PERGAMON Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947

An advanced GAX cycle for waste heat recovery: WGAX

cycle
Y.T. Kang *, A. Akisawa, T. Kashiwagi
Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 24-16, Nakamachi,
2-Chome, Koganei, Tokyo 184, Japan
Received 26 January 1998; accepted 1 September 1998

Abstract

The objectives of this paper are to develop an advanced generator absorber heat exchanger cycle
(WGAX) to reduce the generator exit temperature as low as possible using waste heat sources, and to
compare it with the standard GAX cycle (SGAX). This paper performed parametric analysis to study
the e€ects of the waste heat source temperature (Tw) and the outlet temperature of a gas ®red desorber
(GFD), Tg, on the cycle performance. Three di€erent WGAX cycles (type A, type B and type C) were
compared from the viewpoint of performance improvement. It was found that the e€ect of the waste
heat source temperature (Tw) on coecient of performance (COP)s was negligible for a given GFD
outlet temperature in the WGAX cycles. The GFD outlet temperature could be reduced down to 1728C
with a higher COPb of WGAX cycle than the COP of the SGAX cycle. Therefore, the corrosion
problem in the SGAX cycle at a higher Tg than 2008C will be solved by adopting the WGAX cycles
with a comparable COP. Type A had a merit from the viewpoint of the GAX e€ect while Type B had a
merit from the viewpoint of exergy loss e€ect. In the WGAX cycles developed in this study, the GAX
e€ect was dominant for a lower temperature than 1818C while the e€ect of exergy loss was dominant
for a higher temperature than 1818C. It is found that the solution heated desorber should be placed
below the GAXD to improve the cycle performance in the WGAX cycles. It is strongly recommended
that there be a subcooling e€ect in the weak solution for cycle performance enhancement in the WGAX
systems. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nomenclature

AHE absorber heat exchange

COP coecient of performance

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 00 81 423 88 7282; Fax: 00 81 423 88 7076; e-mail: ytkang@cc.tuat.ac.jp.

1359-4311/99/$ - see front matter # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 1 3 5 9 - 4 3 1 1 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 9 9 - 4
934 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947

DHE desorber heat exchange

Q heat transfer rate (W)
T temperature (K)
UA overall conductance (W/K)

Subscripts
a strong solution in absorber
E evaporator
g weak solution in generator
GFD gas ®red desorber
w waste heat
WHX waste heat exchanger

1. Introduction

In 1992, the Montreal protocol banned the use of chloro¯uorocarbon (CFC) from 1997 and
hydrochloro¯uorocarbon (HCFC) from 2020. In December of 1997, the Kyoto protocol
suggested banning the use of hydro¯uorocarbon (HFC) to mitigate the global warming
problem. It was agreed that the CO2 emission should be reduced down to 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0%
from the amount of 1990 in Japan, The United States and the European Union, respectively.
Thermally activated advanced absorption cycles are considered promising candidates to replace
CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs for various ranges of capacities such as residential and light
commercial applications (NH3±H2O systems), and of large commercial cooling applications
(LiBr±H2O systems). Gas ®red absorption systems give the following bene®ts to human beings
and environments. First, they o€er an attractive economic payback by theri high thermal
eciency. Second, a signi®cant reduction of peak electric demand can be realized by the
utilization of natural gases. Third, the global warming problem can be mitigated by reducing
CO2 emissions. CO2 emission, from the gas ®red absorption systems can be reduced by as
much as 85% of the typical electric driven chiller with a steam boiler [1]. In addition, the use
of environmentally benign refrigerants such as H2O and NH3 eliminates the ozone-depleting
CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs. The use of binary mixtures as a working ¯uid has been strongly
recommended to improve the system performance not only in absorption cycles but also in
combined cycles of Rakine and absorption cycles. The internal heat exchange due to the
temperature glide of a binary mixture provides the fundamental basis for the absorption cycle
such as generator absorber heat exchange (GAX) cycle [2] and the combined cycle such as the
Kalina cycle [3]. Recently, the GAX cycle is adopted in many applications such as refrigeration
and ¯oor heating. It can be combined with a vapor compression process to obtain a higher
COP and to obtain a lower refrigerant temperature (GAX hybrid cycle). The GAX cycle is
also considered for ¯oor heating applications to obtain a hot water of over 608C (GAX
panel) [4].
 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947 935

