Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
on
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DIFFERENT FRAMED STRUCTURE
(G+30) USING PILE FOUNDATION UNDER DYNAMIC LOAD AT
SILCHAR
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
by
APRIL 2014
ii
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
(122100042), ADWAIT RODE (1220100053) who carried out the project under
reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the
basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion or any other
candidate.
DATE:
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 11
4.1 PLANNING 11
4.1.1 AutoCAD PLAN 11
4.1.2 STAAD.Pro V 8i 3D MODEL 14
4.1.3 Load estimation 17
4.2 ANALYSIS 22
4.2.1 Rigid frame 23
4.2.2 Braced frame 25
4.2.3 Symmetrical outrigger frame 27
4.2.4 Unsymmetrical outrigger frame 29
4.2.5 Reactions 31
4.3 DESIGNS 36
4.3.1 Design principles 36
4.3.2 Design details 36
4.3.3 Design of footing 39
4.4 ESTIMATION 45
4.4.1 Calculation 45
4.4.2 Material cost 53
4.4.3 Excavation 55
4.4.4 Foundation 55
5 CONCLUSION 57
5.1 FUTURE SCOPE 57
REFERENCES 58
vii
LIST OF TABLES
viii
4.18 Maximum and minimum, shear and bending 38
moment
4.19 Specification 45
4.20 Calculations 45
4.21 Specifications of 3bhk 47
4.22 Calculations 47
4.23 Specification of 2bhk 49
4.24 Calculations 50
4.25 Calculations 51
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
x
CHAPTER 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE
1.2 NECESSITY
To make structure more feasible, reliable using the structural frames in hilly
areas.
It acts as a landmark for a particular area.
More occupancy in smaller area.
Going for better infrastructure planning, soil stability it will create less
damage even under severe disasters.
Development of hilly rural area. Decreasing the economic gap between rural
and urban areas. Helping in sustainable development.
1.3 SCOPE
This project includes analysis and design of structural frames (rigid, braced,
symmetrical and unsymmetrical outrigger system) using structural analysis
package (STAAD.ProV8i).
1
To analyze different frames and to check the stiffness using structural
analysis package.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
Methodology
Literature review
Collection of materials
Analysis (STAAD.Pro.V8i)
Structural modelling
(STAAD.Pro V8i)
Conclusion
Design of beams
2
Design of columns
Design of pile foundation and pile cap
Social:
People living in hilly areas are habitual to low rise building they will not
opt for high rise structures.
Economic:
Company may not opt for such structures as it would cause more
expenditure than going for high rise structures in plain areas.
Environment:
During the course of the project various codes books were referred. The
code books referred were chosen specifically to meet with the requirements of the
Indian Standards. Table 1.1 gives reference to various codes books and standards
followed during the analysis.
3
Table 1.1 (continued)
IS 456:2000 Plain and reinforced concrete - To design RCC
code of practice
SP 16 Design aids for reinforced To design RCC
concrete (IS 456:1978)
IS 2911:1984 Code of practice for design and To design pile
construction pile foundations foundation
IS 800:2007 Code of practice for general To design reinforced
construction in steel steel
IS4326:2008 Earthquake resistant design To design the seismic
and construction of building load acting
IS 383 :1970 Specification of coarse and To determine the size and
fine aggregates from natural shape of coarse and fine
sources for concrete aggregate
Table 1.2 gives reference to some of the earlier coursework that can be used in the
analysis and design.
4
Table1.2 (continued)
CI0305-Foundation engineering Pile foundation
STAAD.ProV8i
STAAD.foundationV8i
AutoCAD
Microsoft office
Will be able to tell industrial people that it is safe to build a high rise
structure in hilly areas. This project will help to understand the structural behaviour
of different frames constructed in hilly areas. Help in taking necessary steps to avoid
catastrophic.
5
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 GENERAL
The mountain range and the hilly areas of India have a critical role to play
in determining the climate and physiographic of the country. Keeping in view the
increasing population of the hilly areas and need to preserve their fragile ecology,
there is a need to design a tall structure using different structural frames under
dynamic load. The main purpose of the project is to land at the most economical type
of frame system among rigid, braced, symmetrical and unsymmetrical outrigger
system and to comprehend the structural effects in hilly areas. The project includes
analysis and design of structural frames using structural analysis package.
