DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL BANGALORE EAST

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
CONTROL AND COORDINATION

CLASS:X Sec: Date: ____________

Name: _________________

Answer the following questions:

1. What is tropism?
Ans: Tropism is the directional movement or orientation of the part of a plant caused by its
growth in response to specific stimulus.
2. Which part of the plant shows positive geotropism and why?
Ans: The roots of plants show positive due to differential growth caused by unequal distribution
of auxins (plant hormone).
3. What are phytohormones? Mention the various phytohormones.
Ans: Phytohormones are naturally occurring organic chemical substances in plants which bring
about control and coordination of various activities in them.
Phytohormones are as follows:
Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin’s, ethylene and abscisic acid.
4. Define the term photoperiodism.
Ans: The phenomenon of physiological change occurring in plants (eg., flowering in plants) in
response to day length (photoperiod) is called photoperiodism.
5. Name the stimulus in: (a) Geotropism (b) Phototropism (c) Chemotropism.
Ans: a) Gravity b) Light c) Chemical substance
6. What are growth regulators?
Ans: The synthetic chemical substances which resemble phytohormones in molecular structure
and physiological action are called growth regulators.
7. What are plant growth promoters and plant growth inhibitors? Give examples.
Ans: (i) Plant growth promoters are plant hormones which stimulate the plant growth.
Eg., auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin, ethylene.
(ii) Plant growth inhibitors are plant hormones which inhibit or retard plant. Eg., Abscisic acid
(ABA).
8. Differentiate between tropic movements and nastic movements.
Ans:
Tropic movements
1. These are directional movements of the
part of the plant in response to specific
stimulus. The movement can be towards the
stimulus or away from the stimulus.
2. These are plant movements of curvature
caused by unilateral growth, i.e., one side of
an organ grows faster than the other causing
curvature.
3. Eg: Bending of stem towards light and
downward growth of roots in response to
gravity.
Nastic movements
1. These are not directional movements i.e.,
these movements are neither towards the
stimulus nor away from the stimulus.
2. These movements are caused due to
variations in environmental conditions, i.e.,
these are also movements of curvature but
these occur due to turgor changes.
3. Eg: Folding and drooping of leaves of
Mimosa plant in response to touch.

