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Novel approach of cooling requirements

calculations in Non-Residential

Buildings according to Greek Building

Energy Codes

IRENE KORONAKI*, EUGENIA LAZARI, KONSTANTINOS LYTRAS AND ELPIDA POLYCHRONI

Centre for Renewable Energy Sources

Department of Building Applications

19th km Marathonos Ave.

19009 Pikermi, Greece

ikoron@cres.gr

Abstract

Building Energy Codes need optimum procedures for estimating energy requirements of residential and non-
residential buildings. Due to the difference of energy needs and operational modes between the above use of
buildings there are different calculation procedures for estimating heating and cooling energy consumption.
Calculations of energy requirements for space heating are based, for the majority of building regulations of
European countries, on the European Standard EN832 while for space cooling the approach is different due to
the lack of an integrated methodology approximate to the methodology for the calculation of space heating.
The present paper presents a similar to the heating methodology approach for the calculation of the cooling
demand in various non-residential buildings.
Conference topic : case study
Keywords : Cooling load demand, utilization factor, time constant
2

For the calculation of the cooling load, all the


INTRODUCTION internal gains as well as the solar gains
through openings are considered as “losses”
The European Standard EN 832 was mainly while the ventilation gains when the external
created for heating load calculation purposes. air temperature is lower than the reference
It uses the monthly mean values of the temperature are considered as “gains” for the
external temperature and solar radiation in cooling system.
order to calculate the heat gain from solar
radiation, persons, lighting and apparatus as
well as the heat accumulating capacity of the COOLING REQUIREMENTS
building. The need for a similar methodology
concerning cooling requirement calculations “Losses”
was led to the present paper.
Solar gains are calculated separately for solar
The variables affecting cooling load collecting areas of different orientation. In
calculations are numerous, often difficult to typical non-residential buildings these areas
define precisely and always interrelated. Many are the glazed envelope elements.
cooling load components vary during a 24-
hour period so each component must be For a given calculation period, solar gains are
analyzed to establish the resultant maximum given by the following equation:
cooling load for the examined building. When
hourly consumption calculations are not Qs =∑ I sj ∑ A snj
necessary then the methods based on quasi- j n
stationary calculations of heat gains and heat (1)
losses may be useful to the calculation of the Where, Isj is the global solar radiation
overall annual consumption of the existing impinging on a unit surface having orientation
building. j, during the calculation period
Asnj is the net solar collecting area of the
Cooling load requirement calculations surface n having orientation j.
described in this paper keep up to the same Generally, the net solar collecting area of a
rules and philosophy of the standardised glazed envelope element, such as a window,
method described in the European Standard is given by:
EN 832. More precise, the method is based on
a quasi-stationary monthly calculation of heat A s = A (1−s) FC F F τ
loss and heat gains of the examined building
during the summer period. For the calculation, (2)
the monthly mean values of the external air Where, A is the window area, S is the shading
temperature and the incident onto a factor
horizontal plane solar radiation are utilised FC is the curtain factor, FF is the frame factor,
while heat gains from solar radiation, persons, equal to the ratio of the transparent area to
lighting fixtures and other electrical the total area of the glazed area, τ is the total
appliances, as well as the heat-accumulating solar energy transmittance
capacity of the building are taken into
account. The shading factor s is given by:
(3)
The primary target of this work is to produce s=1−Fh F o F f
analytical expressions between the utilization Where, Fh is the illumination factor for the horizon, F o is
factor for the heat losses, η, and the heat loss the illumination factor for overhangs, F f is the
to heat gain ratio, so that the reader could illumination factor for fins.
estimate the cooling load demand of the The shading from the horizon depends on horizon angle,
examined non-residential building. The above latitude, orientation, local climate and cooling season.
expressions are formulated have been Illumination factors for typical average climates are given
calculated after simulation runs a procedure by Tables 13.
followed for up to four different types of office,
commercial (mals), hotel and hospital Table 1. Illumination Factor for Overhangs, Fo
buildings, and the four climatic zones of 36 38 LATITUDE 40
SE/ N S E/W N S E/ N
Greece, by the use of TRNSYS 14.2 simulation 0 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tool. Set points during the cooling period as 30 00.8 0.9 0.87 0.87 0.90 0.8 0.8 0.9
well as internal gains are shown in Tables 4 45 00.7 0.8 0.69 0.73 0.80 0.7 0.7 0.8
60 00.5 0.6 0.41 0.56 0.68 0.4 0.5 0.6
through 8 while the type of buildings that
were simulated are shown in Fig. 1. Table 3.
2. Illumination
Illumination Factor
Factor for
for horizon,
Fins, Ff FH
Table
36
36LATITUDE 3838LATITUD
LATITUDE 40 LATITUDE
40 LATITUDE
SS E/WE/ N N S S E/W E/W N N SS E/E/W NN
00 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 11 11 1 1 1 1
30
30 0.94
0.94 0.93
0.91 1 0.94
0.90.93
0.93 11 0.940.90.92
0.9 1 1
45
45 0.73
0.73 0.85
0.81 1 0.74
0.70.85
0.85 11 0.740.80.84
0.7 1 1
60
60 0.72
0.72 0.76
0.71 1 0.72
0.70.76
0.76 11 0.720.70.76
0.7 1 1
3
constant of the examined building, is data given by the following tables for
given by the equation: all climatic zones, as well as uses,
given bellow.

