2ND QUARTER ENGLISH REVIEWER
CLASSICAL GREECE
 GRECO-ROMAN – term used to speak
of Greece & Rome; proof that they are so
“intertwined”
 “The glory that was GREECE and the
grandeur that was ROME”
 “Thanks to Rome, Greece will never die”
(Ancient Civilizations Almanac 1999)
GREECE (Hellenic Republic)
 small country in in Europe
 main part is a Peninsula
 1400 islands; 169 inhabited
 Capital city: ATHENS
 surrounded by:
 Aegean
 Mediterranean (regulates weather)
 Ionian Sea
* People speak GREEK but many know
ENGLISH
GREEK FESTIVALS:
New Year’s Day
Gynaikratia – exchange roles (Jan. 8)
Greek Carnival – fancy dress-up (Feb-March)
Easter – most significant
Hellenic Festival – summer fest; music
and performances.
City State – a city with it’s own laws, rulers,
and money. Acts like a country.
ATHENS
- Greek city-state
- first democracy around 580 BC.
* all citizens could vote, except women, those
born outside of Athens, and slaves.
- EDUCATION was very important
- Borrowed their alphabet from Phoenicians.
First alphabet: CUNEIFORM
SPARTA
- powerful with own army
- conquers for wealth & power
- TRAINING & SPORTS are important.
Greek Philosophers
 PERICLES (Father of Democracy)
- built Parthenon & Acropolis
 SOCRATES
- “know thyself”
- explains the nature of life
- Socratic Method (method of questioning;
taught by asking questions)
 PLATO
- “The Academy”
- Writing: dialogue between student &
teacher
 ARISTOTLE
- student of Plato
- arts, science, law, etc.
Alexander The Great
- Father: King Philip II of Macedonia
- conquered Persia, Egypt, Middle East, and
Northern India. (PEMI)
- died @ 33 yrs. Old (Malaria)
LITERARY PERIODS
1. Pre-Classical – Iliad & Odyssey
2. Classical – drama, theatre, historians
3. Hellenic Period – Greek language &
literature; Hebrew Bible.
4. Byzatine Period – conservative literature
based from the New Testament
Greek Mythology & Literature
 ancient Greeks were polytheistic.
* Greeks created myths to explain natural
events and God’s actions.
* The Oracle of Delphi – female priest of
Apollo who thinks gods give her the answers.
 Hercules – most famous Greek hero;
slayed Hyra (snake with 9 heads)
 Theseus – slayed the minotaur.
 Homer
- greatest epic poet; blind.
- wrote Iliad & Odyssey (described great
deeds performed by heroes)
 FAMOUS GREEK PEOPLE &
 Sappho (Lyric Poetry)
Greek: Contribution:
- wrote “lyres”
Homeric Epics
- writes poem about love & relationships
Socratic Method of Teaching
Aristotelian Philosophy
FABLES – short stories that teach lessons Pericles Democracy
(written by Aesop)
Pindaric Odes
Pythagoras Theorem
GRECO-ROMAN GODS & GODESSES
Herodotus History
GREEK ROMAN ROLE Archimedes Catapult
Sapphos Lyric Poetry
Zeus Jupiter King of the Gods Hippocratic Oath
Goddess of THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
Hera Juno
marriage
Aphrodite Venus Goddess of beauty THE ILIAD & THE ODYSSEY

Poseidon Neptune God of the sea Homer – a blind poet who introduced 2 great
epics: ILIAD & ODYSSEY. Both epics affirm
Athena Minerva Goddess of wisdom the truth that “One’s fate is a result of one’s
God of music, the actions”
Apollo Apollo
sun, poetry
Messenger of the THE ILIAD (war epic)
Hermes Mercury  showcases passions found in the cruelty of war.
gods
 a story of love & heroism
Eros Cupid God of love
Hephaestus Vulcan God of blacksmiths
Setting Greece, City of Troy (Ilium)
God of the
Hades Pluto
Underworld
10-year war between the
Goddess of the Greeks & the Trojans
Persephone Proserpine Plot
Underworld controlled by the gods &
goddesses.
Ares Mars God of war
Demeter Ceres Goddess of nature  Glory of war
Artemis Diana Goddess of hunt  Impermanence of Human
Hestia Vesta Goddess of hearth Life and Creations
Goddess of the - about how life is not
Gaia Gaea
Earth eternal and how it’s about
Dionysus Bacchus God of wine Theme how long we live but how
much “life” we put into that
length of time given to us.
“Quality” of life over
“Quantity” of years.
Key Points:
Time and Place Written:
Mainland Greece around 750 B.C.