Structural frames (Rigid frame, Braced frame, Outrigger) are used to
make a structure more feasible and reliable. These frames are the structural systems
which are designed to resist wind and earthquake forces. Structural frames shift the
load from one member to another through interrelated components. The structural
frame system of a high rise structure is designed to deal with the gravity load and
lateral load. The structural system consists only of the members which are designed
to bear the loads. Tall building developments have been rapidly increasing
worldwide. The post earthquake and study of the structure reveals that the interaction
of soil, foundation and dynamics play a major role in damage of a structure.
A Rigid frame is a load resisting framework constructed with rigid
connection which resists the movements induced at the joints of the members.
Braced frames consist of diagonal which are used to resist the lateral load. Members
in a braced frame are designed to work in tension and compression. Most braced
frames are concentric. Braced frames are comparatively has more tensile stress and
strength. Braced frames use less material and have simpler connections than moment
6
resisting frames. Outrigger is classified into two types which are Symmetrical and
Non symmetrical.
The location chosen for the project is Silchar in the state of Assam in
India. The area of Silchar town is 15.75 Sq.km. It has an average elevation of 22 m
(72 feet). Silchar is located at the southern part of Assam. It is zone 5 earthquake
zone. The Silchar town of Cachar district is susceptible to the natural disaster like
floods, cyclones, earthquake, hailstorm etc. Silchar is located between longitudes
92°24'E and 93°15'E and latitudes 24°22'N and 25°8'N. It is situated 35 m above
mean sea level. The population of the town is 144,003 as per Census 2001. The
topography of Silchar is typically of a vastly undulated and broken nature. The town
is situated at the alluvial flat plain, spotted with swamp and intersected by stream. It
is surrounded by isolated small hills that are tillas. River bank flows and cause heavy
flood to the town during rainy season. Due to presence of ghagra river in west side of
the town and other streams, inundation is a common phenomenon. The climate of the
district is very damp and humid due to heavy rain and high temperature. June and
July are the months with highest rainfall. Generally the period from May end to
October is considered as flood season.
7
structure’s lifetime, its response will remain linear. the earthquake ground is assumed
to be stationary Gaussian random process with mean zero process. To describe the
statistical variation of an individual earthquake’s intensity an extreme value
distribution of type 2 is employed, while the poisons arrival law is used to model the
earthquake (Ref.2).
In this paper mainly describes the outrigger system with shear wall how
does it affect the dynamic structure. The outrigger and column resist the rotation of
the core and reduces lateral deflection and base moment, which would have arisen in
free core. This paper presents the result of an investigation on drift reduction in
uniform belted structures with rigid outriggers through the analysis of sample
structure built in Tehran’s Vanak park. Results show that using optimized multi
outriggers system can effectively reduce the seismic response of the building.
(Ref.3).
A method of analyzing in plane deflection of elastic framed structures by
numerical integration of the exact numerical integration of the exact differential
equation governing a finite bending and axial deformations of beams has been
developed and applied to the non rectangular rigid frames. In principle the method
leads to exact results. Asymmetric and symmetric gabled and a two story, two bay
frame were analyzed. Load deflection curves, interaction diagrams and curves
showing the results of parametric studies are presented (Ref.4).
The behavior of the system under lateral load is dependent on numerous
parameters such as the height of the building, floor plate size, size and location of the
shear wall core, flat slab spans, tall building of compact size, regular shape and
distributed shear wall is a very marked improvement in performance comparison
with and without perimeter frame with closely spaced columns is added to the shear
wall (Ref.5).
8
CHAPTER 3
3.1 OBJECTIVE
3.2 SCOPE
This project includes analysis and design of structural frames (rigid, braced,
symmetrical and unsymmetrical outrigger system) using structural analysis
package (STAAD.ProV8i).
To analyze different frames and to check the stiffness using structural
analysis package.
