5.17 Calculate the sieve analysis of the following aggregate and plot on a semilog gradation paper.

Sieve Size Amount Cumulative Amount Cumulative % Percent

Retained Retained Retained Passing
25 mm 0 0 0 100%
9.5 mm 47.1 47.1 7% 93%
4.75 mm 239.4 286.5 45% 55%
2.0 mm 176.5 463 72% 28%
0.425 mm 92.7 555.7 87% 13%
0.075 mm 73.5 629.2 98.50% 1.50%
Pan 9.6 638.8 100% 0%
Total 638.8

Sieve Analysis

100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
Percent Passing

60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
0 1
0.075mm 2
0.425mm 2mm3 4
4.75mm 5
9.5mm 6
25mm 7
Sieve size

What is the maximum size? The maximum size is 9.5 mm which passed in sieve 3/8 in.

What is the nominal maximum size? The nominal maximum size is 0.075 mm which is the sieve no.
200.
5.19 a. Semilog gradation chart

Sieve Amount Cumulative Amount Cumulative % Percent

Size Retained Retained Retained Passing
25 0 0 0 100%
19 376.7 376.7 6% 94%
12.5 888.4 1265.1 19% 81%
9.5 506.2 1771.3 26% 74%
4.75 1038.4 2809.7 41% 59%
2.36 900.1 3709.8 54% 46%
1.18 891.5 4601.3 68% 32
0.6 712.6 5313.9 78 22%
0.3 625.2 5939.1 87% 13%
0.15 581.5 6520.6 96% 4%
0.075 242.9 6763.5 99% 1%
Pan 44.9 6804.4 100% 0%
Total 6808.4

Sieve analysis
100
90
80
70
Percent Passing

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0% 0.075
1000% 0.15 3000%
2000% 0.30 4000%
0.60 5000%
1.18 6000%
2.36 7000%
4.75 8000%
9.5 9000%
12.5 10000%
19 25
11000%
Sieve size
5.20 A sieve analysis was performed on a sample of course aggregate and produced the following
results:

a. Calculate the percent passing through each sieve.

Sieve Size Amount Cumulative Amount Cumulative % Percent

Retained Retained Retained Passing
3 in 0 0 0 100%
2 in 0 0 0% 100%
1.5 in 3.7 3.7 4% 96%
1 in 15.9 19.6 24% 76%
3/4 in 12 31.6 38% 62%
1/2 in 13.5 45.1 54% 46%
3/8 in 26.7 71.8 86% 14%
No.4 10.1 81.9 98% 2%
Pan 1.3 83.2 100% 0%
Total 83.2

b. What is the maximum size? 1.5 in

c. What is the nominal maximum size? No. 4 or 4.75 mm or 0.19 in
d. Plot using semi-log gradation chart

Sieve Analysis
100
90
80
70
Percent Passing

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
00 1No.4 2 3/8 in 3 ½ in 4 ¾ in 5 1 in 6 1.57in 2 8in 3 in9
Sieve size
5.1

Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks are crystalline solids which form directly from the cooling of magma. This is an
exothermic process (it loses heat) and involves a phase change from the liquid to the solid state. The
earth is made of igneous rock - at least at the surface where our planet is exposed to the coldness of
space. Igneous rocks are given names based upon two things: composition (what they are made of) and
texture (how big the crystals are).

Sedimentary Rocks

In most places on the surface, the igneous rocks which make up the majority of the crust are covered by
a thin veneer of loose sediment, and the rock which is made as layers of this debris get compacted and
cemented together. Sedimentary rocks are called secondary, because they are often the result of the
accumulation of small pieces broken off of pre-existing rocks. There are three main types of
sedimentary rocks:

Metamorphic Rocks

The metamorphics get their name from "meta" (change) and "morph" (form). Any rock can become a
metamorphic rock. All that is required is for the rock to be moved into an environment in which the
minerals which make up the rock become unstable and out of equilibrium with the new environmental
conditions. In most cases, this involves burial which leads to a rise in temperature and pressure. The
metamorphic changes in the minerals always move in a direction designed to restore equilibrium.
Common metamorphic rocks include slate, schist, gneiss, and marble.

5.2

 Portland cements are hydraulic cements that set and harden by reacting with water, through
hydration, to form a stonelike mass. Chemical Composition – differences in chemical
composition, particularly with supplementary cementitious materials that could be less uniform
than Portland cement, could affect early and ultimate strengths, heat released, setting time,
and resistance to deleterious materials.
 Fineness – the fineness of the cement or supplementary cementitious materials affects heat
release and rate of hydration. Finer materials react faster, with a corresponding increase in
early strength development, primarily during the first 7 days. Fineness also influences
workability, since the finer the material, the greater the surface area and frictional resistance of
the plastic concrete.
 Soundness – refers to the ability of the cement paste to retain its volume after setting, and is
related to the presence of excessive amounts of free lime or magnesia in the cement or
supplementary cementitious material.
 Setting Time – the setting time for the cement paste is an indication of the rate at which
hydration reactions are occurring and strength is developing and can be used as an indicator as
to whether or not the paste is undergoing normal hydration reactions.
 False Set – false set or early stiffening of the cement paste is indicated by a significant loss of
plasticity without the evolution of heat shortly after the concrete is mixed.
 Compressive Strength – compressive strength is influenced by cement composition and
fineness. Compressive strengths for different cements or cement blends are established by
compressive strength testing of mortar cubes prepared using a standard graded sand.
  Specific Gravity – specific gravity is not an indication of the quality of the cement, but is
required for concrete mix design calculations. The specific gravity of Portland cement is
approximately 3.15.

