Well Engineering Topics

* Well Construction (Drilling) – What is it ?

* How might Buntal field wells be drilled ?

* What are the key interfaces ?

1
The Evolution of Well Eng. (“digging”) Holes
Những cột mốc lịch sử

DATE PURPOSE LOCATION DEPTH CASING

BIBLE
UNKNOWN WATER - -
(GENESIS)
UNKNOWN PYRAMIDS EGYPT 20 ft -

BRINE
600 B.C. TIBET 450 ft Bamboo
(SALT)
600 A.D. OIL (LAMPS) JAPAN 600 – 900 ft Wood

1765 WATER BURMA Shallow Wood

U.S.A.
1859 OIL 69 ft -
Col. Drake
1901 OIL SPINDLETOP 1160 ft Steel

2
In the beginning,
derricks were made
out of wood…….
Tháp khoan thời đồ gỗ

3
4
Number of Rigs on Contract, Shell Group
Activity Level
2001
DPW
1999 Jack-Ups
Tenders
1997 Platform
Land
1995
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
DPW 9 10 11 14 15 16 18
Jack-Ups 15 19 17 11 13 14 16
Tenders 6 4 3 4 3 3 4
Platform 10 12 13 11 11 11 14
Land 45 40 32 40 45 45 45

Total 85 85 76 80 87 89 97

5
 Typical Well Costs

Onshore Offshore Average

Giá thành các giếng khoan khác nhau

6
Land Rig, Today’s Equivalent
- 40,000ft Capability

Giàn khoan đất liền với khả năng khoan đến 13 000m
7
Desert Rig - Algeria

Giàn khoan trên Samạc của Petrovietnam

8
Rig move in the desert

Vận chuyển giàn khoan trên sa mạc Sahara

9
Offshore Drilling Units – Water Depth Capabilities

Các lọai giàn khoan biển và độ sâu nước họat động tương ứng
10
 Sit On Bottom – Swamp barge

Bè khoan hay sàlan khoan trong vùng nước nông, đầm lầy
11
Sit On Bottom – Other

Các lọai bè khoan khác

12
Offshore Drilling Units - Jack-Ups

Giàn khoan tự nâng

13
 Jack-Ups

Giàn khoan tự nâng

14
 Jack-Ups

Giàn khoan tự nâng

15
Jack-Ups

Giàn khoan tự nâng

16
Semi-Submersibles, Sedco Express

Giàn khoan bán chìm – hay bán tiềm thủy 17

Semi-Submersibles, Stenna Tay (in Capetown)

Giàn khoan bán chìm – hay bán tiềm thủy

18
Semi-Submersibles, Nautilus, GoM

Vận chuyển giàn khoan bán chìm đường xa

19
Semi Submersible (Rig Moves)

Kéo giàn khoan bán chìm đường gần

20
Drillships (Neddrill 2)

Tàu khoan
21
Offshore or not offshore?

Trên cạn hay dưới nước đây?

22
Platforms - Gannett A (Shell EXPRO)

Giàn cố định-Khoan & Khai thác

23
 Platforms – Brent Field

Brent A, B, C & D
- Installed mid 70’s.
- ±350ft water depth.
- Concrete & steel
gravity based structures.

Giàn khoan trên biển Brent

24
 Platforms – Troll Platform, Norway

Troll Platform
- ±470 metres high.
- Installed 1996.

25
 Drilling Rigs
Onshore
zLocationDimensions 100 X 70 meters
zMax single load weight +/-120 tons
zMax load height 18 meters
zAccommodation 70 persons
zPower generation 4,500 KW (6,000 HP)
Offshore
zDimensions 106.5 X 69 meters
zDrilling draft 20 meters
zPayload 10,400 tons
zAccommodation 130 persons
zPower generation 6 X 4440 KW (35,700 HP)
Đặc tính các lọai giàn khoan
26
 Rigs in trouble !

Giếng khoan bị phun – nhanh chân mà chạy

27
 Rigs in trouble !

Chạy đi đâu? Nhảy xuống biển thì cá mập chờ

28
 Ensco 51, March 2001

Cháy nữa này, Giàn thì mất tháp

29
Platforms / Jackets

Sắt cũng cháy luôn

30
Land Rig - Going, Going…...

Đất và bùn cũng cháy

31
Gone……...

Hậu trường như thế này đây

32
 Looking for Oil

Nhà địa chất không mang theo búa – tìm dầu

33
 Well Construction

The building blocks and operations

performed to CONSTRUCT a
well…..

Khoan giếng như thế nao nhỉ??????

34
 The Cellar

To drill a
hole, dig a
hole!

Làm nền và đào hố, đóng ống định hướng

35
 Well Construction

INSTALL CONDUCTOR
•With or without RIG

Đóng ống định hướng

36
 Well Construction

STAGE 2
DRILL TOP HOLE

Khoan đọan tiếp theo, chống ống bề mặt

37
 Drilling Bits – Roller cone

Steel Tooth or Tungsten Carbide

Milled Tooth Bit Insert (TCI) Bit
Chòong khoan răng phay – răng cắm
38
 Worn

Đầu ông sư, chòong mòn

39
 Fixed Cutter bits

PolyCrystaline Diamond Diamond Impregnated

Compact (PDC) Bit (Impreg.) Bit
Chòong Kim cương
40
Small Wonders !