3.3 METHODOLOGY
9
Preparation of the plan and elevation of the structure according to the desired
dimension on AutoCAD 2013.Analysis of the structure on STAAD.ProV8i
and design of structural elements.
10
CHAPTER 4
4.1 PLANNING
The typical plan of 2bhk and 3bhk which are uniform for all types of
frames are shown below. The plan of single floor is shown in Fig 4.1 and Fig 4.2.
The Fig 4.1 shown below shows the plan of 2bhk and 3bhk flats, whereas Fig 4.2
shows the plan of single floor.
11
4.1.2 STAAD. Pro v8i 3D MODEL
14
In the braced frame system, the lateral load resistance is provided by the
“web” formed by the diagonal members tied to the girders. This creates a vertical
truss, with the columns acting as the chords. The 3D model of Braced frame is shown
in Fig 4.4
15
This system consists of a central braced core, which is a braced frame or
shear walls, plus horizontal cantilever “outrigger” trusses or girders that connect the
core to the outer columns. The 3D model of Symmetrical outrigger frame is shown in
Fig 4.5 and the 3D model of Unsymmetrical outrigger frame is shown in Fig 4.6.
16
Fig.4.6 3D model of unsymmetrical outrigger frame
The dead load and live for 2bhk and 3bhk flats are given below in Table 4.1
17
Table 4.1 (continued)
S. No Description Length ×Breadth Area Units
Toilet Area 1 1.2×2.1 2.52 m2
7 Toilet Area 2 2.5×1.4 3.5 m2
8 Bedroom Area 2 3.7×3.4 12.58 m2
Total area 66.47 m2
9 Concrete Unit 25 kN/m3
Weight
10 Average unit 3.38 kN/m2
weight of tile
11 Average unit 5.38 kN/m2
weight of marble
12 Average unit 5.64 kN/m2
Weight of Granite
13 Unit weight of 18.85 kN/m3
brick
14 Area of 1 granite 0.5 × 1.25 0.625 m2
in kitchen
Total Flooring 66.472 × 25 1661.8 kN
Weight
15 Tiles Usage ( 16.296 kN/m2
Kitchen + Toilet
1+Toilet 2+Wash)
16 Marble use 50.18 m2
(Bedroom 1&2 +
Living Room +
Pooja)
17 Load of tiles 16.296 × 3.38 55.1 kN
18 Load of marbles 50.176 × 5.38 270.0 kN
19 Load by Granite 0.625 × 5.64 3.525 kN
slab
Total dead load 1991 kN
20 Volume of brick 20 ×10 × 10 0.02 m2
21 Bedroom L×H×2+B×H×2
Area of wall 4.0×3.6×2+4.3×3.6×2 59.76 m2
Total load on 56323.8 kN
walls
Number of bricks 2988
22 Toilet
Area of toilet 1.2×3.6×2+2.1×3.6×2 23.76 m2
Number of brick 1188
Total load 22393.8 kN
23 Wash Room
Area 1.14×3.6×2+1.4×2×3.6 18.29 m2
Number of brick 914
Total load 17236.4 kN
18
Table 4.1 (continued)
S. No Description Length ×Breadth Area Units
24 Kitchen
Area 3.1×3.6×2+2.8×3.6×2 42.48 m2
Number of brick 2124
Total load 40037.4 kN
25 Living Room
Area 4.0×3.6×2+5.9×3.6×1 50.04 m2
Number of brick 2502
Total load 47162.7 kN
26 Bedroom
Area 3.7×3.6×2+3.4×3.6×2 51.12 m2
Number of brick 2556
Total load 48180.6 kN
27 Toilet
Area 2.5×3.6×1+1.4×3.6×2 19.08 m2
Number of brick 954
Total load 17982.9 kN
28 Pooja
Area 1.4×3.6×1+0 5.04 m2
Number of brick 252
Total load 4750.2 kN
Factor of safety 1.5
Total wall load 254067.84 kN
Total load of 384087.3 kN
2bhk
Total bricks 13479
19
Table 4.2 (continued)
S. No Description Length × Breadth Area Units
20
Table 4.2 (continued)
S. No Description Length × Breadth Area Units
21
Table 4.2 (continued)
S. No Description Length × Breadth Area Units
4.2 ANALYSIS
Once the structure is created on STAAD.Pro V8i, the loads and various
loads combinations were applied, along with the support conditions. The analysis is
run and the results are as follows.
