Digestive System
Digestive System Organization
Function of Digestive System
-Breaks nutrients into parts small enough for
your body to absorb and use for energy,
growth and cell repair.
-proteins break into amino acids
-fats break into fatty acids and glycerol
-carbohydrates break into simple sugar
Phases of Digestion
Oral – starch molecules are digested through
saliva that contains digestive enzyme amylase
Gastric – stomach wall flex, to help mix
together food particles, gastric juice and
pepsin before the food moves on to your small
intestine.
Intestinal-The bulk of carbohydrate and fat
digestion, as well as the remainder of protein
digestion.
-pancreas release a buffer into your small
intestine to reduce the acidity of the food
coming from your stomach
-digestive enzyme produced by pancreas and
specific for starches , sugars, fats and peptides
are active and continue to break this nutrients
into simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids
ready for absorption.
DIGESTION
1. Mechanical –chewing, tear, grind,
mash, mix
2. Chemical-enzymatic reaction that will
improve digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids.
Mouth –Teeth mechanically break down food
into small pieces. Tongue mixes food with
saliva.
-Epiglottis is a flap-like structure at the back of
the throat that closes over the trachea
preventing food from entering it. It is located in
the Pharynx.
Esophagus- Approximately 20 cm long.
Functions include:
1.Secrete mucus
2.Moves food from the throat to the stomach
using muscle movement called peristalsis
If acid from the stomach gets in here that’s
heartburn.
Stomach-J-shaped muscular bag that stores
the food you eat, breaks it down into tiny
pieces.
-Mixes food with Digestive Juices that contain
enzymes to break down Proteins and Lipids.
-Acid (HCl) in the stomach Kills Bacteria.
-Food found in the stomach is called Chyme
Small intestine-Small intestines are roughly 7
meters long
-Lining of intestine walls has finger-like
projections called villi, to increase surface
area.
-The villi are covered in microvilli which further
increases surface area for absorption.
Nutrients from the food pass into the
bloodstream through the small intestine walls.
Absorbs:
80% ingested water
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Secretes digestive enzymes
Large Intestine-About 1.5 meters long
-Accepts what small intestines don’t absorb
-Rectum (short term storage which holds feces
before it is expelled).
Functions:
Bacterial digestion
Ferment carbohydrates
Absorbs more water
Concentrate wastes
  Gastric ulcers
 Esophageal ulcers
Accessory Organs the Glands
 Duodenal ulcers
Not part of the path of food, but play a critical
role.
Include: Liver, gall bladder, and pancreas 4. DIARRHEA

Caused by increased secretion of fluid into the

Liver intestine, reduced absorption of fluid from the
Directly affects digestion by producing bile
intestine or rapid passage of stool through the
-Bile helps digest fat
intestine.
Filters out toxins and waste including drugs and
alcohol and poisons. 5. CONSTIPATION

Gall Bladder a condition in which there is difficulty in

Stores bile from the liver, releases it into the emptying the bowels, usually associated with
small intestine. hardened feces.
Fatty diets can cause gallstones

Pancreas Urinary System

Produces digestive enzymes to digest fats,

carbohydrates and proteins

Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin

COMMON DIGESTIVE DISORDERS AND

PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. GASTROESOPHAGAEL REFLUX DISEASE

(GERD)

Also known as Acid Reflux Disease.

is a digestive disorder that affects the lower

esophageal sphincter (LES), the ring of muscle
between the esophagus and stomach.
2. GASTROENTERITIS
The inflammation of the stomach and
intestines, typically resulting from bacterial
toxins or viral infection and causing vomiting
and diarrhea.
3. PEPTIC ULCERS
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach,
lower esophagus, or small intestine. They’re
usually formed as a result of inflammation
caused by the bacteria H. pylori, as well as
from erosion from stomach acids.
6 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
1. Regulation of plasma ionic composition.
2. Regulation of plasma osmolarity.
3. Regulation of plasma volume.
4. Regulation of plasma hydrogen ion
concentration (pH).
5. Removal of metabolic waste products
and foreign substances from the
plasma.
6. Secretion of Hormones
Main structures of the urinary system

There are three types of peptic ulcers: Kidney

 1. filter blood plasma, separate wastes,
return useful materials to the blood, and
eliminate the wastes.
Toxic nitrogenous wastes
- Ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and
creatinine
-cause diarrhea, vomiting, and cardiac
arrhythmia, convulsions, coma, and death.
2. Regulate blood volume and osmolarity.
3. produce hormones
 renin
 erythropoietin
4. Regulate acid-base balance of the
body fluids.
5. Detoxify superoxide, free radicals, and
drugs.
The Nephron
 Most components of the nephron are
within the cortex
 Nephrons are connected to renal
artery/vein and ureter.
 The glomerulus is enclosed in a two-
layered glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
The Ureters
The ureters are muscular tubes leading from
the renal pelvis to the lower bladder.
The Urinary Bladder
 is highly distensible and expands
superiorly
 is a muscular sac on the floor of the
pelvic cavity.
 The openings of the two ureters and the
urethra mark a triangular area called
the trigone on the bladder floor.
The Urethra
-conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the
outside of the body.
In both sexes:
- Internal urethral sphincter- under involuntary
control.
- External urethral sphincter - under voluntary
control
COMMON DISEASES IN THE URINARY SYSTEM
1. URINARY TRACK INFECTION (UTI)
 It occur when bacteria enter the urinary
tract; they can affect the urethra,
bladder or even the kidneys.
 It is more common in women than in
men.
 It is typically treated with antibiotics.
2. INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS
(IC)
 also called painful bladder syndrome.
 It is a chronic bladder condition,
primarily in women, that causes bladder
pressure and pain and, sometimes,
pelvic pain to varying degrees
3. KIDNEY STONES
 These are clumps of calcium
oxalate that can be found
anywhere in the urinary tract.
 It form when chemicals in the
urine become concentrated
enough to form a solid mass.
 They can cause pain in the back
and sides, as well as blood in the
urine.
4. KIDNEY FAILURE
 also called end-stage renal
disease (ESRD) and chronic
kidney disease.
 It can be a temporary (often
acute) condition or can become
a chronic condition resulting in
the inability of the kidneys to filter
waste from the
blood.
5. BLADDER CANCER
 The symptoms, including back or
pelvic pain, difficulty urinating
and urgent/and or frequent
urination, mimic other diseases or
disorders of the urinary system