ERROR ANALYSIS OF EQUAL GAIN COMBINING OVER CASCADED RAYLEIGH FADING

CHANNEL

ANUP DEY
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department ,
Kalyani Govt. Engg. College,
Kalyani , Nadia,West Bengal-741235,India.

SINCHAN BISWAS
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department ,
Kalyani Govt. Engg. College,
Kalyani , Nadia,West Bengal-741235,India.
Cascaded Rayleigh distribution is recently being used to model mobile-to-mobile wireless channel as it provides better
fits for the experimental data . In this paper, we have presented the characteristic function(CHF) of a cascaded Rayleigh
distribution and used the results to obtain the characteristic function(CHF) of the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
probability density function(pdf) to analyze the performance of the equal gain combiner(EGC) over cascaded Rayleigh
fading channel .The average bit error rate(ABER) or symbol error rate(SER) of the combiner for DPSK and NCFSK are
derived in terms of single integral. Numerical results and simulations are also presented to analyze the improvement
achieved by diversity .
1. Introduction combining(EGC) over cascaded Rayleigh channel
remain as open problems . Other related papers
Diversity reception is a powerful technique for include [5,14] . In[5] ,an exact expression in the form
improving the performance of digital communication of a simple single finite-range integral is derived for
systems in a wireless fading channel. Equal gain the pairwise error probability (PEP) of space-time
combiner (EGC) is attractive due to the requirements trellis codes over this channel and[14] deals with Bit-
for simple and cost effective hardware circuitry but interleaved coded modulation with iterative
achieves performance close to maximum ratio decoding(BICM-ID) using signal space diversity
combiner(MRC) . Extensive results are reported (SSD) over cascaded Rayleigh fading channels.
[8,9,10] and the references therein, on the study of the In this papers we first derive the CHF for the
performance of a equal gain combiner in various cascaded Rayleigh RV. and then calculated the
fading channels such as Rayleigh, Ricean, Nakagami- average bit error rate(ABER) to evaluate the
m etc.. performance of L-branch EGC.
Most of the literature devoted for analyzing the The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In
performance of diversity systems assumed section II, we derive the expression for the CHF of the
Rayleigh ,or ricean or Nakagami fading as their output SNR of EGC over the cascaded Rayleigh
channel models which are applicable for a channel fading channel.In III, we have provided the expression
where either transmitter or receiver is stationary. But for average bit error rate(ABER)for analyzing the
applications such as mobile ad-hoc networks and performance in different digital modulation schemes.
dedicated short-range communication systems for In IV, we have provided various numerical and
intelligent highway, where both transmitter and simulation results. Finally we gave our conclusions in
receiver are in motion, these channel models are not section V.
suitable. Recent studies[1,2,3] reveal that fading
channel model like cascaded Rayleigh (some times 2. The chf of the EGC Combiner Output SNR
called as doubly Rayleigh ) fading channel models,
are better suited for these mobile-to-mobile The cascaded Rayleigh distribution is the distribution
communication channels. Despite of its importance, of the envelope of the product of two independent
the communication system performance over complex Gaussian random variables with mean zero
cascaded Rayleigh fading channel is not extensively and variance Ω / 2 .Mathematically, the density
studied. Among the few papers dealing with cascaded function of Z is the Cascaded Rayleigh density given
Rayleigh channel , an exact expression is presented in by,
[4] for the SER of coherently detected M-PSK signals 4z
for maximum ratio combining(MRC) over cascaded pz (z) = K (2 z / Ω ) (1)
Rayleigh fading channel. But the performance Ω2 0
evaluations of other combining techniques such as where K 0 is the modified Bessel function of second
selection combining (SC) and equal gain kind of order zero.
Alternatively, it may be represented as [5] approach we shall consider two noncoherent binary
p z ( z ) = 4 zK 0 (2 z ) (2) modulation schemes namely DPSK and NCFSK .
Average bit error rate(ABER) or average symbol error
when E[z]= Ω =1,is assumed. By virtue of the sine rate (ASER) is calculated by integrating the
and cosine transforms the CHF of the z can be
expressed as conditional error probability (CEP) P (e | γ ) ,over the
e
φ z (ω ) = E [exp ( jω z )] pdf of output SNR γ . Mathematically,
∞
4z
∞
(3) P e = ∫ P (e | x ) f X ( x ) dx
= ∫Ω
0
2
K 0 ( 2 z / Ω ) co s(ω z ) dz
0 e
(7)

∞ Alternatively it can be represented as[8, eq(32)]