Ai nhỏ hơn ai?

41
 The Drill String
1) Rotary Table & Kelly / Top Drive System.
•Drive Mechanism (TORQUE)

2) Drill pipe.
•Transfer Torque to the bit
•Suspend BHA
•Conduit for mud (transport mud from surface to bit)

3) Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA); The Tools

•Drill Collars (WEIGHT)
•Bit
•Mud motors; Jars; Stabilizers; Measurement While Drilling;….

Bộ dụng cụ khoan – khoan cụ

42
The Drill String

Bộ khoan cụ
43
The Circulating System

Hệ thống tuần hòan dung dich

44
 Drilling Fluid (MUD) Requirements

Clean •Clean the drilling face of newly made cuttings.

•Cool; Clean & lubricate the bit.

Cool
•Transport cuttings out of the hole.
Carry
•Suspend cuttings during periods without
circulation.

•Pressures in the formation.

Control
Chức năng của hệ thống dung dịch

45
And someone to drive the whole thing….

Chuồng khỉ xưa và nay

46
 Tripping

Kéo cần thôi anh em ơi – kéo thả

47
 Well Construction

STAGE 3
RUNNING CASING

Thả ống chống

48
 Why Casing ?
The Role of Casing
•To contain pressures
•To prevent hole collapse.
•To prevent contamination of fresh-water horizons.
•To provide a means of controlling fluid influxes.
•To provide a container for drilling fluids.
•To confine produced hydrocarbons to the well-bore.
•To provide a means of anchoring the BOPs & Xmas tree.
Sao lại phải chống ống ???

49
 Well Construction

STAGE 4
CEMENTING
CASING

Bơm trám xi măng

50
 Well Construction

STAGE 5
INSTALL
BLOW OUT PREVENTER STACK

Lắp đặt hệ thống đầu giếng và đối áp

51
 Overpressures - The Gas Effect
Formation
Water Gradient
Seal

Ga s
Gas Gradient
la
Se

Oil Gradient

Depth
l
Oil

a
Se
er

Formation
at
W

Water
Gradient

Pressure

Dị thường áp suất cao là do ảnh hường của khí?

52
 BLOW OUT PREVENTERS

ANNULAR
PREVENTER

RAM
PREVENTER

Thiết đối áp – chống phun 53

BLOW OUT PREVENTERS

54
 Spindletop Spectator Sports, 1902

Mất cân bằng áp suất thủy lục trong giếng sẽ dẫn tới giếng bị phun
P dung dịch > P vỉa = không phun
55
 Well Construction

STAGE 6
DRILL
NEXT HOLE SECTION

Khoan tiếp đọan sâu hơn

56
 Well Construction

STAGE 7
RUN & CEMENT RODUCTION
CASING IN HOLE

Lại chống ống trám xi măng

57
 Fully Cased Wellbore

Conductor

Surface casing

Liner tie back or production tubing

Intermediate or production casing

Production liner

Giếng đã khoan và hòan thiện chờ bắn vỉa đưa vào khai thác
58
Well Head

Thiết bị đầu giếng hay miệng giếng

59
Well Construction – The wellhead

Spool Type Compact

Wellhead Wellhead

Các kiểu đầu giếng

60
 Well Head – Interface issues
z Clearances
„ working space for men flanging up/down
„ valves for spool pieces - 2 required on each outlet
„ room for valve actuators
„ wellhead flowline interference
z Dynamic Wellhead Growth
„ Example well, req’d ref. height 2.39 m - +/- 5 cm. tolerance
„ 02.04.92 CHH flanged up 2.45 m thus 6 cm. high
„ 06.05.92 drilled hole sect. 2.52 m thus 13 cm. high
„ 28.05.92 9 5/8” csg. landed 2.49 m thus 10 cm. high
„ 25.06.92 production testing 2.54 m thus 15 cm. high

Các vấn đề liên quan đến đầu giếng

61
 WELL CONSTRUCTION

What’s
missing ?

Quên gì không nhỉ????

62
 WELL CONSTRUCTION
- Connecting the reservoir to SURFACE.

COMPLETIONS
The 3 main functions of a completion are:
•Connect reservoir to well & bring fluids to surface
•Protect the casing
•Safeguard the well

Also need to maximise productivity while

minimising life cycle cost.
Hòan thiện giếng

63
WELL CONSTRUCTION - Connecting the well to the reservoir, PERFORATING.

Perforating
Gun
Perforations are made by firing
shaped charges downhole
through the casing & cement into
the formation, using a Perforating
Gun.

Cement
Casing
Formation
Shaped
Charge
Bắn vỉa gọi dòng,
64
WELL CONSTRUCTION - Connecting the well to the reservoir, PERFORATING.