[h] Particularly, ventilation gains due to


(17) 3600∗C night ventilation supplied by TRNSYS
τ= 14.2 outputs, as well as cooling
H trapparent
C is the +H v thermal capacity of
-1
the building [3] [J K ] and it is given by demands for all the examined cases
the equation: were used in order to estimate the
utilization factor. According to the
proposed procedure, the utilization
where: j is the material of the factor is calculated by using the results
construction element k and of the cooling consumption of the
ρjk is the density of the material j of the mentioned types of non-residential
construction element k, cjk is the buildings without any night ventilation
specific heat capacity of the material j strategies as well as the resulted
of the construction element k, d jk is the
cooling requirements after the
thickness of the material j of the
construction element k, Ajk is the application of night ventilation. The
surface of the material j of the resulting utilization factor curves in
construction element k, Ηtr is accordance with the gain to loss ratio
transmission heat loss coefficient of for a wide range of non-residential
the examined building in [W K -1], Ηv is buildings, in all climatic zones of
the ventilation heat loss coefficient Greece, are shown in Figures 2 through
during the cooling period in [W K-1] 7.

The monthly energy demand for space Having calculated the values of the utilization
cooling will be calculated by the factor for cooling, as well as the corresponding
following equation: gain to loss ratio values of various types and uses
of non-residential buildings, in all climatic zones
Q c =Q l−ηQG of Greece, a statistical analysis was performed on
(18) the above data.
where: Ql expresses the sum of
internal gains and solar gains through Similar to heating load analysis, an
all the building elements [MJ/month], exponential regression of the first
QG expresses ventilation heat gains order was used to find the relationship
when the external air temperature is between the utilization factor for
cooling and the gain to loss ratio
lower than the reference temperature
according to Equation 18. The
[MJ/month] regression lines and equations are
given for each use of non-residential
building and climatic zone in the
SIMULATION PROCEDURE FOR Figures 2 through 17.
ESTIMATING THE UTILIZATION
FACTOR FOR COOLING OF VARIOUS CASE STUDY
BUILDING TYPES AND USES
In order to compare the model
The analytical procedure described equations with the dynamic tool of
above is employed with suitable TRNSYS 14.2, a hotel building of four
improvements and modifications to floors with twenty rooms per floor and
account for the needs of the present a total surface of 2000 m2 is considered.
study in order to ease the calculation The building is located in the climatic zone A
procedure of the cooling demand for and the 30% of each façade is composed by
large scale non-residential buildings. windows of double panes and of overall heat
The method uses the results of the transfer coefficient of 3.8 W m-2 K-1 while the
walls have U=0.7 W m -2 K-1. Daily data
simulation procedure with the input
that where taken into consideration during the
Table 4.Daily Data of the Simulated Office Buildings
4 Novel approach of cooling requirements calculations in Non-Residential Buildings according to
OFFICE BUILDINGS HOUR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
COOLING
Monday – Friday 36 36 36 36 36 36 30 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 36 36 36
Saturday 36 36 36 36 36 36 30 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
Greek Building
Sunday Energy Codes
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
LIGHTING (%)
Monday – Friday 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 90 90 80 80 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 90 20 20 5 5
Saturday 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 90 90 80 80 80 80 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sunday 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ELECTRICAL USES (%)
Monday – Friday 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 90 20 20 5 5
Saturday 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 80 80 80 75 75 75 75 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Sunday 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

simulation period are given by Table 5. The


nocturnal ventilation rate that was considered is
5 ACH.

