Power calculation Summary and Examples

Jesús Baez January, 2017

vs  Vm cos t * This bidirectional power flow results in
energy borrowed and returned by the circuit
Single-phase Pmechanical delivered
Bidirectional Simplified
ps (t ) Power Flow* Equivalent circuit induction motor (fan, pump, conveyor belt, etc)

Pmech
+ pR (t ) pL (t )
P
- iR iL
Unidirectional
Power Flow
Which results in P:Average, real or active power. Component of electric
energy flow into power that is converted to another form of useful power
the circuit /energy (mechanical, thermal, light)

vR Vm
iR   cos t pR(t) Source power triangle
R R
Absorbed power calculation(passive convention)
S(VA)
2P
   
2 2
V V
p R  vR iR  m cos 2 t  m 1  cos 2t  P 1  cos 2t
R 2R
P Q(VAr)
0  pR (t )  2 P
t    
0
iL 
Vm
XL

cos t  90o  pL(t) P(W)
Inductive reactance : X L  L +Q
V  S  P2  Q2
pL  vL iL  Vm cos t  m cos t  90o    0 t
 XL  P
pf   cos(  )  cos(   )
 
2
cos 2t  90o  Q sin 2t 
1 Vm -Q S
pL 
2 XL P : Average( Real or active) power (W)
 Q  pL (t )  Q
Q : Reactive Power(VAr)
ps (t )  pR (t )  pL (t ) ps(t)
S : Apparent power(VA)
 
ps (t )  P 1  cos 2t  Q sin 2t  pmax pmax=P+S
pf : power factor
ps (t )  P  P cos 2t  Q sin 2t 
 : Power factor angle
 Q
ps (t )  P  P 2  Q 2 cos 2t  tan 1 
s
 P P  : Voltage phase angle
s t
 R  0  : Current phase angle
ps (t )  P  S cos 2t  tan 1  pmin pmin=P-S
 XL 
 i(t )  Im cos(t   )

Power Calculation Summary

Note: v(t) and i(t) are usually Z eq 
Vm + EC2 Oct-2016
JABM
calculated using phasors and Im Load v(t )  Vm cos(t   )
Z eq      
analysis techniques Z eq
pf  cos(  )  cos(Z eq )

-
v(t )  Vm cos(t   ); i (t )  Im cos(t   ) v(t )  Vm cos(t   ); i (t )  Im cos(t   )
Instantaneous power, p(t) Instantaneous power, p(t)
p (t )  v(t )i (t )  Vm cos(t   ) Im cos(t   ) p (t )  v(t )i (t )  Vm cos(t   ) Im cos(t   )
1 1 1 1 1 1
p (t )  Vm Im cos(   )  Vm Im cos(2t     )  Vm Im cos(   )  Vm Im cos(2(t   )  (   )) p (t )  Vm Im cos(   )  Vm Im cos(2t     )
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B Average, real or active power, Watts
1 1 1 1
p (t )  Vm Im cos(   )  Vm Im cos(   ) cos(2(t   ))  Vm Im sen(   ) sen(2(t   )) P  Vm Im cos(   )
2 2 2 2
T
Reactive power, VAr
P  p (t )    p (t )dt 
1
T 0 0 0 1
Q  Vm Im sin(   )
1 1
T
 1 1
T
 1 1
T
 2
P  p (t )   
T 0 2
Vm Im cos(   )dt     Vm Im cos(   ) cos(2(t   ))dt     Vm Im sin(   ) sin( 2(t   ))dt 
 T 0 2  T 0 2 
Apparent power, VA
1
1 S  Vm Im
P  Vm Im cos(   ) : Average, real or active power, expressed inWatts (W) 2
2
p (t )  P  S cos(2t     )
1
Defininig       Z eq  P  Vm Im cos(  )
2
p (t )  P1  cos(2(t   ))  Vm Im sin(   ) sin( 2(t   ))
1
2
1 1
Reactive power is defined as Q  Vm Im sin(   )  Vm Im sin(  ), expressed in reactive Volt - Ampere (VAr)
S(VA)
2 2
p (t )  P1  cos(2(t   ))  Q sin( 2(t   ))  p (t )  p1 (t )  p2 (t ) Q(VAR)
p1 (t )  P1  cos(2(t   )); P  p1 (t )
p1 (t )  0  Associated to resistive elements    
p2 (t )  Q sin( 2(t   ))
p2 (t )  0; Associated to inductive/capacitive elements, which have the ability to
store and release energy. These elements interchange energy with the source and/or
P(W)
among them Load absorbed Power Triangle
Assuming lagging (-) power factor
 p1 (t )

p1 (t )  P1  cos(2(t   ))

p (t )  P1  cos(2(t   ))  Q sin( 2(t   ))

p (t )  P  S cos(2t     )

p2 (t )

p2 (t )  Q sin(2(t   ))