The GAX cycle essentially appears to be a single stage con®guration. However, it provides a
higher COP than any other single e€ect cycle due to the temperature overlap between the
generator and the absorber. Fig. 1 shows the fundamental concept of the GAX cycle±
temperature overlap. The dotted lines represent the single stage cycle of the low pressure side
while the solid lines represent the GAX cycle. As the absorber pressure increases, the
corresponding absorber temperature increases in the ammonia±water absorption cycles. The
temperature ranges partially overlap between absorber and generator as the generator exit
temperature increases. The ``overlapped'' heat is transferred from the absorber to the generator
within the cycle leading to a higher COP. This overlapped heat is an attractive characteristic of
the GAX cycle using NH3±H2O, which can not be realized in LiBr±H2O absorption systems.
However, as the generator exit temperature increases over 2008C, corrosion problems may
occur by the chemical reaction of ammonia if the tube wall is exposed to ammonia vapor for a
long time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an advanced GAX cycle to reduce the
generator exit temperature as low as possible with comparable cycle performances to the
standard GAX cycle. This paper will develop the advanced GAX cycle by using waste heat
sources.
In summary, the objectives of this paper are to develop an advanced GAX cycle (WGAX) to
reduce the generator exit temperature as low as possible using waste heat sources, and to
compare it with the standard GAX cycle (SGAX). This paper investigates the e€ects of the
waste heat source temperature and the generator exit temperature on the coecient of
performance (COP) of the WGAX cycle.

2. System description

Fig. 2(a) shows the standard GAX cycle using the ammonia±water solution pair. The SGAX
cycle consists of the following componentsÐhydronic cooled absorber (HCA), solution cooled

Fig. 1. Fundamental concept of the GAX cycle±temperature overlap.

936 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947

Fig. 2. (a) System diagram of the standard GAX cycle using ammonia±water solution pair. (b) Duhring diamgram
of the SGAX cycle.

absorber (SCA), GAX absorber (GAXA), gas ®red desorber (GFD, Generator), solution
heated desorber (SHD), GAX desorber (GAXD), recti®er, condenser, evaporator, precooler
and air coils. In Fig. 2(a), solid and dashed lines represent liquid and vapor ¯ows, respectively.
Typical GAX cycles have been described in detail in the literature [5±9]. The system description
will be brie¯y restated here. Starting from desorber columns, concentrated ammonia (strong)
solution enters the GAXD from the mixer while dilute (weak) solution exits at the bottom of
the GFD. The term ``strong solution'' represents a solution that is strong with refrigerant
 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947 937

(NH3) while ``weak solution'' represents a solution that is weak with refrigerant. The weak
solution is hot enough to desorb ammonia in the SHD, so that the weak solution is cooled in
the annulus side of the SHD. The weak solution leaving the SHD enters the top of the GAXA.
The vapor from the GFD is combined with the vapor from SHD and GAXD, exits at the top
of the GAXD, and enters the recti®er. The puri®ed vapor from the recti®er is then sent to the
condenser while the re¯ux (condensate) from the recti®er ¯ows into the GAXD. The liquid
from the condenser is passed through one side of the precooler. The pressure of the subcooled
liquid from the precooler is then reduced through a throttling valve. The liquid is evaporated
at the low pressure of the evaporator. After passing through the other side of the precooler,
the vapor from the evaporator is sent back to the bottom of the HCA, where the vapor ¯ows
counter-current to the liquid. All the vapor is absorbed through HCA, SCA and GAXA. The
weak solution at the top of the GAXA absorbs ammonia vapor, and exits the HCA as a
strong solution. The strong solution ¯ows into a pump, enters the SCA, and is sent back to the
top of the GAXD. An external hydronic circuit transfers heat between GAXA and GAXD.
The internal heat exchange is also shown on the Duhring diagram in Fig. 2(b).
Fig. 3 shows a WGAX cycle (type A) and the corresponding Duhring diagram. The waste
heat source was utilized to obtain a lower generator exit temperature than that of SGAX cycle.
The type A of the WGAX cycle is the same as the SGAX cycle except for the con®guration of
the desorber column. In type A, the SHD of the SGAX cycle is replaced by a waste heat
exchanger (WHX), and the weak solution from the GFD ¯ows directly into the top of the
GAXA without any heat exchange in the SHD. Fig. 4 shows a WGAX cycle (type B) and the
corresponding Duhring diagram. In type B, an extra heat exchanger (waste heat exchanger) is
added to the SGAX cycle. Practically, type B can be realized easily by applying the waste heat

Fig. 3. System and Duhring diagrams of the WGAX cycle: type A.

938 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947

Fig. 4. System and Duhring diagrams of the WGAX cycle: type B.

Fig. 5. System and Duhring diagrams of the WGAX cycle: type c.