9. Describe how auxins are related with the bending of shoots towards the source of light?
Ans: When growing shoot is exposed to source of light coming from one side, it results in the
unequal distribution of auxins on the two sides. The shaded side has more auxin as compared to
lighted side. More auxin causes more growth in shaded side of shoot resulting in the bending of
stem towards the source of light.
10. Explain apical dominance. Name the hormone that controls it.
Ans: Apical dominance is the phenomenon of suppression of growth in nearby lateral buds due
to the presence of apical bud. The phytohormone named auxin controls apical dominance.
11. Name the stress hormone in plants that fuctions during drought.
Ans: Abscisic acid
12. Name the secretion of endocrine glands.
Ans: Hormones
13. Name two parts of autonomic nervous system.
Ans: Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
14. Mention alternative name of vasopressin.
Ans: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
15. Name the endocrine gland which secretes neurohormones.
Ans: Hypothalamus
16. Name the hormones secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland.
Ans: Oxytocin and vasopressin
17. Which cells contain Nissl’s granules?
Ans: Nerve cells(neurons)
18. Name the hormone that controls water and electrolyte balance in the body?
Ans: Aldosterone
19. Mention the receptors for light, smell, touch, heat and sound in animals.
Ans: (i) Photoreceptors for light (ii) Olfactoreceptors for smell (iii) Tango receptors for
touch (iv) Thermoreceptors for heat and (v) Phono receptors for sound
20. Endocrine glands release their secretions into the blood. Why?
Ans: Endocrine glands are ductless glands and their products must act at a distant site. Therefore,
they release their secretions into the blood.
21. Why movements in plants are not as apparent as in case of animals?
Ans: Plants lack nervous system. They respond to external stimuli generally by revealing growth.
Therefore, plants show movements at a very slow rate.
22. Which lobe of cerebral hemisphere is the region for speech?
Ans: Frontal lobe
23. Name the scientists who first introduced the term ‘hormone’?
Ans: William M Bayliss and Ernst H Starling
24. Name the hormone that helps in lowering the level of blood glucose in human beings?
Ans: Insulin hormone
25. Human brain can be broadly divided into three regions. Name them.
Ans: The three regions of the human brain are fore brain, mid brain and hind brain.
26. Name the endocrine gland which has islets of Langerhans. Name its secretions.
Ans: Pancreas—its hormonal secretions are insulin and glucagon.
27. Draw a neat labelled diagram of neuron.
Ans: Refer to the text
28. Give protective features of the nervous system.
• The brain is protected by the bony cranium. The brain is also covered by three
membranes called meninges. The space between the meninges is filled with cerebrospinal
fluid which protects the brain from mechanical shocks.
• The meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid cover the spinal cord too. Besides this the
spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
29. How do nervous tissues bring about muscular movements?
Ans: When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle, the muscle fibres move. This movement is
brought about by the special proteins present in the muscle cells. These proteins change their
shape and arrangement making the muscle cell shrink. This makes the muscle cell contract.
30. How is the secretion of hormones regulated?
Ans: The secretion of hormones is regulated by the feedback mechanism. For eg: the rise of
sugar level in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin. When the blood sugar level
falls, insulin secretion is reduced.
31. How do neurons transmit information?
Ans: Information passes through neuron in the form of electro-chemical signals. These
signals are called impulse.
When an impulse reaches the end of the axon, it sets off the release of some chemicals.
These chemicals cross the gap or the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in a
dendrite of the next neuron. A similar synapse allows the delivery of impulses from the
neurons to other cells, like muscle cells or glands.
32. Differentiate between sensory and motor nerve.
Ans: Sensory nerve: It takes the information from receptors and transmit it to brain.
Motor nerves: It transmits the information for action to be taken from brain to the effector
organs i.e., muscles.
33. Name the different parts of the brain. Give functions of each part.
Ans: The brain is divided into three regions: fore brain, mid brain and hind brain
Fore brain:
• The fore brain includes the cerebrum and the olfactory lobes.
 • The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres.
It has sensory areas where information is received from sense organs. Similarly, there
are motor areas from where impulses are sent to effector organs.
• In the cerebrum specific regions for each kind of stimulus and its response are
located. Eg: There are specialized regions for hearing, smell and sight.
Mid brain:
• It is made up of thalamus and hypothalamus
• It connects the forebrain to the hind brain.
Hind brain:
It consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla.
• Cerebellum controls coordination, adjustment of movement and posture of our body.
• Pons regulates respiration.
• Medulla is the center of involuntary actions like salivation, vomiting, sneezing coughing
etc.,
34. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of human hormonal system.
Ans: Refer to the text
35. Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions of our body.
Ans: Voluntary actions are under the control of our will, it needs thinking eg: talking, walking.
Involuntary actions are not under the control of our will, they are automatic eg: salivation, heart
beat.
36. Why is the use of iodized salt advisable?
Ans: Iodine from the iodized salt is absorbed in our body which helps in the formation of
thyroxin hormone secreted by thyroid gland.
37. “There is a need for a system of control and coordination in an organism”. Justify the
statement.
Ans: Larger and complex organisms have specific organs for specific functions. All organs
should function in perfect coordination. To facilitate this, there is a need for a system of control
and coordination.
38. a) Draw a well labelled diagram of neuromuscular junction.
b) Describe the feedback mechanism.
Ans: a) Refer to the text for the diagram
 b) Feedback mechanism:
It helps in the secreting of hormones, timing and the amount of hormone to be released and
regulated. For eg., if the blood sugar level increases then immediately pancreas secretes insulin
in the required amount so as to release in blood and maintain the level of sugar in blood.
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