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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH

Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394


Published online 12 May 2009 in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/er.1552

SHORT COMMUNICATION
The effect of elevated inlet air temperature and relative humidity on
cogeneration system

S. F. Al-Fahed,y, F. N. Alasfour and H. K. Abdulrahim


Mechanical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait

SUMMARY

The effect of elevated inlet air temperature and relative humidity on a gas turbine (GT) cogeneration system
performance was investigated. The analysis was carried out on a GT of a capacity 171 MW at ISO condition, which is
integrated with a dual pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), the cogeneration system had been tested under
Kuwait summer climate conditions.
A computational model was developed and solved using engineering equation solver professional package to
investigate the performance of a dual pressure GT-HRSG system. The suggested HRSG is capable of producing high-
pressure superheated steam at 150 bar and 5101C to operate a power generation steam turbine cycle, and a medium
pressure saturated steam at 15 bar to run a thermal vapor compression (TVC) desalination system. In this research, the
influence of elevated inlet air temperature and relative humidity on the energy assessment of the suggested cogeneration
system was thoroughly investigated.
Results indicated that operating GT under elevated values of inlet air temperatures is characterized by low values of
net power and thermal efficiency. At elevated inlet air temperatures, increasing relative humidity has a small positive
impact on GT cycle net power and thermal efficiency. Integrating the GT with HRSG to generate steam for power
generation and process heat tends to increase energy utilization factor of the system at elevated inlet air temperatures.
Increasing inlet air temperature plays a negative impact on power to heat ratio (PHR), while relative humidity has no
effect on PHR. Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

KEY WORDS: gas turbine; relative humidity; elevated inlet air temperature; dual pressure HRSG; cogeneration

1. INTRODUCTION influenced mainly by fuel type, engine speed, and


load. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of
The performance of a gas turbine (GT) depends water vapor mass in air to the amount of water
mainly on ambient and operating conditions. vapor mass in air under saturated conditions;
Ambient conditions are usually influenced by three thermodynamically, it is approximately propor-
main parameters; site elevation, air temperature and tional to the ratio of water vapor partial pressure
relative humidity, while operating condition is to the saturation pressure of water at the same air

*Correspondence to: S. F. Al-Fahed, Mechanical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
y
E-mail: alfahed@kuc01.kuniv.edu.kw

Received 25 August 2008


Revised 28 January 2009
Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 7 March 2009
AIR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON COGENERATION SYSTEM 1385

temperature. Specific humidity or humidity ratio is capacity reached 10 273 MW. Lately, GTs were
the amount of water vapor in dry air, which is commissioned with capacities ranging from 18 to
independent of air temperature [1]. For a given 125 MW, and with a total capacity of 1219 MW
temperature and pressure, an increase in relative [7]. Because of the low installation cost, ease of
humidity will increase the value of specific humidity. operation and short installation time, the existing
Among the previous parameters, GT is highly GTs were mainly used to generate electricity as a
sensitive to ambient temperature variation, where stand by, especially during summer emergency
relative humidity has the least effect upon GT per- peaks. The predicted statistics for the next decade
formance. However, relative humidity affects inlet air demonstrated that the existing power plants and
molecular weight, hence it changes air basic proper- the stand by GT power cannot meet the national
ties such as density, specific heat, and gas constant [2]. power demand during summer time.
Increasing specific humidity tends to increase spe- As a preventative measure, the Ministry of
cific heat at constant pressure and gas constant, while Electricity and Water (MEW) started to evaluate
the ratio of specific heats decreases with small varia- and streamline the status of power capacities. In
tion compared with specific heat and gas constant, [3]. 2007, MEW commissioned 16 industrial GT units,
Inlet air mass flow rate is a strong function of inlet of capacity 171 MW per unit, as supplementary
air temperature, where industrial GT capacity is units to the main grid. With this amount of GT
usually rated at ISO condition (151C, 1.013 bar, and capacities, it is worthwhile to investigate the per-
60% relative humidity). Previous studies showed that formance of GT under Kuwait summer climate
for a typical GT, when the inlet air temperature in- conditions, and study the possibilities of integrating
creases from 15 to 451C, a noticeable drop in GT the GT with heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)
capacity is observed by about 15–27% [4–6]. for both power generation and process heat, e.g.
Kuwait summer climate is generally described thermal vapor compression (TVC) desalination
as hot and dry with a low mean relative humidity, system as an example. The variable demand of
Figure 1. During hot summer season, the recorded electricity and water around the year is a main fac-
meteorological data showed that ambient tem- tor that makes it important to design cogeneration
peratures can easily reach 451C during the day- system with high-energy utilization factor (EUF).
time, which leads to a consumption close to 75%
of the nation generated power for air-conditioning
purposes. Nation wide, electric power is mainly
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
produced via steam power plants; in 2004 the total
Several studies illustrated that during summer
40 0.9 time, the net power output and the efficiency of
T1
Φ1
a GT decreases significantly compared with ISO
35 0.8
condition due to elevated inlet air temperature
30 0.7 [4–6], when the ambient temperature increases, air
becomes less dense, in turn, inlet mass flow rate
25 0.6
decreases, hence reduces the GT net power output.
The effect of inlet air temperature on a GT per-
Φ1
T1