Setting (Time): The Iliad begins 9 years after the
start of the Trojan War, during the 10th year.
Place: Troy (Nowthwestern Turkey)
(Greeks)
 Achilles – son of Peleus & Thetis. Greeks’
mightiest warrior.
 Agamemnon – King of Mycenae. brother of
King Menelaus of Sparta.
 Menelaus – king of Sparta. Helen’s ex-
husband.
 Peleus – Achilles’ mortal father.
 Thetis – sea nymph, Achilles’ mother.
 Myrmidons – Achilles’ army from Phthia
(his homeland)
 Patroclus – Achilles’ beloved friend, slayed
by Hector.
 Odysseus – cleverest Achean commander.
Always mediates Agamemnon & Achilles’
quarrels.
 Nestor – King of Pylos. Oldest Achean
Commander.
 Calchas – identified the cause of the
plague.
 Iphigenia – sacrificed to aid the plague.
Supposedly gonna marry Achilles.
 Clytemnestra – Agamemnon’s wife.
 Polyxena – sacrificed to appease the
shade of Achilles.
 Neoptolemus – son of Achilles. Took
Andromache captive.
(Trojans)
 Helen – “the face that launched a thousand
ships”. The most beautiful woman on Earth.
 Andromache – Queen of Troy. Hector’s
wife.
 Paris – prince of Troy. “The torch that set
Troy on fire”. Asked to choose the fairest
goddess for he had an eye for the most
beautiful.
 Hector – Troy’s mightiest warrior. Killed
Patroclus, slayed by Achilles. Prince of
Troy.
 Priam – King of Troy.
 Hecuba – Queen of Troy.
 Cassandra – Priam’s other daughter held
captive by Agamemnon. (Apollo loves her)
 Briseis – Achilles’ war prize.
 Chryseis – Agamemnon’s war prize.
Chryses’ daughter.
 Chryses – priest of Apollo. Father of
Chryseis.
 Astyanax – Hector’s infant son.
 Aeneas – son of Aphrodite. Found the city
of Rome.
(Gods)
 Zeus – king of the Gods; Hera’s husband.
Supposedly the one to decide of the fairest.
 Hera – Queen of the Gods. Together w/
Athena, versus Troy. Offered Paris power
over nations.
 Athena – Goddess of wisdom. Patron saint
of the Trojans. Offered Paris victory in all
wars.
 Eris – goddess of discord & controversy.
 Apollo – son of Zeus and twin brother of
Artemis. Supports the Trojans.
 Aphrodite – goddess of love. Hephaestus’
wife. The fairest of them all. Offered Paris
the most beautiful woman on Earth.
 Poseidon – god of the sea. Supports the
Acheans.
 Hephaestus – god of fire and metalsmith.
Supported the Acheans by forging a new
armor for Achilles and saving him from a
river god.
 Artemis – goddess of hunt. Supports the
Trojans.
 Hermes – messenger of the gods. Escorts
Priam.
 Iris – Zeus’ messenger.

THE ODYSSEY (journey epic)
Ithaca and the surrounding
Setting
places in Greece
After the 10-year war
Odysseus and his men
Plot survive and decide to return
to ITHACA. (10 years after
the Trojan War)
 The Power of Cunning
Theme over Strength
 Pitfalls of Temptation
 ODYSSEUS - King of Ithaca. Athena’s
favorite, Poseidon’s nemesis. known for the
Trojan Horse. Wise, cunning, and
courageous.
 TELEMACHUS - Odysseus’ son. Infant
when he left for Troy, about 20 years old at
the beginning of the epic.
 PENELOPE - Odysseus’ loyal wife with
hundreds of suitors.
 ATHENA– assists Odysseus &
Telemachus. Disguised as Mentor, and old
friend of Odysseus.
 POSEIDON – Odysseus’ nemesis.
Odysseus blinded his son Polyphemus.
 ANTINOUS - most arrogant suitor. Leads
the campaign to have Telemachus killed.
 POLYPHEMUS - one of the Cyclopes
Imprisons Odysseus and his crew in the
cave. Poseidon’s son.
 AEOLUS – god of the wind.
 CIRCE - witch-goddess who transforms
Odysseus’ crew into swine (pigs)
 TERESIAS – Theban prophet from the
underworld.
 CALYPSO - nymph who falls inlove with
Odysseus. Imprisons Odysseus for 7 years
on her island (Ogygia)
 NAUSICAA
- daughter of King Alcinous & Queen Arete
of the Phaeacians. Discovers Odysseus on
the beach at Scheria.
