Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
materials engineers
Sustainable development
High-performance
materials
traditional civil engineering
materials.
Non-mechanical properties
Production considerations
Construction
considerations
aesthetic characteristics
Sustainable design
LEED rating system
Variability
Aggregate
asphalt cement
Aggregates
Natural aggregate
Artificial aggregates
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Construction Materials-PRELIMS
“all-in”, “pitrun”
35% to 45%
9.5 and 37.5
ASTM C 131 (AASHTO T
96), ASTM C 535, ASTM C
779
ASTM C 666 (AASHTO T
161), ASTM C 682, AASHTO
T 103
Flaky
Elongated
Rounded aggregates
angular particles
surface texture
smooth
rough
rough surface texture
Grading
Fine Aggregates
Coarse aggregate
“gradation”
degree of compaction &
workability
workability
Segregation
Construction Materials-PRELIMS
“sieve analysis"
Test sieves
workability
Specific Gravity
Bone Dry / Oven Dry (OD)
Saturated Surface-Dry (SSD)
Specific Gravity
Absorption
Moist Aggregates
Free Moisture
bulk unit weight
Soundness
Los-Angeles abrasion test.
#12 sieve
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
Alkali-Silica Reaction
Alkali-Carbonate Reaction
25mm
40 mm
ASTM D 75 & TS 707
Sample Splitter
1.5
Portland cement concrete
Joseph Aspdin, 1824
PCC
Portland cement
burning
clinker
100°C
150°C-350°C
350°C-650°C
Construction Materials-PRELIMS
600°C
900°C
1250°C-1280°C
1280°C
1400°C-1500°C
1600°C
Gypsum & Portland cement c
PC & water
PC, water, & sand
PC, water, sand, & gravel
limestone
clay
Insoluble Residue
amount of I.R.
I.R. ≤ 0.75%
Loss on Ignition (L.O.I.)
L.O.I. ≤ 3%
Hydration
85-100 cal/gr.
50%, 75%
air permeability methods
2600-3000cm2/gr.
3.15
Setting
normal consistency
20-30%
Vicat apparatus
Normal consistency
vicat apparatus
Soundness
Standard Types
Special Types
Type I: Ordinary Portland C
Type II: Modified Portland
Type III: High Early Strength
Type IV: Low Heat P.C.
Type V: Sulfate Resistant P.C.
Concrete
Water
Aggregates
Concrete
Chemical Admixtures
Water
Construction Materials-PRELIMS
Concrete
Aggregates
Concrete
5%
Accelerators
Concrete
Acrylic retarders
Water-reducing admixtures
Concrete
Reinforced concrete
cement
portland cement
concrete production
0.22 kg to 0.25 kg
workability
Curing
seven-day (or longer)
erosion
10%-15%
shrinkage cracking
Curing
tension cracking
slump test
Compressive strength
slump test
20 MPa to 40 MPa (3000 psi
0.15-m by 0.30-m (6-in.by12-
split-tension test (ASTM C49
flexure strength test (ASTM
masonry
Sun-baked brick
1633
masonry
Hollow (or solid) masonry un
gross area compressive stre
Concrete Masonry Unit (CM
net area compressive streng
net cross-sectional area
masonry
net volume
absorption
25%
clay bricks
Construction Materials-PRELIMS
are responsible for the selection, specification, and quality control of materials to be used in
a construction project
basically recognizes the fact that our designs should be sensitive to the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.
including concrete, steel, fiber-reinforced cement, fiber-reinforced plastics, polymeric
materials, geosynthetics, masonry materials and coatings.
such as timber, steel, asphalt and Portland cement concrete are often used in many construction
projects.
in analyzing the economic selection of a material, the______ should be evaluated in addition
to the initial costs of the structure.
is the response of the material to external loads
refer to characteristics of the material, other than load response, that affect selection, use,
and performance
include the availability of the material and the ability to fabricate the material into the
desired shapes and required specifications.
address all the factors that relate to the ability to fabricate and erect the structure on site.
of a material refer to the appearance of the material.
is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply
with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability.
is used to evaluate the sustainability of a project.
is an important parameter in defining the quality of civil engineering materials.
In asphalt concrete, aggregates constitute _____ of the volume and ____ of the mass.
acts as a binder to hold the aggregates together, but does not have enough strength to lock
the aggregate particles into position.
are used primarily as an underlying material for foundations and pavements, and as
ingredients in portland cement and asphalt concretes
Native deposits with no change in their natural state other than washing, crushing & grading.
(sand, gravel, crush stone)
They are obtained either as a by-product or by a special manufacturing process such as
heating. (blast furnace slag, expanded perlite)
are formed by solidification of molten lava.(granite)
are obtained by deposition of weathered & transported pre-existing rocks or solutions.
(limestone)
are formed under high heat & pressure alteration of either igneous & sedimentary rocks
(marble).
Construction Materials-PRELIMS
Aggregates containing a whole range of particles are named as ___ or ___ aggregates.
F.A. content usually ___ by mass or volume of total aggregate
C. A. typically between ___ mm
Abrasion resistance
Freeze-thaw resistance
Sulfate resistance
Grading
Fine aggregate degradation
Void content
Bulk density
Relative density
Strength
Def. of constituents
Aggregate constituents
Alkali Resistance
Completely water worn & fully shaped by attrition. (River Gravel)
Partly shaped by attrition so it contains some rounded edges. (Land Gravel)
Has sharp corners, show little evidence of wear. (Crushed Stone)
Thickness is relatively small with respect to two other dimensions. (Laminated Rocks)
Have lengths considerably larger than two other dimensions
are suitable to use in concrete because flaky & elongated particles reduce workability,
increase water demand & reduce strength.
the bond between agg. particles is higher due to interlocking but due to higher surface area,
angular particles increase water demand & therefore reduce workability.
affects the bond to the cement paste & also influences the water demand of the mix
Bond b/w cement paste & agg is weak
Bond b/w cement paste & agg. is strong.
perform better under flexural & tensile stresses.
is the particle-size distribution of an aggregate as determined by a sieve analysis using wire
mesh sieves with square openings.
7 sieves with openings from 150 μm to 9.5 mm
13 sieves with openings from 1.18 mm to 100 mm
The particle size distribution in an aggregate sample is known as __
Strength development of concrete depends on______and ______ together with many other
factors.
The ease with which a concrete mixture can be mixed, transported, placed in the form &
compacted without any segregation.
Seperation of the particles with different sizes & specific gravities.
Construction Materials-PRELIMS
__ have square openings & their designation correspond to the sizes of those openings
increases as the amount of paste b/w fine agg. part increases. It also increases as the amount
of mortar b/w coarse agg. particles increases.
is a single figure which is the sum of cumulative % retained on a series of sieves having a
clear opening half that of the preceeding one.
mass.
dition.
30sec.
t thetime of batching/mixing.
dating effort.
cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail.
tended load
mical.
Construction Materials-PRELIMS
different proportions.
ning].)
he surface