22
4.2.1 Rigid frame
23
Stresses due to load combinations are shown below in Figure 4.8 and the details are
mentioned in Table 4.4.
24
4.2.2 Braced frame
25
Stress due to load combinations are shown below in Figure 4.10 and the details are
mentioned in Table 4.6
26
4.2.3 Symmetrical Outrigger frame
27
Stress due to load combinations are shown below in Figure 4.12 and the details are
mentioned in Table 4.8
28
4.2.4 Unsymmetrical outrigger frame
29
Stress due to load combinations are shown below in Figure 4.14 and the details are
mentioned in Table 4.10
30
From the Figure 4.1 it is clear that braced frame is efficient out of all
other frames such as rigid frame, braced frame, symmetrical outrigger frame and
unsymmetrical outrigger frame since displacement is minimum.
4.2.5 Reactions
In the post processing mode, the support reactions are given for each of the
supports that are provided at the nodes, the support reactions and the moments due
to various loads such as dead load, live load and seismic load are given and
presented as the following figures and tables.
31
The Table 4.11 shows rigid frame loads and reactions.
32
The Table 4.12 shows braced frame loads and reactions.
33
The Table 4.13 shows Symmetrical outrigger frame loads and reactions.
34
The Table 4.14 shows Unsymmetrical outrigger frame loads and reactions.
35
4.3 DESIGN
Design load
Partial safety factor
Table shown below shows the beam end summary of the beams with
maximum shear force, bending moment, minimum shear force and bending moment.
36
Table 4.15 shows maximum and minimum shear and bending moment of rigid
frame.
Table 4.16 shows maximum and minimum shear and bending moment of braced
frame.
37
Table 4.17 shows maximum and minimum shear and bending moment of
symmetrical outrigger frame.
Table 4.18 shows maximum and minimum shear and bending moment of
Unsymmetrical outrigger frame.
38
4.3.2.1 Beams
4.3.2.3 Columns
Single under reamed has been used for the foundation. Single under
reamed piles are bored of cast in situ and bored compaction concrete types having
one or more bulbs formed by suitably enlarging the borehole for the pile stem. With
39
the provision of bulb, substantial bearing or anchorage is available. These piles find
application in varying situations in different types of soils where foundations are
required to be taken down to a certain depth in view of considerations like the need
to avoid the undesirable effect of seasonal moisture changes as in expansive soils, to
reach firm strata, to obtain adequate capacity for downward, upward and lateral loads
and moments or to take the foundations below scour level. Under reamed piles are
the most safe and economical foundation in black cotton soil. Under reamed piles are
bored in situ concrete piles having bulb shaped enlargement near base. A pile having
one bulb is called single under reamed pile.
4.3.3.1 Reinforcement
The load bearing capacity of pile with 0.3 stem diameter and 0.75 bulb
diameter with 14 m depth is 900 KN. The maximum load of rigid frame is 697.5
KN. Therefore the foundation is safe.
Spacing (centre to centre distance between two plies = 1.5 x bulb diameter.
Total number of pile for the whole structure (56 x 48 sq.m) = 550 piles
Therefore number of stirrups for one pile = 56 stirrups.
Where,
Pu = Ultimate load
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (M25)
Ag = Gross area of cross section
41
Fy = Yield stress of steel (Fe415)
Asc = Area of steel in compression zone
697.5 × 103 = 0.4 ×25 × (3.14x d2/ 4)+ (0.67× 415- 0.4× 25)Asc
Asc = 2336.05 mm2
Provide 7 bars of 25 mm diameter with a clear cover of 50 mm
42
Volume of each tie = 50[4(300-100)] = 40,000 mm3
If p= pitch of ties
40,000 = 0.6×300×300×p
100
Solving p = 74 mm
Provide 8 mm diameter ties at 74 mm centres for a distance of 900 mm from
the end of the pile both at top and bottom.