 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947 939

to the top of the GFD of the SGAX machine. Fig. 5 shows a WGAX cycle (type C) and the
corresponding Duhring diagram. In Type C, the SHD is placed between the recti®er and the
GAXD to transfer the extra heat of the weak solution to the desorber column so that the
system performance can be improved and the ¯ashing phenomenon can be avoided at the top
of the GAXA. The SHD may be placed either between the recti®er and the mixer or between
the mixer and the GAXD.

3. Modeling approach

ABSIM-OSU was used to model the SGAX and WGAX cycles introduced in the present
paper. ABSIM-OSU is based on ABSIM developed by Grossman et al. [10]. ABSIM
(absorption simulation) is a steady state, modular type program for simulation of absorption
systems. This modular type code is based on unit subroutines containing governing equations
and property subroutines containing thermodynamic properties of the working ¯uids.
McGahey and Christensen [9] described several enhancements in ABSIM-OSU over ABSIM in
detail, which include the addition of a burner module, more primary and secondary ¯uid
routines, aircoil units etc. In modeling the GAX cycles using ABSIM-OSU, it is required to
specify initial inputs for UAs of each component and thermal conditions for all state points.
All the initial inputs are recalculated by checking species, mass, energy and heat transfer
balances for each component. Therefore, a judicious choice of the initial inputs is required to
obtain a converged set of thermal conditions. After getting the converged thermal conditions of
the GAX cycles, parametric analysis was performed to investigate the e€ects of the waste heat
source temperature and the generator exit temperature on the COP cycle. The GAX cycles
modeled in this paper are 10 RT capacity. Input data, burner data and base line UAs of each
component are summarized in Tables 1±3, respectively. In Table 2, the excess air ratio was
selected as 13.0 and 20.05% for SGAX and WGAX cycles, respectively, to put the same total
heat input into the systems (QWHX and QGFD). In Table 3, the base line UA values for SHD,
GFD and WHX were selected to obtain a maximum cycle performance for given thermal
conditions and the base line UA values of other components. The UA values for SHD, GFD
and WHX were increased until a maximum heat transfer rate was obtained for given thermal
conditions.

Table 1
Input data to the systems

State point Temperature (8C) Mass ¯ow rate (kg/s) Relative humidity (%)

23 ± 2.335 ±
24 26.7 2.437 51.1
29 ± 3.080 ±
35 ± 0.300 ±
36 35.0 10.360 0.0
940 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947

Table 2
Summary of burner data

Composition of combustion gas Methane 94 vol%

Ethane 3.5 vol%
Propane 0.3 vol%
Butane 0.2 vol%
Carbon dioxide 1.0 vol%
Nitrogen 1.0 vol%
Excess air ratio SGAX : 13.0%, WGAX : 20.05%
Supplied air temperature 35.08C
Total mass ¯ow rate of ¯ue gas 0.016 kg/s

4. Results of performance analysis

Fig. 6 shows the e€ect of the waste heat source temperature (Tw) on the COPs of the
WGAX cycles. During the parametric analysis, the input data were kept constant as shown in
Tables 1 and 2, and the GFD outlet temperature (Tg) was ®xed at 1838C. In Fig. 6, the COPa
and COPb are de®ned as follows :

QE
COPa ˆ …1†
QGFD

Table 3
Base line UA values for each component

Unit type Base line UA (kW/K)

Condenser 8.478
Evaporator 9.420
Precooler 0.628
Indoor Aircoil 6.783
Outdoor Aircoil 11.520
HCA 1.476
SCA 1.884
GAXA 2.010
Recti®er 0.147
SHD Type B : 0.521
Type C : 0.094
GAXD 1.884
GFD Type A : 0.057
Type B: 0.048
Type C : 0.057
WHX Type A : 0.521
Type B: 0.333
Type C : 0.521
 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947 941

Fig. 6. The e€ect of the waste heat source temperature on the COPs.