Unidirectional p2 (t )
Power Flow
Bidirectional
p1 (t ) Power Flow
 i(t )  Im cos(t   )
p (t )  v(t )i (t )  P1  cos(2(t   ))  Q sin(2(t   ))  P  S cos(2t     )

1 1 1
P  Vm Im cos(   )  Vm Im cos(  ) S  P 2  Q 2  Vm Im .
2 2 2
+ 1 1
Q  Vm Im sin(   )  Vm Im sin(  )
P
     ; pf   cos(  )
v(t )  Vm cos(t   ) Z eq  Z 2 2 S

- Note that in this table, it is assumed that voltage phase

angle is equal to zero (=0) , and therefore, =-

Vm Power factor(pf)
Z eq 
Im
Z eq       i in phase with v
pf  cos(  )  cos(Z eq )
 0 pf  1

i lags v by 90 o
  90 o

pf  0
Load absorbed Power Triangle i leads v by 90 o
Lagging power factor pf(-) (RL loads)   90o
pf  0

S(VA)
Q(VAR) i lags v
0    90o
 lagging () pf
   

P(W)
Load absorbed Power Triangle
Leading power factor pf(+) (RC loads)  90o    0o i leads v
P(W)  leading () pf

   
Q(VAR)
S(VA) A negative value of absorbed reactive(Qabs  0) power, means that this load produces a reactive
power equal to Qabs
 Power calculation Examples

Example 1 Jesús Baez October 2016

 Example 2
We will use active convention for Network A
We will use passive convention for Network B

Power Balance
1
PGen ( A)  PAbs ( B )  Vm I m cos(   )
2
1
QGen ( A)  QAbs ( B )  Vm I m sin(   )
2
Also calculate passive 1
network power factor SGen ( A)  S Abs ( B )  Vm I m
2

We classify the network that delivers average (real or

active) power (P) as ACTIVE (or Source), and the one
that absorbs this power, as PASSIVE (or Load)

P Q

Analysis Summary

See detailed analysis of cases on next slides

 500W
Detailed analysis (a)
1
PAbs ( B )  (100)(20) cos(45  15)  500W
2
1
A B
QAbs ( B )  (100)(20) sin( 45  15)  866.03VAR
2 Source Load
Network B consumes 500W and delivers 866.03VAR
Network B produces 500W and consumes 866.03 VAR 866.03VAR -866.03VAR
1
S Abs ( B )  Vm I m  1,000VA
2

Represent Network B as the series

Since Network B absorbs power combination of passive elements
V 100 - 45
Network B passive(load) ZB    5 - 60   2.5  j 4.33 
Network A active(source) I 2015
Z B  R  jX C
PB
pf B   cos(   ) R  2.5
SB  jXc   j 4.33
500 Xc  4.33
pf B   cos(45  15)  0.5()
100 Assuming 60 Hz
i lags v by 60, therefore we have lagging power factor 1
Xc 
C
1 1
C   612.6 F
Xc 2 (60)4.33
 Cases a and c Cases b and d
Network A Active (Source) Network A Passive (Load)
Network B Passive (Load) Network B Active (Source)

i i'

i '  i  20 cos(t  15o ) A

i leads v by 60 o  leading(  ) pf i leads v by 30 o  leading(  ) pf
pf  cos(-45 - 15)  0.5(  ) pf  cos(-45 - (-15))  0.866(  )

i '  i  20 cos(t  60o ) A

i lags v by 60 o
i lags v by 60 o  lagging(-) pf
pf  cos(-45 - (-105))  0.5(-) i lags v  lagging(-) pf
pf  cos(0 - (-60))  0.5(-)
 Complex Power Example 1 e) S  S  64.4kVA Complex power calculation Example
c) P  ReS  52.29kW JABM November 2016
g )Q  ImS  37.59kVAR

V  2,300 Vrms  Vm  2300 2 V V 23000o

f)Z    66.7  j 47.94  82.1435.71o 
I  28 Arms  I m  28 2 A
I 28  35.71o
Note : Source voltage is assigned a phase angle equal to zero(   0)
V  23000o Vrms
A lagging pf means that current lags voltage
   cos 1 (0.812)  35.71o
I  28  cos 1 (0.812)  28  35.71o Arms
Ps,Qs,Ss PL,QL,SL
a ) Im  2 Irms  39.598 A
Since complex power provides all the power related information
we are interested in, we will calculate this value:
1
 