The cooling requirements of the mentioned case


study that are calculated by TRNSYS are 51.75
kWh m-2. All the internal gains as well as solar
gains are 60.44 kWh m-2 while the ventilation
gains due to night ventilation from 20:00 p.m. to
8:00 a.m. are 71.33 kWh m-2. Thus, the gain to
loss ratio is 1.18 and after the use of the model
equation given by Figure 14, the utilization

Table 6. Daily Data of the Simulated Commercial Buildings


COMMERCIA HOUR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
COOLING
Monday – 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 36 36 36 36
Saturday 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 36 36 36 36
Sunday 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 36 36 36 36
LIGHTING
Monday – 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 40 40 20 20
Saturday 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 40 40 20 20
Sunday 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 40 40 20 20
ELECTRICAL
Monday – 5 5 5 5 5 5 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 30 30 5 5
Saturday 5 5 5 5 5 5 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 30 30 5 5
Sunday 5 5 5 5 5 5 30 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 100 100 100 30 30 5 5

factor for cooling is

Table 5. Daily Data of the Simulated Hotel Buildings


HOTEL BUILDINGSHOUR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
COOLING
Monday – Friday 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
Saturday 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
Sunday 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
LIGHTING (%)
Monday – Friday 10 10 10 10 10 30 45 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 45 60 80 90 80 60 10
Saturday 10 10 10 10 10 30 45 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 45 60 80 90 80 60 10
Sunday 10 10 10 10 10 30 45 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 45 60 80 90 80 60 10
ELECTRICAL USES (%)
Monday – Friday 10 10 10 10 10 30 45 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 45 60 80 90 80 60 10
Saturday
Table 8. Thermal properties and 10input
10 10 10 of
data 10all
30simulated
45 45 20 non-residential
20 20 20 20 20buildings
20 20 30 45 60 80 90 80 60 10
Sunday 10 10 10 10 10 30 45 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 45 60 80 90 80 60 10
UWALL UROOF UOPEN ΕOPEN / EEXTER.SURF SHADI INTERNA
Table 7. Daily Data of the Simulated Hospital Buildings
(Wm-2K-1) (Wm-2K-1) (Wm-2K-1) NG INFILTRATION- L GAINS
HOSPITAL
Α 0.7 HOUR
IACOMM HOTEL HOSPI OFFIC

0.65, 0.6 3.8 2.8 30 60% / 0.7, 1 6ach -40%


Β 0.6 1 0.55,
2 3 4 0.5 5 6 7 3.88 92.8 10 3011 60% 12 / 13 140.7, 151 166ach
17 18 19 20-40% 21 22 23 24
ES

COOLING
C 0.5 0.45, 0.4 2.8 1.4 30 60% / 0.7, 1 6ach -40%.
MondayD –0.4 24 0.35,
24 24 24 0.3
24 24 24 2.8 24 24 1.4 24 3024 60% 24 / 24 240.7, 241 246ach
24 24 24 24-40% 24 24 24 24
Saturday
Α 0.7 24 0.65,
24 24 24 0.6
24 24 24 3.8 24 24 2.8 24 3024 60% 24 24 240.7, 241 24ROOMS
24 24 24 24-20%
: 8 ach 24 24 24 24
TALS

SundayΒ 0.6 24 0.55,


24 24 24 0.5
24 24 24 3.8 24 24 2.8 24 3024 60% 24 24 240.7, 241 24SURGERY:
24 24 24 24-20% 24 24 24 24
LIGHTING
C 0.5 0.45, 0.4 2.8 1.4 30 60% 0.7, 1 -20%
MondayD –0.4 80 0.35,
80 80 80 0.3
80 10 10 2.8 100 100
1.4 10030100 60% 100 100 100 100
0.7, 15ach
1 100 100 10 10 100 100 80 80
-20% 80
Saturday
Α 0.7 80 0.65,
80 80 80 0.6
80 10 10 3.8 100 100
2.8 10030100 60% 100 100 100 100
0.7, 1 100 100 10 6ach
OFFICES:
2ach 10 100 100 80 80
-20% 80
SundayΒ 0.6 80 0.55,
80 80 80 0.5
80 10 10 3.8 100 100
2.8 10030100 60% 100 100 100 100
0.7, 1 100 100 10 10 100
2ach 100 80 80
-20% 80
S

