EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS Igneous Rock Names

ROCKS and Compositions

• Composition • Intrusive • Volcanic
Name Rock Name Rock Name
• Ultramafic • Peridotite • (Komatiite)
• Mafic • Gabbro • Basalt
• Intermediate • Diorite • Andesite
Volcanoes and Volcanic Rocks
• Silicic (felsic) • Granite • Rhyolite

Most Volcanoes are at Plate Boundaries

Magma and Lava
• Magma is the term for any molten
silicate material, whether below
the surface or on top.
• Volcanic rocks are erupted on the
surface.
– Volcanic rocks are fine-grained (<1
mm)
• Lava is the term for a magma on
the surface.

Geologic Settings Basaltic Eruptions

• Low Viscosity
• High Temperature (1000 - 1200ºC)
• Normally Quiescent Lava Flows
– Aa - early, low temperature, blocky
flow
– Pahoehoe - later high temperature
ropy flow
– Pillow Lavas - underwater flow
• Edifice
– Shields
– Cinder cones

1
Pahoehoe, Hawaii (Basalt) Aa, Hawaii (Basalt)

Pillow Lava, Kauai (Basalt) Skjaldbreidur Shield, (Basalt)

Cinder Cone + Caldera, (Basalt)

Cinder
Cone,
Pu’uo’o,
Hawaii
(Basalt)

2
 Caldera, (Basalt)
Basaltic Eruptions
• Low Viscosity
• High Temperature (1000 - 1200ºC)
• Normally Quiescent Lava Flows
– Aa - early, low temperature, blocky
flow
– Pahoehoe - later high temperature
ropy flow
– Pillow Lavas - underwater flow
• Edifice
– Shields
– Cinder cones

Most Volcanoes are at Plate Boundaries

Andesite Eruptions
• Higher viscosity (higher polymerization)
• Lower temperature
• More water, more explosive
• Subduction zone volcanism
• Flows
– Viscous lava flows
– Pyroclastic flows
• Edifice
– Composite Cones

Geologic Settings Andesite Flow, Mt Shasta

3
 Composite Cone, Mt. Fuji, Composite Cone, Mt. Daisen
Japan

Composite Cone, Mt. St Helens

4
 Andesite Eruptions
Rhyolite Eruptions
• Higher viscosity (higher polymerization)
• Lower temperature • Very high viscosity
• More water, more explosive • Low temperature (600 - 800ºC)
• Massive Pyroclastic eruptions
• Subduction zone volcanism
– Air fall (pumice)
• Flows
– Ash Flow (Nuée Ardente) Tuff
– Viscous lava flows
– Obsidian Flows
– Pyroclastic flows (Nuée Ardente)
• Edifice
• Edifice
– Caldera (5 - 25 km)
– Composite Cones
– Resurgent dome

Geologic Settings
Rhyolite Eruptions
• Associated Phenomena
– Hot Springs
– Geysers
– Fumaroles
• Geologic Setting
– Continental Margins and Interiors
– Subduction Zones

5
 Ash-Flow
Pumice = Glass foam
Tuff

with
Air-Fall
Units
(pumice)

Ash-Flow Tuff Unit Ash-Flow Tuff Unit

Non-Welded Top

Welded Core
Vitrophyre

Non-welded base

Silicic Tuff Units (Jemez, NM) Sulfur Fumarole, Nysseros

Obsidian Flow

Non-welded
Air-Fall Units

6
 Caldera with Cinder Cone
Crater Lake, OR

Rhyolite Eruptions
Geyser
• Very high viscosity
Old Faithful
• Low temperature (600 - 800ºC)
(Yellowstone)
• Massive Pyroclastic eruptions
– Air fall (pumice)
– Ash Flow (Nuée Ardente) Tuff
– Obsidian Flows
• Edifice
– Caldera (5 - 25 km)
– Resurgent dome

Andesite Eruptions Basaltic Eruptions

• Higher viscosity (higher polymerization) • Low Viscosity
• Lower temperature • High Temperature (1000 - 1200ºC)
• More water, more explosive • Normally Quiescent Lava Flows
– Aa - early, low temperature, blocky
• Subduction zone volcanism
flow
• Flows – Pahoehoe - later high temperature
– Viscous lava flows ropy flow
– Pyroclastic flows – Pillow Lavas - underwater flow
• Edifice • Edifice
– Composite Cones – Shields
– Cinder cones

7
 Most Volcanoes are at Plate Boundaries
Geologic Settings

Volcanic Terms
• Ultramafic • Pillow Lava
• Tuff
• Mafic • Shield
• Obsidian
• Intermediate • Composite
• Vitrophyre
• Silicic Cone
• Pumice
• Basalt • Cinder Cone
• Resurgent
• Andesite • Caldera
dome
• Magma • Pyroclastic
• Hot Spring
• Lava • Nuée Ardente
• Geyser
• Aa • Air Fall
• Rhyolite
• Pahoehoe • Ash Flow