and
QE
COPb ˆ : …2†
QGFD ‡ QWHX
As expected, the COPa was always higher than the COPb for type A, type B and type C cycles.
The e€ect of the waste heat source temperature on the COPs was negligible for a given GFD
outlet temperature of 1838C in type A, type B and type C. This is because the system
performance in GAX cycles is mainly dependent upon the internal temperature overlap in the
GAX part and the maximum solution temperature in the GFD part rather than the external
temperature ranges. COPa was almost the same for both type A and type B cycles while COPb
was higher in type B than in type A. The COPa and COPb in type C were always lower than
those in type A and type B. The trends of the COP variations are mainly dependent upon Tg
rather than Tw, which is explained in the next paragraph with Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 shows the e€ect of the GFD outlet temperature on the COPs in the SGAX and the
WGAX cycles at a given Tw of 1998C. The COP of SGAX cycle increased linearly with
increasing Tg. The WGAX cycles, however, had di€erent trends in the COP pro®les from the
SGAX cycle. In type A of the WGAX cycle, the COPa gradually increased with Tg while the
COPb decreased. In type B, the COPa increased with Tg somewhat faster than in yype A while
the COPb gradually decreased until a Tg of about 1778C. After a Tg of 1778C in type B, the
trends of the COP pro®les changed signi®cantly. The COPa increased the much faster than
before, and the COPb increased with increasing Tg. The sudden change in COP pro®les in type
B is caused from the subcooling e€ect of the weak solution (state point 9), which is explained
942 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947

Fig. 7. The e€ect of the GFD outlet temperature on the COPs.

with Duhring plots in the following section. In type C, the COPa increased linearly for the
whole range of Tg while the COPb increased linearly with increasing Tg until a Tg of 1828C,
thereafter it was kept constant. It was found that the COPa of the the WGAX cycles was
always higher than the COP of the SGAX cycle. The COPb of the WGAX cycles were higher
than the COP of the SGAX for a lower Tg than 1778C in type A and 1738C in type B. The
COPb in type C was always lower than that in the SGAX. The GFD outlet temperature could
be reduced down to 1728C with a higher COPb than the COP of the SGAX cycle. This implies
that the corrosion problem, which may occur in the SGAX cycle at higher Tg than 2008C, can
be solved by adopting the WGAX cycles with a comparable COP.
As for the comparison of types A, B and C, a higher COP was obtained from type A rather
than from type B for a lower Tg than 1818C. The COPs in type C were always lower than
those in type A and type B. This could be explained by the concept of exergy loss and the
GAX e€ect. In type A, the weak solution is in equilibrium state, and ¯ows into the top of the
GAXA directly with a high temperature. Therefore, the GAX e€ect can be easily realized by a
wide temperature overlap between GAXA and GAXD. However, as the weak solution
temperature increases, there would be a high entropy production by the liquid ¯ashing
phenomenon which results in the exergy loss at the top of the GAXA. In type B, the exergy
loss could be reduced by the heat exchange in the SHD. The weak solution ¯ows into the top
of the GAXA in a subcooled state. As a result, type A has a merit from the viewpoint of the
GAX e€ect while type B has a merit from the viewpoint of exergy loss. In the current cycle
modeling, the GAX e€ect was dominant for a lower temperature than 1818C while the e€ect of
exergy loss was dominant for a higher temperature than 1818C. In type C, the weak solution
also ¯ows into the GAXA in a subcooled state. The exergy loss at the top of the GAXA could
 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947 943

be reduced by the heat exchange in the SHD. However, the temperature at state point 10
increased by adding the SHD over the GAXD so that the amount of internal heat exchange
between the absorber and the desorber columns decreased. In type B, the temperature at state
point 7 increased by adding the SHD below the GAXD so that the GAX e€ect increased. This
was why the COP in type B was always higher than that in type C. Therefore, it is
recommended that the SHD be placed below the GAXD to improve the cycle performance in
the WGAX cycles.
Fig. 8 shows the pro®les of QGAX/QE as a function of Tg in the SGAX and the WGAX
cycles. QGAX/QE increased linearly with the Tg in the SGAX cycle, and was not much a€ected
by the variation of Tg in type A of the WGAX cycle. In type B of the WGAX cycle, QGAX/QE
increased gradually until a Tg of 1778C, thereafter it increased rapidly with an increasing Tg.
The sudden change of the QGAX/QE pro®le in type B is due to the subcooling e€ect of the
weak solution. In type C, QGAX/QE increased until a Tg of 1778C, thereafter it kept almost
constant with increasing an Tg. Fig. 9 shows the pro®les of QWHX/QE as a function of Tg in
the WGAX cycles. In type A, QWHX/QE increased linearly with increasing Tg because T2 was
a€ected directly by Tg while T7 was indirectly through the QGAX as shown in the Duhring
diagram of Fig. 3. As Tg increased, T2 increased faster than T7 so that QWHX continuously
increased in type A. In type B, QWHX/QE increased linearly until a Tg of 1778C, thereafter it
decreased with increasing Tg. This was because T38 increased faster than T2 by the QGAX e€ect
as shown in Fig. 8 in which the increasing rate of QGAX became faster after a Tg of 1778C. In
type C, QWHX/QE decreased until a Tg of 1828C, thereafter, it increased with increasing Tg
depending on the e€ects of Tg and QGAX. From comparisons of the pro®les of the COP,

Fig. 8. The pro®les of QGAX/QE as a function of the GFD outlet temperature.

