Contents

 What is emulsion

 Structure and properties of

emulsion

 Instability in emulsions

 Colloids

 Emulsions as a type of colloid

 Emulsions in everyday life

 Examples of colloids in
everyday life

 Examples of colloids in
everyday life
 Emulsifier
 Theory
 Procedure
 Observations

 Conclusion.

Introduction
An emulsion is a mixture of 2 or more liquids that are
normally immiscible (unblendable). Emulsions are
part of a more general class of two-phase systems of
matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and
emulsion are sometimes used interchangeable,
emulsion is used when both the dispersed and the
continuous phase are liquid. In an emulsion, one
liquid (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other
(the continuous phase).

Structure and properties of emulsion :-

 Emulsions are liquid that do not exhibit a static
internal structure; the droplets dispersed in the liquid
matrix are assumed to be statically distributed.

Emulsion contain both a dispersed and a continuous

phase the boundary between these phases is called
the interface.

Instability in emulsions :-
There are 3 types of instability in emulsion;
1 Flocculation
2 Creaming
3 Coalescence
1) Flocculation :- It describes the process by which the
dispersed phase comes out of suspension in flakes.
2)Coalescence:- It is another form of instability,
when small droplets bump in to each other and
combine to form progressively larger droplets.
3) Creaming :- The migration of one of the
substances to the top (or the bottom, depending on
 the relative densities of the two phase) of the
emulsion under the influence of buoyancy or under
centripetal force when a centrifuge is used.
Colloids:- A colloid is a type of mixture intermediate
between a homogeneous mixture also called a solution
and a heterogeneous mixture with properties also
intermediate between the two.
The particles in a colloid can be solid, liquid or bubbles
of gas. The medium in which they are suspended in can
be a solid liquid or gas. Colloid partials undergo
Brownian motion. They resist setting rapidly to the
bottom of a vessel due to Brownian motion.

Emulsions as a type of colloid :-

Emulsions are an example of colloids composed of tiny
particles suspended in another immiscible material. An
emulsion is suspension of two liquids that usually do
not misc together. These liquids that do not mix are said
to be immiscible. An example would be oil and water. If
we mix oil and water and shake them a cloudy
suspension is formed. Let the mixture rest and the oil
and water will separate.
 An emulsifying agent (emulsifier) is any substance that
keeps the parts of an emulsion mixed together. For
example if we mix oil and water a suspension will form
that over time separates. But now, if we add a few
drops and shake the mixture the oil and water will stay
mixed much longer.

Emulsions in everyday life:-

1) Butter
2) Margarine
3) Mayonnaise
4) Milk
5) Hand Cream

Examples of colloids in everyday life :-

1) Fog
2) Mist
3) Smoke
4) Dust
 5) Whipped Cream
6) Milk
7) Paint
8) Blood
9) Milk of Magnesia
10) Pigmented ink.

Emulsifier:-
An Emulsifier (also known as emulgent) is a substance by
increasing its kinetic stability. One class of emulsifiers is
known as surface active substances or surfactants.
Examples of food emulsifiers are egg yolk, honey and
mustard.
Detergents are another class of surfactant and will
physically interact with both oil and water, thus
stabilizing the interface between oil and water droplets in
suspension. This principle is exploited in soap to remove
grease for the purpose of cleaning. Many different
emulsifiers are used in pharmacy to prepare emulsions such
as creams and lotions. Common examples include
emulsifying wax cetearyl alcohol, polysorbate 20 and
ceteareth 20.
Theory :-
Different emulsifying agents have different capacities for
emulsifying a given oil. An emulsifying agent lowers the
interfacial tension between water and oil and gets
concentrated at the surface between two liquids. Due to
the reduced interfacial tension, the tiny droplets of oil do
not coalesce and thus the emulsions become stable. Since
different emulsifying agents have different tendencies to
lower the interfacial tensions, they have different
capacities for emulsifying a given oil.

Materials to be used :-
Five stoppered bottles, measuring cylinder, stop watch or
simple watch, 5ml pipettes, sodium oleate solution, soap
solution, detergent solution, gelatin, gum acacia.
Procedure :-
1. Take five stoppered bottles and wash them with water.
2. Label these bottles as A,B,C,D and E respectively.
3. Take 5 ml of castor oil in each of five A,B,C,D and E.
4. Add 50 ml of distilled water to each bottle.
5. Add 5 drops of sodium oleate solution to bottle A,
shake it vigorously for 1 minute and allow it to stand.
6. Note the time taken for the two layers to separate out.
7. Similarly take tubes B,C,D and E and add 5 drops of
soap solution detergent solution, gelatin solution and
gum acacia solution respectively to them. Shake
vigorously for one minute and observe the time taken
for the two layers to separate out in each case.

Observations :-
Volume of castor oil taken in each tube = 5 ml
Volume of distilled water added = 5 ml
Tube Emulsifier added Volume of Time taken for
Emulsifier the separation
of two layers
A. 1% sodium oleate 5 drops
solution
B. 1% soap solution 5 drops
C. 1% detergent solution 5 drops

D. 1% gelatin 5 drops
E. 1% gum acacia 5 drops

Result :- It is clear from the above observation that

…............... when added causes the emulsion to take the
longest time to break and is rated 1 while …………..
when added causes the emulsion to take the minimum
time to break and is rated 5. The effectiveness of the
given emulsifying agent is in the following order:-

Conclusion :-
Different emulsifying agents has different strengths.
Depending on their strengths, they can stabilize an
emulsion for minimum as well as maximum time.
Emulsions are of great use in our daily life i.e. oil in
water emulsion and water in oil emulsions.
Bibliography :-
Comprehensive Practical Chemistry of Class 12th

Internet