20 0.5

15 0.4
formance has been investigated by several re-
searchers; El-Hadik [4] reported that for each 11C
10 0.3 rise in ambient temperature, GT output power re-
5 0.2 duces by about 0.7%. In another study, Chaker and
Meher [8] showed that depending on the type of a
0 0.1
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec GT, for every 11C drop in inlet air temperature,
Month there was about 0.5–0.9% increases in power output.
Figure 1. The variation of temperature and relative Meher and Mee [5] demonstrated that for every
humidity in Kuwait. 0.561C increase in compressor inlet temperature,

Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394
DOI: 10.1002/er
1386 S. F. AL-FAHED, F. N. ALASFOUR AND H. K. ABDULRAHIM

GT efficiency is lowered by 0.3–0.5%. Wang et al. the air due to the increased humidifier inlet
[9] demonstrated in their numerical study that in- temperature.
tegrating inlet air cooling (IAC) and steam injec- The feasibility of using waste heat from GT has
tion with a GT can increase the net power output been investigated by several researchers; studies
by 86%. showed that integrating the GT with steam turbine
Rahman and Wang [10] had performed a study or process heat can enhance the performance of
on fogging and overspray cooling GT, their results cogeneration system. Salgado and Pedrero [17]
demonstrated that compressor consumes more presented an extensive survey of researches and
power at elevated ambient temperature condition, developments in the area of cogeneration. High
and an increase in ambient temperature or relative efficiency, greater performance and less green
humidity resulted in a decrease in a GT net power house gases result from combined GT cycles.
output, it was concluded that the increase in the Polyzakis et al. [18] proposed four types of com-
relative humidity has a lesser effect than the in- bined GT plants, and overall efficiencies up to
crease in ambient temperature. Yap and Wang [11] 53.5% were reported. Also Zaporowski and
performed a study on a 5 MW GT, using low ca- Szczerbowski [19] presented a simulation for two
lorific value fuel; they reported that an increase of schemes of a combined GT cycle with steam and
0.5–4.76% in output power was observed as a power, efficiencies up to 52% were reported.
result of reducing ambient temperature by an inlet The effect of inlet air temperature on the com-
fog cooling technique. bined GT cycle was also studied by many re-
In another study using inlet fog cooling to searchers [9,20–22]. Wang et al. [9] developed
boost GT power, Al-Amiri [12] performed a study a computer code to evaluate the performance of
in hot and dry climates; results showed that a combined GT cycle with HRSG in combination
power output was reduced by a significant with IAC and steam injected GT (STIG). Results
amount. Bahadori and Behafarid [13] reported a demonstrated that such a system has the highest
reduction in a GT power output from 20 to efficiency and power generation. Also results
16 MW when ambient temperature increased demonstrated that the combined power output
from 10 to 361C. decreases linearly as the ambient temperature in-
Alhazmy et al. [14] investigated the effect of creases from 15 to 301C. Chacartegui et al. [20]
IAC on GT performance by direct mechanical performed an analysis to study the effect of re-
refrigeration and direct evaporative cooling sys- lative humidity and ambient temperature on the
tems for an ambient temperature (30–501C), performance of a combined GT cycle with HRSG
relative humidity (10–100%), and pressure ratio to produce IAC. They reported a decrease in the
(8–12). The study demonstrated a 6.77 and 2.56% available heat in the exhaust gases as inlet tem-
increase in output for mechanical refrigeration and perature increases. Boonnasa and Namprakai [21]
direct evaporative cooling, respectively. Also, Zaki reported an increase of 6% in the power of a GT
et al. [15] investigated cooling the compressor inlet cycle combined with HRSG used for absorption
air of a GT cycle by an air Brayton refrigerator cooling at inlet temperature of 151C. Also Garata
driven by a GT air as the working fluid. An in- et al. [22] reported a methodology for the eco-
crease in power up to 19.58% and in thermal ef- nomic evaluation of the effect of IAC on a com-
ficiency up to 5.76% were reported for an ambient bined GT cycle in connection with HRSG. Their
temperature of 45oC and 43.4% relative humidity, analysis demonstrated that best efficiencies were
respectively. obtained at 15–181C.
Kim et al. [16] studied the role of ambient This study aims to investigate the feasibility of
conditions in determining the thermodynamic integrating already commissioned GT with dual
performance of humid air turbine (HAT) cycle pressure HRSG under elevated inlet air tempera-
compared with a simple GT cycle. Their results ture and relative humidity; such a work is neces-
showed that as the ambient temperature rises, sary to assess actual output capacity of the GT
a larger amount of water vapor can be added to under Kuwait climate conditions.

Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394
DOI: 10.1002/er
AIR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON COGENERATION SYSTEM 1387

3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL Energy balance for the HRSG is performed as


follows, see Figure 2(b).
The schematic diagram of the proposed GT-HRSG
Energy balance for the HP super-heater is
cogeneration system is presented in Figure 2(a),
performed using
while the schematic diagram for the HRSG is
presented in Figure 2(b). The specifications of GT _ gas  ðhwa;4  hwa;5 Þ ¼ m_ 15  ðhv;15  hv;14 Þ ð5Þ
M
are presented in Appendix A.
The working fluid in this model was assumed to Energy balance for HP evaporator is
be wet air, enthalpy of wet air is calculated as _ gas  ðhwa;5  hwa;6 Þ ¼ m_ 15  ðhv;14  hv;13 Þ ð6Þ
M
follows:
Energy balance for HP economizer is
hwa ¼ ha þ ohv ð1Þ
_ gas  ðhwa;6  hwa;7 Þ ¼ m_ 15  ðhv;13  hv;11 Þ ð7Þ
M
RAt inlet state, hv 5 hg, while at other states, hv ¼
Cpvapor dT: Energy balance for LP evaporator is
The net power output of GT cycle is _ gas  ðhwa;7  hwa;8 Þ ¼ m_ 12  ðhv;12  hv;11 Þ ð8Þ
M
Powernet ¼ M _ air;t  wt  M
_ air;c  wc ð2Þ
Energy balance for LP economizer is
Note that air flow rate through the compressor is _ gas  ðhwa;8  hwa;9 Þ ¼ m_ 10  ðhv;11  hv;10 Þ ð9Þ
different form that flows through the turbine M
by the amount of air flow rate used for blade Thermal energy to process heat
cooling, m_ bc
_ air;c ¼ M
_ air;t þ m_ bc Q_ PH ¼ m_ 15  hv;15 þ m_ 12  hv;12  m_ 10  hv;10 ð10Þ
M ð3Þ
The GT cycle thermal efficiency is
The fuel flow rate is determined by
Powernet
Powernet Zth ¼ ð11Þ
m_ fuel ¼ ð4Þ Q_ in
LHV  Zth  Zcomb

10

12

Exhaust 9
LP
Fuel LP Steam LP Economizer 11 Drum
HRSG
12
HP Steam 8
11 11
LP Evaporator

Combustor
7
HP
13 HP Economizer
Drum HP Pump
6
Compressor GT G 14
HP Evaporator

Generator 13
5
14
HP Superheater
Inlet Air 15
4

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Schematic diagrams of cogeneration system and dual pressure HRSG.

Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394
DOI: 10.1002/er
1388 S. F. AL-FAHED, F. N. ALASFOUR AND H. K. ABDULRAHIM

Power to heat ratio of cogeneration system is 1–2–3–4 represents the ideal Brayton cycle at the
Powernet ISO condition, and path l0 –20 –3–4 shows the cycle
PHR ¼ ð12Þ at elevated inlet air temperature. At the ISO con-
Q_ PH
dition, the required compressor power per unit
EUF of cogeneration system is mass flow is represented by the area 1–a–b–2,
Powernet þ Q_ PH Figure 3. Under elevated inlet temperature the
EUF ¼ ð13Þ required compressor power per unit mass flow is
Q_ in
represented by the area 10 –a–b–20 , which is larger
than that at the ISO condition. The turbine output
power remains the same in both cases, area
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (4–a–b–3), so the net output power per unit mass
The GT in power generation system is an air flow rate decreases. Figure 4 depicted the effect of
breathing turbo machine, operates at constant inlet air temperature on compressor specific work;
speed and volume flow rate [23,24], thus the results indicated that as inlet air temperature in-
performance is greatly affected by the change of creases, the specific work required by the com-
intake air mass flow rate [25]. Humidity in air can pressor increases. Therefore, GT efficiency will be
also affect the performance of GT. In the past, the reduced when compressor inlet temperature in-
effect of humid air was thought to be small to be creases [3]. It is worth noticing that at 60% relative
considered. However, with increasing size of GT humidity, an increase of 26% in compressor spe-
and through the utilization of water and/or steam cific work was observed when inlet air temperature
injection for NOx control, this effect has a great increased from 15 to 451C, Figure 4. Results also
significance on GT performance [25]. In this showed that the effect of relative humidity is
research, computational model was solved using pronounced at an elevated inlet air temperature,
EES program; series of computational runs were since air can sustain more water vapor, which re-
conducted to investigate the effects of elevated duces its density. At 451C inlet air temperature, an
inlet air temperature and relative humidity on the increase of 7% in compressor specific power is
cogeneration system performance. noticed when the relative humidity was increased
The effect of elevated inlet air temperature on from 20 to 80%.
GT power output can be explained by analyzing Figure 5 shows the effect of inlet air tempera-
the P–v and T–s diagrams. In Figure 3, the path ture on air and fuel flow rates. It is known that as

3
T

2'
2

1'
1

s
(a) (b)
Figure 3. The effect of elevated ambient temperature on P–v and T–s diagrams.

Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394
DOI: 10.1002/er
AIR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON COGENERATION SYSTEM 1389

500 950
= 80% = 80%
Compressor specific work (wc ), kJ/ kg

= 60% = 60%
= 20% = 20%

Specific heat input (qin), kJ/kg


450 900

400 850

350 800

300 750
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Compressor inlet air temperature (T1), °C Compressor inlet air temperature (T1), °C

Figure 4. Compressor specific work versus inlet air Figure 6. Specific heat input to the cycle versus inlet air
temperature. temperature.

due to density reduction with increasing relative


16 650 humidity.
The effect of inlet air temperature and relative
600
humidity on specific heat input to GT combustion
14 chamber is illustrated in Figure 6. Results showed
that at 20% relative humidity, as inlet air tem-
550
perature increases from 15 to 451C, the amount of
12
heat added decreased by 6%, where at higher
500 values of relative humidity (60 and 80%), as tem-
perature increases the amount of heat input
10
450
decreases first then starts to increases. This is be-
lieved to be caused by the behavior of specific
humidity with air temperature at different values
8 400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
of relative humidity. Looking at the psychrometric
chart, one can notice that constant relative
Figure 5. Fuel and air flow rates versus inlet air humidity curves are close to each other at low
temperature. temperature and diverge more rapidly at higher
temperature. Moreover, at 20% relative humidity,
inlet air temperature increases, the density of air the rate of increase in specific humidity as air
decreases. In this research, turbine inlet tempera- temperature increases is less compared with the
ture (TIT) was kept constant according to the rate of change at 80% relative humidity. Since
manufacturer’s specification (10761C). As air the specific humidity is the control factor to
mass flow rate decreased due to the reduction in determine the enthalpy change of humid air across
inlet air density, the fuel mass flow rate also de- the combustion chamber, therefore this behavior
creased to maintain constant TIT. This, leads to a shows itself in the behavior of heat input as in
reduction in power output and cycle efficiency. In Figure 6.
the case of air mass flow rate, the effect of relative Figure 7 shows turbine specific work as a
humidity is obvious at elevated values of inlet air function of inlet air temperature and relative
temperature. At 451C, air flow rate reduces by 6% humidity. Results indicated an increase in turbine
when relative humidity increases from 20 to 80% specific work as inlet air temperature increases.

Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394
DOI: 10.1002/er
1390 S. F. AL-FAHED, F. N. ALASFOUR AND H. K. ABDULRAHIM

800 180 0.36


φ = 80%
φ = 60%
Turbine specific work (wt ), kJ/ kg

170
φ = 20%
750
160 0.34

150
700
140 0.32

650 130

120 0.30
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Compressor inlet air temperature (T1), °C Figure 8. Gas turbine net power and thermal efficiency
versus inlet air temperature.
Figure 7. Turbine specific work versus inlet air
temperature.
185 0.36

Literature showed that specific enthalpy drop 180 0.35

across the turbine increases due to the increase in 175 0.34


specific humidity of working fluid, which results in
170 0.33
an increase of turbine specific work, [26]. At the
same time at constant inlet air temperature as re- 165 0.32

lative humidity increases, the specific turbine work 160 0.31


increases for the same reason; as an example at
155 0.30
60% relative humidity a significant increase in
turbine specific work of about 6% is experienced 150 0.29

when ambient air temperature increases from 15 to 145 0.28


451C. As air temperature increases, the change in
140 0.27
specific humidity is larger at high air temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
increment as compared at lower temperature in- Month

crement as mentioned above. This behavior is even Figure 9. Gas turbine net power and thermal efficiency
more noticeable at high values of relative humid- variations.
ity. At 451C, turbine specific work increases by 6%
when relative humidity increases from 20 to 80%. determined for a period of one year; results are
Figure 8 depicts the effect of inlet air tempera- shown in Figure 9. During the hot summer months
ture on GT net power output and thermal effi- (June, July, and August) a net power loss of nearly
ciency. Results showed that as inlet air temperature 16% took place as compared with the ISO con-
increases, both net power and thermal efficiency dition. Also thermal efficiency is lower; which
decreases; a drop of 19% is noticed in net power, confirms the degradation in GT cycle net power
when inlet air temperature increased from 15 to and efficiency during summer season.
451C. In the same figure one would notice a minute The analysis of GT cycle showed degradation in
influence of relative humidity on net power and the performance at elevated values of inlet air
efficiency. That was because any increase brought temperature (summer condition) in addition to the
about by increasing relative humidity will be off set large amount of heat energy loss with the GT ex-
by the decrease in air mass flow rate. haust. A dual pressure HRSG is suggested to be
Based on Kuwait recorded weather data, the integrated with the GT to improve the utilization
monthly average net power and efficiency were of input energy. The proposed system benefits

Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394
DOI: 10.1002/er
AIR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON COGENERATION SYSTEM 1391

from high-temperature exhaust gases to produce and 5101C) to be suitable to drive a steam turbine
steam at conditions suitable for power generation cycle, where LP steam stream was selected (satu-
and/or process heat. The suggested dual pressure rated steam at 15 bar) to be suitable to drive a
HRSG system can produces two steam streams thermal desalination unit (process heat) such as
at high and low pressures (HP and LP), HP TVC (12–15 bar) or multi stage flashing (2–3 bar).
steam (150 bar, 5101C) and saturated LP steam Results in Figure 11 showed that as inlet air tem-
(15 bar). perature increases, both HP and LP thermal
Figure 10 shows the influence of inlet air tem- energy decreases.
perature on the amount of energy lost with GT Figure 12 shows power to heat ratio of the
and HRSG exhaust gases. At 20% relative hu- proposed cogeneration system. It is worth noting
midity, results showed that the GT exhaust gases that the power used to calculate power to heat
energy at summer conditions of 451C and 20% ratio (PHR) is the GT net power only, i.e. the
relative humidity can reach 480 MW, and increases electric power that could be generated using the
as relative humidity increases to reach 525 MW at HP steam is not considered, instead, it is added to
80% relative humidity. This is because at higher
values of relative humidity, there will be a higher 230 72
water content in working fluid, this will lead to LP HP
225 Φ = 0.8
more exhaust gas energy. This huge amount of Φ = 0.6
Φ = 0.2
68
wasted energy is very harmful to the environment 220

and represents unwise way of energy utilization. 215


Installing the suggested dual pressure HRSG can 64
QHP, MW

QLP, MW
210
reduce the amounts of wasted energy to 280 and
205
325 MW at 20 and 80% relative humidity, re- 60
spectively. The amount of energy recovered by the 200

HRSG was used to generate superheated HP 195


56
steam and saturated LP steam at conditions sui- 190
table for both power generation and process heat.
185 52
Figure 11 shows the effect of inlet air tem- 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
perature on the amount of thermal energy content Compressor inlet air temperature, (T1), °C

in both steam streams. It is worth to mention that Figure 11. Thermal energy content of HP and LP steam
HP steam stream condition was selected (150 bar versus inlet air temperature.