 ALCINOUS – King of the Phaeacians
 ARETE – Queen of the Phaeacians
 HERMES – messenger of the gods. Fed
Odysseus “MOLY” to resist Circe’s magic.
 Eurymachus – deceitful suitor.
 Amphinomus – most decent suitor.
 Eumaeus – loyal shepherd who given
Odysseus food & shelter.
 Eurycleia – loyal servant who nursed
Odysseus & Telemachus as babies.
Discovers Odysseus’ identity after
recognizing his scar on the leg.
 Laertes – Odysseus’ aging father.
 Nestor – king of Pylos.
 Zeus – mediates between disputes of the
gods on Mount Olympus.
A TIMELINE OF ODYSSEY’S ADVENTURE
1. TROY
- Odysseus’ journey begins after the fall of
Troy.
2. CICONES ISLAND
- Odysseus and his men raid the island for
supplies; Odysseus lost 72 of his mean
here.
3. ISLAND OF THE LOTUS EATERS
- Odysseus’ crew search for food and in the
end, he had to recover them after eating the
Lotus flower.
4. ISLAND OF THE CYCLOPS
- Odysseus and his mean blind Polyphemus
& sneak out of his cave under his herd of
sheep.
5. ISLAND OF AEOLUS
- Aeolus gives Odysseus all of the bad
winds to help them sail safely home (but his
mean go against his orders)
6. ISLAND OF THE LAESTRYGONIANS
 - Greeks were eaten by the Laestrygonians;
only men in Odysseus’ ship and Odysseus
himself were able to survive.
7. CIRCE’S ISLAND
- Circe turns Odysseus’ men into pigs
except Odysseus who is protected from her
magic. Circe tells him to go to the
Underworld and find Tiresias.
8. THE UNDERWORLD
- Odysseus consults Tiresias about how he
can go home and also finds his mother
there.
9. ISLAND OF THE SIRENS
- Odysseus fills his men’s ears with
beeswax & made them tie him to the ship’s
mast while they pass the island with women
singing songs to reel in sailors.
10. SCYLLA & CHARYBDIS
- Odysseus sails for Scylla, a six-header
serpent following the advice of Circe.
11. ISLAND OF HELIOS
- Odysseus’ men eat Helios’ cattle,
outraging the God who asks Zeus to punish
them, only Odysseus survives.
12. OGYGIA (CALYPSO’S ISLAND)
- Calypso imprisons Odysseus & develops
an affair with him for 7 years. Hermes
eventually convinces her to let him go.
13. THE ISLAND OF THE PHOENICIANS
- Phaecians accept Odysseus and urge him
to tell of his ten-year journey before helping
him get back home.
14. ITHACA
- Odysseus finally returns home in Ithaca
and reconciles with his family after 15
years. Odysseus & Telemachus kill all of
Penelope’s suitors and Odysseus regains
his place as king alongside Penelope.
ROMAN LITERATURE
- Romans were “less a thinker, more a doer”
- “The conquered becoming the conquerers,
and the conquerers becoming the
conquered”
SATIRE
 supposed to have invented by the Romans
 it’s purpose is to attack evils in the society.
MAJOR WRITERS OF ROME
 VIRGIL (Greatest Writer)
- Homer to the Greeks, Virgil to the Romans.
- “Aenid” (About Aeneas, Trojan prince and
one of the bravest men who fought for Troy)
 HORACE (Greatest Lyric Poet)
- a friend and contemporary of Virgil.
- wrote Odes, Satires, and 303 of them are
the best of his works.
 MARTIAL
- a court poet and satire writer known for his
sweetness of tone.
 EPICTETUS
- like Socrates taught by conversing &
discussing with students.
- started discussions by asking questions
(Socratic Method)
TALES OF LOVERS
1. Cupid & Psyche – shows that love
cannot survive without trust, and that
lasting can only be obtained through
dedication & struggle.
 “love cannot live where there is no TRUST”
 Psyche = soul + love
 4 tasks given by Venus:
 sort seeds, poppy, millet, etc. (Ants)
 fetch shinning wool from sheep with
fleeces of gold (Reed)
 Get black water from the river Styx
(Eagle)
 Put some of Prosperine’s beauty in a
box. (Curiousity = open box = deadly
 languor/ sleep)  defined using TECHNICAL DEFINITION
* Cupid woke Psyche with a price of his
arrow and asked Jupiter to make her
immortal.
Technical Definition
* VOLUPTA = goddess of pleasure  a detailed description of a term, process, or
phenomenon.