V I *   2300 20o  28 2  35.71o
1
 
*
S
2 2  

S  Vrms Irms *   23000 28  35.71o 
o 

*

 
S  23000o  28  35.71    6440035.71 VA   52,292.8  j37,587.54 VA
o o
 
d)S  64.435.71o kVA   52.2928  j37.5875  kVA
b) p (t )  P  S cos(2t     )  52.29  64.4 cos(754t  0  ( 35.71)) kW
p (t )  52.29  64.4 cos(754t  35.71) kW
@ t  2.5ms Ss=SL=64.4kVA
  
p (t )  52.29  64.4 cos(754(2.5 E  3)  35.71 
Qs=QL=37.6KVAR
) kW  71.88kW
180 
pmin  52.29  64.4  12.11kW ; pmax  52.29  64.4  116.69kW
Note that p(t 2.5ms)
can also be calculat ed by finding v(t 2.5ms)
and i(t 2.5ms)
 =35.71º
and multiplying these values
  180  
v(t 2.5ms)  2300 2 cos 377 * 2.5 x103     1,911.83V Ps=PL=52.3 kW
   
  180  
i(t 2.5ms)  28 2 cos 377 * 2.5 x103    35.71  37.597 A
     Note: Observe how complex power can be used
p(t 2.5ms)  1,911.83V  37.597 A   71.88 kW
to obtain the variables we are interested in
Excel handles arguments in radians, therefore you will use the following
:P,Q,S,fp,,p(t).
equations in the accompanying workbook
v(t 2.5ms)  2300 2 cos 377 * 2.5 x103   1,911.83V
   
i(t 2.5ms)  28 2 cos 377 * 2.5 x103  35.71    37.597 A
  180  
 Extra:

h)Calculate the amount of kVAR that a capacitor connected in parallel with the load must supply in order to improve source power
factor to 0.95(-)
i)Calculate capacitor reactance (Ohms) and its size (uF)
j)Draw Load absorbed power triangle and source delivered power triangle
k)Find time domain expressions for source, load and capacitor currents (is,iL,ic)
l) Show instruments reading on a diagram
(h) and (i) Load Absorbed power triangle (LPT) (j )
 1 1

Qcprod  PL tan(cos pf )  tan(cos pf ' )  20,399.73VAR  20.4kVAR
and Source Delivered Power Triangle
(SPT)
Ps  PLoad  52.3 kW Note that capacitor
Qs '  QLoad  QC   17.2kVAR absorbed reactive
power is handled as
Ps Without capacitors Source SL=64.4kVA 20.4 kVAR
Ss  Ps 2  Qs '2   55.05k VA delivered power triangle is
negative
pf '
identical to absorbed load power
Vm 2 CVm 2 Vrms
2
Qc     CVrms
2 triangle (PS=PL,QS=QL,SS=SL)
LPT SS=55.05 kVA QL=37.6KVAR
2 Xc 2 Xc
2
V
Xc  rms  259.32
35.7 o SPT
Qc QS=17.2 kVAR

C
Qc

20,399.73   10.23F  '  18.2 o

Vrms 2
2 (60)(23002 )
PS=PL=52.3 kW
(k) Note that phasors may be Phasor Diagram
Using Phasors expressed using RMS or maximum Vs
values. However, time domain 18.2o
I L  28  35.71Arms  28 2  35.71A expressions must use maximum 35.7 o
Ic 
23000
 8.8790 Arms  8.87 290 A values (amplitude) Is
 j 259.32 IC
*
 S   55045.0518.195 
*

I s   s      23.93  18.195 Arms  23.93 2  18.195 A IL

 Vs   23000 
I L  I L  28 Arms  39.6 A
Time domain Expressions
iL (t )  28 2 cos(377t  35.71) A  39.6 cos(377t  35.71) A I s  I s  23.93 Arms  33.85 A
iC (t )  8.87 2 cos(377t  90) A  12.54 cos(377t  90) A I c  I c  8.87 Arms  12.54 A
is (t )  2 23.93cos(377t  18.195) A  33.85 cos(377t  18.195) A I s cos  '  I L cos 
I s sen '  I L sen  I C
l) Voltmeters and Ammeters Report RMS (Effective vaues)

52.3kW
20.4 kVAR

17.2 kVAR

52.3kW
37.6 kVAR