ELECTRIC
C 0.5 0.45, 0.4 2.8 1.4 30 60% 0.7, 1 2ach -20%
MondayD –0.4 80 0.35,
80 80 80 0.3
80 10 10 2.8 100 100
1.4 10030100 60% 100 100 100 100
0.7, 1 100 100 10 10 100
2ach 100 80 80
-20% 80
Saturday
Α 0.7 80 80 80 80 0.680 10 10 3.8 100 100
2.8 10030100 60% 100 / 100 100 100
0.7, 1 100 100 10 10 100
6ach 100 80 80
-20% 80
SundayΒ 0.6 80 80 80 80 0.580 10 10 3.8 100 100
2.8 10030100 60% 100 / 100 100 100
0.7, 1 100 100 10 10 100
6ach 100 80 80
-20% 80
C 0.5 0.4 2.8 1.4 30 60% / 0.7, 1 6ach -20%
D 0.4 0.3 2.8 1.4 30 60% / 0.7, 1 6ach -20%
5
Figure 3.Utilization factor of Office Buildings in climatic
zone B after the use of simulation procedure
Figure 4.Utilization factor of Office Buildings in climatic
zone C after the use of simulation procedure

Figure 5.Utilization factor of Office Buildings in climatic Figure 6.Utilization factor of Commercial Buildings in
zone D after the use of simulation procedure climatic zone A after the use of simulation procedure

Figure 7.Utilization factor of Commercial Buildings in


climatic zone B after the use of simulation procedure
Figure 8.Utilization factor of Commercial Buildings in
climatic zone C after the use of simulation procedure

Figure 10.Utilization factor of Hospital Buildings in


climatic zone A after the use of simulation procedure
Figure 9.Utilization factor of Commercial Buildings in
climatic zone D after the use of simulation procedure

Figure 11.Utilization factor of Hospital Buildings in Figure 12.Utilization factor of Hospital Buildings in
climatic zone B after the use of simulation procedure climatic zone C after the use of simulation procedure
6 Novel approach of cooling requirements calculations in Non-Residential Buildings according to
Figure 15.Utilization factor of Hotel Buildings in climatic
zone B after the use of simulation procedure

Greek Building Energy Codes

ηc=0.1193. By using equation (18) and taking


into consideration the mentioned gains and losses
it is found that the cooling requirements given by
the model are 51.93 kWh m-2.

CONCLUSIONS

The described calculation procedure based on the Figure 16.Utilization factor of Hotel Buildings in climatic
European Standard EN 832 is an approximate zone C after the use of simulation procedure
method but it has been shown that it could
estimate the overall energy requirement for space
cooling quite sufficiently.

Availability of simple analytical expressions


between the utilization factor for cooling and the
gain to loss ratio for four different uses of non-
residential buildings, is the key to ease the
cooling requirement calculations. The analysis of
the output from simulation procedures shows that
the use of night ventilation plays a significant
role in modifying the cooling load of a building.
Figure 17.Utilization factor of Hotel Buildings in
As it could be realized, the main advantage of climatic zone D after the use of simulation procedure
using the described method is its simplicity. The
absolute values of the cooling load requirements
estimated by the model equation may not be the
Figureas
same 13.Utilization
the values factor
givenofby
Hospital
other Buildings
certified in
climatic zone
dynamic D after
software the(e.g.
tools use TRNSYS
of simulation procedure
14.2), but
when comparing two scenarios of energy
retrofitting, in buildings, using the model
equations versus a dynamic tool the relative
differences between the two of them is not
significant and the energy – saving potential can
be correctly judged.

Figure 14.Utilization factor of Hotel Buildings in climatic


zone A after the use of simulation procedure
7
spaces”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2000,
21, 929-940.
5. “Thermal performance of the exterior
envelopes of buildings II”, Proceedings of the
ASHRAE/DOE Conference, Dec.6-9, 1982, Las
Vegas, Nevada.
6. Givoni B., “Urban Design in different
climates”, University of California, Los
Angeles, 1989.
REFERENCES 7. Goulding J.R., Owen Lewis J., Steemers T.C.,
“Energy in Architecture”, Batsford for the
Commission of the European Communities,
1. European Standard EN 832 1994.
2. TRNSYS 14.2, A TRANSIENT SYSTEM 8. Kreider Dr. J., Kreith Dr. F., “Solar Energy
SIMULATION programme , Solar Energy Handbook”,Mc-Graw Hill BOOK COMPANY,
Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1979.
USA. 9. Bansal N.K., Hauser G., Minke G., “A Passive
3. Antonopoulos K.A. and Koronaki E.P., Handbook of Building Natural Climate Design
“Apparent and effective thermal capacitance Control”, ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V.,1994.
of buildings”, Energy, 1998, 23, 183-192.
4. Antonopoulos K.A. and Koronaki E.P., “On
the dynamic thermal behaviour of indoor

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