944 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947

Fig. 9. The pro®les of QWHX/QE as a function of the GFD outlet temperature.

QGAX/QE and QWHX/QE in Figs. 7±9 it was concluded that COPa strongly depended on the
variation of QGAX while it was not much a€ected by the variation of QWHX. However, the
COPb evenly depended on the variations of both QGAX and QWHX.
Fig. 10(a)±(c) show the Duhring plots for type A, type B and type C of the WGAX,
respectively. The Duhring plots were drawn at the weak solution temperatures of 171, 176 and
1828C for type A and type B, and of 177, 182 and 1918C for Type C because sudden changes
in the COP pro®les were observed for the temperature ranges. In the Duhring plots, locations
of the liquid and the vapor states are based on (T, x) and (P, x), respectively. The triangular
shape represents the waste heat exchanger for the WGAX cycle. As Tg increased in type A
[Fig. 10(a)], the temperature ranges during the absorption process (T26±T33) increased while the
corresponding absorber pressure decreased. Therefore, the temperature overlap between the
GAXA and GAXD was nearly same with increasing Tg. This was also shown in Fig. 7. In type
B [Fig. 10(b)], the gradient of line 7±33 became steeper, which means that the temperature
overlap increased with increasing Tg. A special consideration is required at a Tg of 1828C. The
state point 9 (T9) was lower than state point 33 (T33). This was named the subcooling e€ect
which resulted from heat exchange in the SHD. The actual internal heat exchange occurred
between state points 7 and 33. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that there be a
subcooling e€ect to improve the COP cycle in the WGAX systems. In type C [Fig. 10(c)], the
same phenomenon was observed as in type A. As Tg increased, the temperature ranges during
the absorption process (T26±T33) increased and the corresponding absorber pressure decreased.
Therefore, the temperature overlap between the GAXA and GAXD was nearly the same with
increasing Tg. Type C has the subcooling e€ect in the absorber side as shown in Fig. 10(c). The
values of QGAX/QE in case B were small compared with those in type A and type C as shown
 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947 945

Fig. 10. (a) Duhring plots for type A of the WGAX cycle. (b) Duhring plots for type B of the WGAX cycle. (c)
Duhring plots for type C of the WGAX cycle.
946 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947

Fig. 10(c) continued.

in Fig. 8. However, the reduction in QGAX was recovered by a large QSHD in type B as shown
in Fig. 10(c).

5. Conclusions

This paper developed an advanced GAX cycle for utilization of waste heat, and performed
parametric analysis to study the e€ects of the waste heat source temperature (Tw) and the
GFD outlet temperature (Tg) on the cycle performance. Three di€erent WGAX cycles, type A
and type B were introduced, and compared. The following conclusions were drawn from the
present paper.

1. It was found that the e€ect of the waste heat source temperature (Tw) on COPs was
negligible for a given GFD outlet temperature.
2. COPa of the WGAX cycles is always higher than the COP of the SGAX cycle. The GFD
outlet temperature could be reduced down to 1728C with a higher COPb of the WGAX
cycle than the COP of the SGAX cycle. Therefore, the corrosion problem in the SGAX
cycle at a higher Tg than 2008C will be solved by adopting the WGAX cycles with a
comparable COP.
3. Type A had a merit from the viewpoint of the GAX e€ect while type B had a merit from
the viewpoint of the e€ect of exergy loss. In the current cycle modeling, the GAX e€ect was
 Y.T. Kang et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 933±947 947

dominant for a lower temperature than 1818C while the exergy e€ect was dominant for a
temperature higher than 1818C.
4. From the comparison of type B and type C, it was concluded that the SHD should be
placed below the GAXD to improve the cycle performance in the WGAX cycles.
5. It was concluded that the COPa strongly depends on the variation of QGAX while it is not
much a€ected by the variation of QWHX. However, the COPb evenly depends on the
variations of both QGAX and QWHX.
6. The subcooling of the weak solution results in a higher GAX e€ect, and the reduction of
exergy loss in the GAXA. It is therefore recommended that there should be a subcooling
e€ect to improve the COP cycle in the WGAX systems.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ms Y. Sambe, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, for her
assistance during the cycle modeling work, and Dr Y. Kunugi for his suggestion during
academic discussion.

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