550 400 0.47 0.85


PHR η
0.80
525 0.45
375
0.75
500 0.43
MW

Q 350 0.70
MW

Q
Φ = 0.8
PHR

475 Φ = 0.6 0.41 0.65


Φ = 0.2
η

325
Q

0.60
450 0.39
0.55
300
425 0.37
0.50

400 275 0.35 0.45


5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Compressor inlet air temperature, (T ), C Compressor inlet air temperature, (T ), C

Figure 10. Energy losses with exhaust gases before and Figure 12. HRSG thermal efficiency and power to heat
after installing HRSG versus inlet air temperature. ratio as a function of inlet air temperature.

Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394
DOI: 10.1002/er
1392 S. F. AL-FAHED, F. N. ALASFOUR AND H. K. ABDULRAHIM

0.82 5. CONCLUSIONS
0.80 Energy analysis had been performed on a GT-
HRSG cogeneration system under different values
0.78
of inlet air temperature and relative humidity. The
following conclusions may be drawn:
EUF

0.76 Single Dual


Φ = 0.8
0.74 Φ = 0.6 1. The GT cycle net power and thermal efficiency
Φ = 0.2
decrease with the increase of inlet air tempera-
0.72
ture.
0.70
2. Increasing relative humidity had a small
positive impact on increasing GT cycle net
0.68 power and thermal efficiency.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 3. Summer season was characterized with low
Compressor inlet air temperature, (T1), °C
values of net GT power and thermal efficiency.
Figure 13. Energy utilization factor in case of single and 4. Adding dual HRSG system to GT cycle
dual pressure HRSG cogeneration system as a function would lower exhaust energy loss considerably
of inlet air temperature. compared with GT cycle. However, the effect
of relative humidity is more pronounced at
the total thermal heat energy of the cogeneration
elevated values of inlet air temperature.
system. Results showed that as the inlet air tem-
5. Power to heat ratio for cogeneration system
perature increases, the power to heat ratio
decreases with the increase in inlet air
decreased, a reduction of 12% in power to heat
temperature and is not influenced by the
ratio was noticed when the inlet air temperature
increase in relative humidity.
increased from 15 to 451C. The effect of relative
6. EUF for cogeneration system increases with
humidity was minimal across the inlet temperature
the increase in ambient temperature and it is
range. Results also showed that as the inlet air
not affected by a change in relative humidity.
temperature increases, the thermal energy conver-
sion efficiency of HRSG decreases and the effect of
One can conclude that operating GT during
relative humidity is pronounced at elevated values
summer season under hot and dry condition causes
of inlet air temperatures. Results also showed that
degradation in thermal performance. Integrating
at 20% relative humidity a reduction of only 2%
the GT with HRSG to generate steam for power
in efficiency was noticed when inlet air tempera-
generation and process heat applications tends to
ture increased from 15 to 451C, whereas at 80%
increase EUF for GT-HRSG cogeneration system
relative humidity a reduction of 10% was experi-
at elevated values of inlet air temperatures.
enced in HRSG efficiency.
Figure 13 shows the effect of inlet air tem-
perature on EUF for both single and dual pressure NOMENCLATURE
HRSG systems. Results showed that as inlet air
temperature increased, the EUF increased for both Cp 5 specific heat (kJ kg1 K1)
single and dual pressure streams. ha 5 enthalpy of dry air (kJ kg1)
Finally, results suggest that the commissioned HR 5 cycle heat rate (kJ kW1 h1)
GT can be integrated with a dual pressure HRSG hv 5 enthalpy of water vapor (kJ kg1)
to produce two steam streams, HP and LP. Then, hwa 5 enthalpy of wet air (kJ kg1)
additional thermal systems such as power genera- LHV 5 fuel lower heating value (kJ kg1)
tion steam turbine system and TVC desalination m_ bc 5 air flow rate for blade cooling
system can be integrated with the GT-HRSG to (kg s1)
produce electric energy and potable water during m_ fuel 5 fuel flow rate to combustion
summer season. chamber (kg s1)

Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Energy Res. 2009; 33:1384–1394
DOI: 10.1002/er
AIR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON COGENERATION SYSTEM 1393

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