2. Pyrammus & Thisbe  PARENTHETICAL

- inspired Shakespeare to write Romeo  define a term with a short description,
& Juliet synonym, or exact phrase synonym
 Lovers from Babylon enclosed in a parenthesis.
 Thisbe is frightened by a lion and  The redundancy (repetitiveness)
hides in a tomb (Ninus’ tomb) will increase if the same topic will
 Mulberry Tree – stained from be put together.
Pyramus’ blood. White to red.  Emoticons (symbols used to
 Shakespeare adaptations: express different emotions) add
 Midsummer Nights a whole lot of drama to online
 Romeo & Juliet conversations.
 Westside Story  I just posted a tweet (a message
posted on Twitter)
3. Narcissus & Echo
- a love story of Echo (cursed to have  SENTENCE DEFINITION
speech impediment) and Narcissus who  one sentence explanation of a word
fell in love with his own reflection. phrase.
* Hera took her voice because she  follows a standard pattern:
helped Zeus cheat on his wife. Item being defined + Class +
* died of unrequited love, hunger, & Differentiation/Definition
thirst.  Similar to Formal Definition.
* her bones turned to stone * item being defined is placed in a
4. Pygmalion & Galatea class/category then distinguished
- love story between a sculptor & his from them (defined)
masterpiece.  BASIC, popularly used by
students and microcomputer
owners, is a simple computer
SOCIAL MEDIA language in which line numbers
- an online communication channel dedicated to precede each statement.
community-based input, interaction, content-  An acoustic coupler/ is a modem
sharing, and collaboration. that attaches to a telephone
TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA handset/to transmit computer
information over telephone lines.
1. Social Networks (connect & share)
 Bookmarking, a function often
2. Bookmarking Sites (save & organize links)
3. Social News used to remember websites, is the
4. Media Sharing (ex. Youtube) process of recording the address
5. Microblogging of a website for quick access.
6. Blogs Comments & Forums
 EXTENDED DEFINITION
TECHNICAL DEFINITION  composed of parts of a formal
definition + addition of important
Technical words details like examples, etc.
 words used in specific field or profession  as if making a paragraph about the
term you are defining.
  A photograph is a picture made with
the use of a camera. It is an image
obtained through the process of
photography. In art, it serves as the
masterpiece of each photographer.
Photographs allow people
immortalize moments, documenting
important events which will soon
serves as visual representations of
memories. Before, photographs were
printed, now they can be posted
directly online with the use of social
media.
 Modem -a combined device for
modulation and demodulation
 URL – Uniform Resource Locator
 Scuba – Self Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus
INTONATION
Intonation – is the way of producing tones
which concerns the accuracy of pitch.
FOUR TONES USED IN SPEAKING:
LOW NORMAL HIGH EXTRA HIGH
* The first three tones are the most commonly
used intonation patterns of American English.
Extra High – used to express extreme
emotions such as extreme fear, anger, etc.
THREE BASIC INTONATION PATTERNS
1. Rising-Falling Intonation (2-3-1)
- statements, facts, commands & requests,
information questions (long answer), etc.
 You are busy today.
 Where did you get your answers?
 Don’t you ever think of smoking here!
 Would you like cake or ice cream?
2. Rising Intonation (2-3-3)
- Yes/No Questions
 Shall we go?
 We will be there, okay?
 We will make it on time, alright?
 It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it?
3. Non-Final Intonation (2-3-2)
- Begins with normal, rises to pitch level 3,
and then back to normal.
- May be used with rising falling (2-3-1) or
rising (2-3-3)
to - pitch raises on connective part.
 You could have easily passed your
English class if you had not been
lazy.
 She ought to have finished the
pocketbook but she fell asleep.
 If you think you are right, say so.
 The sea was too rough when we
went swimming.
* connective words:
AGREE OR DISAGREE
Stating/Giving Opinion
In my opinion.. If you want my honest
opinion..
The way I see it.. According to..
As far as I’m concerned..
Expressing Agreement
I agree No doubt about it..
That’s true.. You have a point there..
Absolutely.. On point..
Expressing Disagreement
I beg to disagree.. No way..
I don’t think so.. Sorry to interrupt but..
Not necessarily.. That’s not always true..
CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)
FOR – Reason
Ex. She did it for the sake of her mother.
AND – Addition
ex. I bought you popcorn and a can of coke.
NOR –
ex. I never liked you nor will I ever love you
BUT – Contrast
Ex. You love her but she loves someone else.
OR – Option/alternative
Ex. You want pizza or chicken?
YET – Concession
Ex. He hasn’t forgiven her yet.
SO – Result
Ex. He bought a reviewer so he could study.