Reinforcement detailing of under reamed pile is shown in Figure 4.19 and 4.20.
43
The specification of Under reamed pile is shown in Figure 4.21
44
4.4 ESTIMATION
Table 4.19 and Table 4.20 below show the specifications and calculations
of 2bhk flats all the frames
.
Table 4.19 Specification
S.No Description Length ×Breadth Area Unit
1 Kitchen Area 3.1×2.8 8.68 m2
2 Wash Area 1.14×1.4 1.596 m2
3 Bedroom Area 1 4.0×3.1 12.4 m2
4 Living Room Area 4.0×5.9 23.6 m2
5 Pooja Room 1.14×1.4 1.596 m2
6 Toilet area 1 1.2×2.1 2.52 m2
7 Toilet Area 2 2.5×1.4 3.5 m2
8 Bedroom Area 2 3.7×3.4 12.58 m2
4.4.1 Calculations
45
Table 4.20 (continued)
Description Formulae Calculation Value Unit
The table 4.21 and 4.22 shows the specifications and calculations of 3bhk flat all the
frames.
46
Table 4.21 specifications of 3bhk
S.No Description Length ×Breadth Area Unit
1 Bedroom area 1 3.3×3.0 9.92 m2
2 Bedroom area 2 3.4×3.6 12.24 m2
3 Bedroom area 3 4.2×3.3 13.86 m2
4 Kitchen area 3.6×2.45 8.82 m2
5 Sit out area 1.7×1.5 2.55 m2
6 Toilet area 1 2.2×1.4 3.08 m2
7 Living area 1 4.0×4.3 17.2 m2
8 Toilet area 2 1.7×2.2 3.74 m2
9 Living area 2 4.0×4.3 17.2 m2
10 Toilet area 3 2.2×1.4 17.2 m2
11 Toile area 4 1.83×1.22 3.74 m2
12 Dinning area 4.0×3.3 13.2 m2
13 Free space 2.1×5.9 13.39 m2
47
Table 4.22 (continued)
Description Formulae Calculation Value Unit
48
Table 4.22 (continued)
Description Formulae Calculation Value Unit
The Table 4.23 and 4.24 shows specifications and calculations of all the frames.
49
Table 4.24 Calculations
Description Formulae Calculation Value Unit
50
Table 4.24 (continued)
Description Formulae Calculation Value Unit
51
Table 4.25 (continued)
Description Formulae Calculation Value Unit
Number 2178 -
of brick
Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Toilet 1 Volume 2(L×b×H) 2(1.22×3.6×0.1) 0.8784 m3
of walls
Number 440 -
of brick
Sit out Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Volume L×b×H 1.7×3.6×0.1 0.612 m3
of walls
Number 306 -
of brick
Dining Volume L×B×H 20×10×10 0.002 m3
of brick
Volume 2(L×b×H+B×H× 2(4.0×3.6×0.1+3. 5.256 m3
of walls b) 3×3.6×0.1)
Number 2628 -
of brick
52
Total bricks in one flat of 3bhk flat = 16196
Total number of 3bhk flat in one floor =8
Total floors in building = 30
Total 3bhk flats in building = 240
Therefore total number of bricks in all 3bhk flats = 3887040
Total bricks in all flats = 5504520
Cost of 1000 bricks = Rs 3200
Total cost of bricks in flat = Rs17614464
Total floor outside the flat = 25054 m2
Flooring cost outside flat = Rs 40 per sq. ft
1 meter square = 10.764 sq. feet
25054 meter square = 266574.6 sq. ft
Total cost of flooring outside flat = Rs 15586800
Total floor area inside the flats = 36201 m2
Flooring cost inside flat = Rs 60 per sq. ft
1 meter square = 10.764 sq. ft
36201 sq.m = 389667.6 sq. ft
Cost of flooring inside flat = Rs 16180884
Total cost = Rs 49382148
The tentative material cost for the frames are discussed below:
One cubic meter concrete (M30) contains 320 kg cement 600 kg sand 1200
kg gravel and 176 liters water
Cost of one cubic meter concrete = Rs 2900
Cost of Fe 415 grade TMT steel bar = Rs 48000/ton
Braced frame
Total bricks required in non braced section = 182880
Cost of bricks according Rs 3200 per 1000 bricks = Rs 585216