4z
+ j∫ K 0 ( 2 z / Ω ) sin(ω z ) dz ∞
∗
0
Ω2 Pe = ∫ FT[P (e | x)]φ x (ω)dω (8)
using [7, eq. 6.699.4 and eq. 6.691] and subsequent −∞ e
algebric manipulations (3) leads to where FT [.]denotes Fourier Transform and ‘ ∗ ’
ω2Ω2 π ωΩ ω2Ω2 −1.5 represents complex conjugation.
φz (ω) = 2 F1(1,1;0.5; − )+ j (1+ ) (4)
4 2 2 4
Next we shall consider BER or SER for two class of
modulation scheme in cascaded Rayleigh with EGC.
where 2 F1 is the Gauss hypergeometric function. :The CEP for DPSK and NCFSK can be expressed in
In EGC combiner ,the output of different diversity the form[12]
branches are first co-phased and weighted equally 2
P ( e | x ) = a exp( − bx ) (9)
before being summed to give the resultant output e
[8].the instantaneous SNR at the output of the EGC where (a, b) = (.5,1) for DPSK and
combiner is γ = x2 ,where x is defined as ( a, b ) = (0.5, 0.5) for coherent NCFSK. The FT of the
Es L CEP for DPSK and NCFSK can be written as[8],
x=
LN 0
∑α
l =1
l
(5)
a  π −ω2 ω 
where α l is the fading amplitude modeled as cascaded FT[P (e | x)] =
e  exp( ) + jF ( ) (10)
b 2 4b 2 b 
Rayleigh RV, E s / N 0 is the SNR per symbol and where F (⋅) denotes the Dawson’s integral given by
L denotes the diversity order. The CHF of x is given x

∫
F ( x) = exp(− x ) exp(t )dt = xΦ(1;1.5; − x ) (11)
by 2 2 2

L L
ω
Es =
∏φ
0
φx (ω ) = ∏ φα (ω ) zl ( ) (6)
and Φ (⋅) is the confluent hypergeometric function.
l =1
l
LN 0 l =1 L
Now inserting equations(6) and (10) into (9) and
where zl =
α
E s and φ z (ω ) is the CHF of the recognizing that the ABER is real we obtain the
l
N 0

cascaded Rayleigh distribution given in (4).Hence the infinite range integral form of P e shown as
CHF of the EGC output SNR can be calculated equation(12) at the bottom of the page(for the case of
knowing the CHF of the cascaded rayleigh CHF. equal average SNR per branch).

3. Error Analysis 4. Numerical Results

Using the above results for the CHF of output SNR Unfortunately Equation (12) can not be represented in
over the cascaded Rayleigh fading channel we can closed form. However, eq.(12) may be evaluated
now derive the error performance for EGC over easily by numerical methods employing Gauss
several digital modulation schemes. To illustrate the quadrature or Lobatto quadrature techniques.
 L ∗
∞  a  π −ω 2 ω   ω 2 Ω av 2 π ω Ω av ω 2 Ω av 2 − 1.5    (12)
Pe = ∫ ℜ   exp( ) + jF ( )  ×   2 F1 (1,1; 0.5; − )+ j (1 + )   d ω
0
 b  2 4b 2 b    4 2 2 4   


where Ω av is the average output SNR and ℜ is the real operator.

The derived approach is general and can be used for 0
10
equal as well as unequal output SNR per branch. The L=1
ABER calculations for other digital modulations 10
-1 L=2
L=3
schemes are straight forward as the FT of CEP are
already known and tabulated in [8] . We have not 10
-2

Average Bit Error Rate

pursued that here due to space limitations.
For numerical example ,using the eq.(12) , Figures 1 10
-3

and 2 plot the Average bit error probability curves for

-4
the EGC combiner over the cascaded Rayleigh fading 10

channel with the order of diversity, L as running -5

10
parameter. The ABER for NCFSK are plotted in
Fig.1 and for DPSK in Fig.2. which we compute -6
10
numerically (simulation points are marked in the
plots).From Figs.1 and 2 , we observe that in the low 10
-7

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
SNR per branch regime(SNR<<0 dB) the Average Branch SNR(dB)
performance of dual diversity ,triple diversity and
no-diversity are essentially same. But, as the SNR per Figure 2. ABER of DPSK in cascaded Rayleigh fading
branch increases the receiver performance channel with EGC( L=1, L=2 L=3).Simulation points
significantly improves with the increase in number of are marked by ‘+’ and ‘◊’ on the plot.
diversity antenna (L).
References
5. Conclusion
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