Derrick

Logging Truck

Electric
Wireline Tubing

Electric Tubing
Wireline Packer Conveyed
Conveyed Perforating
Perforating (TCP)
Guns Guns

Cac phương pháp bắn vỉa

65
Completed Well

Hòan thiện giếng

66
WELL CONSTRUCTION - The Christmas Tree

Các lọai cây thông khai thác

67
 Buntal generic well design
Total reach +- 3000m
20” Conductor

9.5/8” BB Tubing
13.3/8” Casing

+- 1000m Horizontal section O/H

9.5/8” Liner

TVD = +- 2250 m
7” Pre-drilled liner
Thiết kế giếng đặ trưng cho giếng khí
68
 Well Engineering Interface - Key Learning Points

1. Key drilling data must be established early and incorporated in the

design.
2. Rig to be used and well procedure will have impact on facilities
layout/design.
3. Permanent rig may have major impact on utilities and accommodation
capacity.
4. Drilling philosophy must be incorporated in Operations Reference Plan
e.g. concurrent operations.
5. Project Design requires early involvement from Drilling Operations,
must involve experienced "rig/operations" personnel

Việc kết hơp việc khoan giếng với các bộ phận khác vô cùng quan trọng

69
Properly Engineered Interfacing

Liên quan đến công trình xây láp

70
 Improperly Engineered Interfacing
Abu Dhabi April ‘00

Sự cố liên quan đến sự kết hợp giữa Khoan giếng và giàn khai thác
71
 Interface issues
z Air Gaps of Platforms
„ need sufficient space between platform & jack-up rig
z Cantilever Reach
„ ability to reach all slots, i.e. load limit vs. reach
z Heavy Lifts
„ over flowlines or over pig launchers
z Drilling Rig Move In/Out
„ shutting in wells
„ bleeding down flowlines

72
 Interface issues
z Jack up Footprints
„ must match or completely unmatch first rig (if not, rig
insurers may deny insurance for location)
z Instrumentation
„ alarm wiring / shut down systems for jack up
z No Two Critical Operations at One Time
„ if well kicks while drilling - production must be shut in
„ if drill string stuck with objective formation exposed -
production must be shut in
„ moving in of rig to platform with respect to time to
bleed down feeder flow lines

73
 Interface issues
z Mini Satellite Platforms
„ water deluge systems
„ deck accessibility
z Flare Stack Proximity to Drilling Derrick
„ structural integrity safety
„ personnel safety
„ published data must be researched and checked

74
Other Interface issues
z Logistics
z Accomodation

75
 Multilateral Wells

• Dual lateral producer

• Triple lateral injector with 8300m
horizontal section.
SAIH RAWL FIELD, P.D.O.

Khoan giếng nhiều nhánh

76
“Horizontal Well”

Khoan giếng ngang

77
Extended Reach Drilling

Khoan giếng có tầm với lớn

78
 Extended Reach Drilling
Horizontal Departure (m)
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0

500

1000
True Vertical Depth (m bRT)

1500 BP
Wytchfarm

2000
non-Shell
Expro Auk
Shell
2500
Woodside Goodwin Dep/TVD=2
Dep/TVD=5
3000

3500

4000

4500 NAM Lauwersoog

5000

79
 Up-Hill Drilling
Original Combined Well Concept Optimised Combined well Concept

Khoan như thế nào tối ưu hơn

80
 Phát triển mỏ cần có nhiều giếng khoan xiên ngang như thế này
G Wellpath: (Well C1/1) LEGEND
Prospect D69 & F10 (1)
Prospect E10/E15 (1)
M T Azimuths to Grid North Created By: Christel Kardolus Date: 10/5/2004 Prospect F20 (1)
True North: 0.00° Field: HD Single Platform version 1.1 Well C2 (1)
Well D1 (1)
Magnetic North: -5.87° Site: Wellhead Jacket I Checked: ____________________ Date: __________ Well D2 (1)
Concept 1.2 Well D3 (1)
Conventional casing design with 6"OH to TD Reviewed: ____________________ Date: __________ Well D4 (1)
Magnetic Field Well E1.1 (1)
Strength: 31732nT Well E1.2 (1)
Dip Angle: -28.36° Approved: ____________________ Date: __________ Well E15.1 (1)
Well F2.1 (1)
Date: 9/17/2004 Well F2.2 and A_E3 (1)
Model: bggm2003 Well F2.3 (1)
Well F3.1 (1)
Well F3.2 (1)
1

D3*

D3 10580 10580
-10580 -5290 0 5290 10580

F3.2
F2.3
F2.3*
F3.2*hd_f2g_pilot D4*
hd_f3g_pilot P_F10
P_D69 5290 5290
D4
D1*
P_F20
E1.2*
D1 D2
E1.2 C2 P_E10
hd_f2c_pilot A_E3 P_E15
F2.1*
D2*

South(-)/North(+) [ft]
F2.1 hd_f3f_pilot
E1.1 F3.1
hd_f2f_pilot 0 0
F3.1* F2.2
E1.1*
E15.1
F2.2*
E15.1* C1

-5290 -5290

West(-)/East(+) [ft]
81
-10580 -10580
-10580 -5290 0 5290 10580