5.3

STABILITY

Stability of an asphalt pavement is its ability to resist shoving and rutting under loads (traffic). A stable
pavement maintains its shape and smoothness under repeated loading; an unstable pavement develops
ruts (channels), ripples (wash boarding or corrugation) and other signs of shifting of the mixture.

DURABILITY

The durability of an asphalt pavement is its ability to resist factors such as changes in the binder
(polymerization and oxidation), disintegration of the aggregate, and stripping of the binder films from
the aggregate. These factors can be the result of weather, traffic, or a combination of the two.
Generally, durability of a mixture can be enhanced by three methods.

IMPERMEABILITY

Impermeability is the resistance of an asphalt pavement to the passage of air and water into or through
it. This characteristic is related to the void content of the compacted mixture, and much of the
discussion on voids in the mix design sections relates to impermeability.

WORKABILITY

Workability describes the ease with which a paving mixture can be placed and compacted. Mixtures
with good workability are easy to place and compact; those with poor workability are difficult to place
and compact. Workability can be improved by changing mix design parameters, aggregate source,
and/or gradation.

FLEXIBILITY

Flexibility is the ability of an asphalt pavement to adjust to gradual settlements and movements in the
sub-grade without cracking. Since virtually all sub-grades either settle (under loading) or rise (from soil
expansion), flexibility is a desirable characteristic for all asphalt pavements. An open-graded mix with
high binder content is generally more flexible than a dense-graded, low binder content mix. Sometimes
the need for flexibility conflicts with stability requirements, so that trade-offs have to be made.

5.4 Certain substances in aggregates are undesirable for use in portland cement concrete. Therefore, the
Standard Specifications limit the amount of deleterious constituents to a level consistent with the quality
sought in the final product. Organic impurities are the only concern in fine aggregates. Section 904.02
places a restriction for fine aggregate for use in portland cement concrete and mortar. No restrictions
are placed on organic impurities in fine aggregate for use in other types of construction. The limitations
on the amount of organic impurities allowed in fine aggregates are determined by the test method for
organic impurities AASHTO T 21 and the test method for Mortar Strength AASHTO T 71. According to the
Standard Specifications, materials failing the organic impurities test are to be tested for the effect of
organic impurities using the mortar strength test. The results of the test are the basis for acceptance or
rejection of the fine aggregate.
5.5 a. owever, in PCC, where aggregates are used as an inexpensive high-strength material to occupy
volume, workability is the major issue regarding particle shape. Therefore, in PCC rounded particles are
better.

B In HMA, since aggregates are relied upon to provide stiffness and strength by interlocking with one
another, cubic angular-shaped particles with a rough surface texture are best.

5.6 a. Saturated surface dry (SSD) is defined as the condition of an aggregate in which the surfaces of the
particles are "dry" (i.e., surface adsorption would no longer take place), but the inter-particle voids
are saturated with water.

b. Absorption, which is also determined by the same test procedure, is a measure of the amount of water
that an aggregate can absorb into its pore structure.

C. Aggregate stored in a stockpile or bin is typically in a wet condition, meaning it contains

absorbed water and moisture coating the surface, called free or surface moisture. The total moisture
content of an aggregate sample is the sum of the absorbed moisture and the free surface moisture.

d. Permeable void.

5.14

a. The coarse aggregate specific gravity test (Figure 1) is used to calculate thespecific gravity of a
coarse aggregate sample by determining the ratio of theweight of a given volume of aggregate to
the weight of an equal volume of water. It is similar in nature to the fine aggregate specific gravity test.

B/ Aggregates that are durable (resistant to weathering) are less likely to degrade in the field and cause
premature HMA pavement distress and potentially, failure. The soundness test repeatedly submerges
an aggregate sample in a sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution.

c. A sieve analysis, or gradation test determines the distribution of aggregate particles by size within a
given sample. This information can then be used to determine compliance with design and production
requirements.

5.31

The Fineness modulus (FM) is an empirical figure obtained by adding the total percentage of the sample
of an aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves, and dividing the sum by 100

5.35 Aggregate stability is critical for infiltration, root growth, and resistance to water and wind erosion.
Unstable and smaller aggregates disintegrate during rainstorms.

5.39 is a swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste
and the reactive non-crystalline (amorphous) silica. This hygroscopic gel swells and increases in volume
when absorbing water: it exerts an expansive pressure inside the siliceousaggregate,
causing spalling and loss of strength of the concrete, finally leading to its failure. Limit the alkali metal
content of the cement. Many standards impose limits on the "Equivalent Na2O" content of cement.

5.40 Deleterious Material—clay lumps, shale, soft, friable, or laminated particles, vegetable matter, or
other objectionable material.
Aggregate particles partly composed of clay and rocks tend to be moisture sensitive, that is, they have
the capacity to absorb or lose water from their structure depending on the environmental conditions.
This produces a consequent expansion or shrinkage of the particle leading to the breakdown of the
aggregate/cement bond so that the concrete becomes susceptible to damage by frost and thermal
cycling.

5.41 a. Conveyor belt cuts are another way to sample aggregate materials, and can be accurate for
determining gradation

b. Segregation often occurs when materials are stockpiled. Thus, it is difficult to ensure unbiased samples
from stockpiles. For coarse or mixed coarse and fine aggregate, make every effort to enlist the services
of power equipment to develop a separate, small sampling pile composed of material from various levels
and locations in the main pile. Combine several increments to compose the sample

c. When sampling from the roadway material or in-place, take samples from at least three approximately
equal increments across the roadway. Obtain samples from the full depth of the course. Take care to
avoid including material from the underlying subgrade or base course. Combine the samples to form a
composite sample.

e. 5/8 one size larger (16.0 mm)