Bricks required at braced section = 18000
Cost of bricks at braced section = Rs 57600
Cost of one side of building = Rs 642816
53
Cost of whole outer braced section = Rs 2571264
Total volume of concrete required = 11755.41 m3
Cost of 1 m3 of M30 concrete = Rs 2900
Cost of 11755.41 m3 = Rs 34090689
Total weight of steel bars required = 12274943N
= 1251.695 ton
Cost of 1 ton of Fe 415 grade steel bar = Rs 48000
Cost of 1251.695 ton of steel = Rs 60081360
Total cost of braced frame (Bricks + concrete
+ Flooring + bracing + steel bars) = Rs 143805461
Rigid frame
Total bricks required at one side of wall = 430560
Total cost of bricks at one side of building = Rs 1377792
Total cost of brick at all four side of building = Rs 5511168
Total volume of concrete required = 5667.76 m3
Cost of 1 m3 of M30 concrete = Rs 2900
Total cost of concrete = Rs 16436040
Total weight of steel bars required = 6527241 N
= 665.593 ton
Cost of one ton of Fe415 grade TMT steel bar = Rs 48000
Total cost of 665.593 ton of steel bars = Rs 31948464
Total cost of rigid frame (bricks + flooring
+ steel bars + concrete) = Rs 103277820
Symmetrical outrigger
Total volume of concrete required = 6103.67 m3
Cost of 1 m3 of M30 concrete = Rs 2900
Total cost of 6103.67 m3 of concrete = Rs 17700643
Total weight of steel bars required = 6527241 N
= 665.593 ton
Cost of 1 ton of Fe 415 grade steel bar = Rs 48000
Cost of 665.593 ton = Rs 31948464
54
Total cost of rigid frame (bricks + flooring
+ steel bars + concrete) = Rs 104542423
Unsymmetrical outrigger
Total volume of concrete required = 6199 m3
Cost of 1 m3 of M30 concrete = Rs 2900
Total cost of 6199 m3 of concrete = Rs 17977100
Total weight of steel bars required = 6566216 N
= 669.567 ton
Cost of 1 ton of Fe 415 grade steel bar = Rs 48000
Cost of 669.567 ton = Rs 32139216
Total cost of rigid frame (bricks + flooring
+ steel bars + concrete) = Rs 10500632
4.4.3 Excavation
The volume of excavation to be done = (56×48×6.3) m3
Rental cost of J.C.B. = Rs 750 per hour
Capacity of J.C.B. 3CX (3 cycle per minute) = 50.40 m3 per hr
55
= 3.9564 m3
Volume of one steel bar = πr2h
= 3.14(0.008)214
= 0.01125 m3
Total volume of seven steel bars(s) = volume of one bar × 7
= 0.01125 × 7
= 0.07875 m3
Volume of concrete in a pile = Volume of one pile – Volume of 7 bars
= (3.9564 - 0.785) m3
= 3.1689 m3
Total volume of concrete in 550 piles = (550×3.1689) m3
= 1742.895 m3
Total volume of steel bars in 550 piles = (0.7875×550) m3
= 433.125 m3
= 152.956 ton
3
Cost of 1m of M30 concrete = Rs 2900
So cost of concrete in foundation = 1742.895×2900
= Rs 5054395.5
Cost of one ton of Fe415 TMT steel bars = Rs 48000
So cost of 152.956 ton of steel bars = Rs 7341888
Total cost of footing = (cost of concrete + Cost of steel bars)
= (5054395.5 +7341888)
= Rs 12396283.5
Total estimation
56
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
• The analysis and design of an economical tall structure in a hilly area using
structural frames (braced, rigid, outrigger frames) is accomplished.
• Frames were analysed and designed using STAAD.ProV8i.
• The estimation of a building (excavation, foundation, brick work,) has been
calculated tentatively.
• It is observed that the braced frame is the most efficient frame out of four.
57
REFERENCES
58