowledge of applicable
procedures and an algorithm to follow. These children are usually of normal or above normal intelligence, and
are motivated to achieve their potential, making them a very rewarding population with which to work.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Dr. Johannes Correll for his contributions to this article and sharing of clinical
photographs.
REFERENCES
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arthrogryposis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2012;21:381–385.
3. Wenger DR, Mubarak SJ, Henderson PC, et al. Ligamentum teres maintenance and transfer as a stabilizer in
open reduction for pediatric hip dislocation: surgical technique and early clinical results. J Child Orthop.
2008;2:177–185.
4. Castaneda P, Tejerina P, Nualart L, et al. The safety and efficacy of a transarticular pin for maintaining
reduction in patients with developmental dislocation of the hip undergoing an open reduction. J Pediatr
Orthop. 2015;35:358–362.
5. van Bosse H, Saldana R. Reorientational proximal femoral osteotomies for arthrogrypotic hip contractures. J
Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:65–75.
6. Cheng CC, Ko JY. Early reduction for congenital dislocation of the knee within twenty-four hours of birth.
Chang Gung Med J. 2010;33:266–273.
7. Ponten E. Management of the knees in arthrogryposis. J Child Orthop. 2015;9:465–472.
8. Ali AM, Villafuerte J, Hashmi M, et al. Judet’s quadricepsplasty, surgical technique, and results in limb
reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;415:214–220.
9. Palocaren T, Thabet AM, Rogers K, et al. Anterior distal femoral stapling for correcting knee flexion
contracture in children with arthrogryposis—preliminary results. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30:169–173.
10. van Bosse HJ, Feldman DS, Anavian J, et al. Treatment of knee flexion contractures in patients with
arthrogryposis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27:930–937.
11. DelBello DA, Watts HG. Distal femoral extension osteotomy for knee flexion contracture in patients with
arthrogryposis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:122–126.
12. Lloyd-Roberts GC, Lettin AWF. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1970;52B:494–
508.
13. Niki H, Staheli LT, Mosca VS. Management of clubfoot deformity in amyoplasia. J Pediatr Orthop.
1997;17:803–807.
14. Palmer PM, MacEwen GD, Bowen JR, et al. Passive motion therapy for infants with arthrogryposis. Clin
Orthop Relat Res. 1985;194:54–59.
15. Segal LS, Mann DC, Feiwell E, et al. Equinovarus deformity in arthrogryposis and myelomeningocele:
evaluation of primary talectomy. Foot Ankle Int. 1989;10:12–16.
16. Drummond DS, Cruess RL. The management of the foot and ankle in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. J
Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60:96–99.
17. Kowalczyk B, Lejman T. Short-term experience with Ponseti casting and the Achilles tenotomy method for
clubfeet treatment in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. J Child Orthop. 2008;2:365–371.
18. Dobbs MB, Purcell DB, Nunley R, et al. Early results of a new method of treatment for idiopathic congenital
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Keywords:
arthrogryposis; arthrogryposis multiplex congenital; amyoplasia; congenital contracture syndromes; distal

arthrogryposis; hip contracture; hip dislocation; knee contracture; clubfoot; congenital vertical talus
Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Article Outline

Abstract
OVERALL GOALS AND STRATEGIES OF TREATMENT FOR THE...
Hip Dislocations
Hip Contractures
KNEE CONTRACTURES
FOOT DEFORMITIES
Classic Clubfoot
Equinocavus Clubfoot Variant
CVT
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES

Treatment

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8/17/2018 Treatment of the Lower Extremity Contracture/Deformities : Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics

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Articles & Issues

Treatment of the Lower Extremity Contracture/Deformities

Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics: July/August 2017 - Volume 37 - Issue - p S16–S23

*Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA

†Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

††Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics

**Yaroslavl Regional Children’s Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russia

∥∥Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical School of Selcuk University

¶¶Konya Bozkir State Hospital

The authors have no sources of support or funding to declare.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

OVERALL GOALS AND STRATEGIES OF TREATMENT FOR

HIP DISLOCATIONS AND CONTRACTURES

Equinocavus Clubfoot Variant

arthrogryposis; arthrogryposis multiplex congenital; amyoplasia; congenital contracture syndromes; distal

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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