2/11/2015

Ellipse

Unit 1.3
An ellipse is the set of all points on the plane,
Ellipse the sum of whose distances from two fixed
point is a constant.

1 2

6
P  x, y  F1  c,0  F2  c,0 
y
5
PF1  PF2  2a
P  x, y 
4

 x  c  y2   x  c  y 2  2a
2 2
3

 x  c  y 2  2a   x  c  y2
2 2
1

F2  c,0  F1  c,0   x  c  y 2  4a 2  4a  x  c  y2   x  c  y2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 2 2
-1
x

 x  c  y 2  4a 2   x  c    x  c 
-2
2 2 2
-3
4a
-4
PF1  PF2  2a 4a  x  c
2
 y 2  4a 2  4 xc
-5

 x  c  y 2  a 2  xc
-6 2
3 a 4

 x  c  y 2  a 2  xc
2
a

a2  x  c  2

 y 2  a 4  2a 2 xc  x 2c 2
x2  a2  c2 
a 2  x 2  2 xc  c 2  y 2   a 4  2a 2 xc  x 2c 2  y2  a2  c2
a2
a 2 x 2  2a 2 xc  a 2c 2  a 2 y 2  a 4  2a 2 xc  x 2c 2
x2 y2
a x a c a y a x c
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2  1
a2 a2  c2
a 2 x 2  x 2c 2  a 2 y 2  a 4  a 2c 2 x2 y 2
  1 where b 2  a 2  c 2
x2  a2  c2   a2 y 2  a2  a2  c2  a 2 b2
x2  a2  c2 
 y2  a2  c2
a2 5 6

1
 2/11/2015

x2 y 2
 1 y
6

a 2 b2 5

x  intercepts:  a,0  ,  a,0  4

 0,b 
3
2
x
If y  0, 1 2

a2
x2  a2
 a,0  1
 a,0 
F2  c,0  F1  c,0  x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6

x  a -1

y  intercepts:  0, b  ,  0, b 
-2

 0, b 
-3

y2 -4
If x  0, 1
b2 -5

y  b 7
-6
8

6 6
y y
5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

 a,0  1
 a,0   a,0  1
 a,0 
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x x
-1
Principal Axis -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4
 a,0  and  a,0 
-5 -5

-6 -6
are the vertices
9 10

Major Axis 6
y
5

The line segment joining the vertices is called

 a,0  1
 a,0 
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
the major axis of the ellipse. -1
major axis
-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
11 12

2
 2/11/2015

Minor Axis 6
y
5

3
 b,0 
2

The line segment joining  0, b  and  0, b 

minor axis
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
x
is the minor axis of the ellipse.
-2

 b,0 
-3

-4

-5

-6
13 14

Center 6
y
5

3
 b,0 
2

The intersection of the major and minor

 a,0  center1  a,0 
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
axes is the center of the ellipse. -1

-2

 b,0 
-3

-4

-5

-6
15 16

x2 y 2 x2 y 2
Equation:   1, b2  a 2  c2 Equation:   1, b2  a 2  c2
a 2 b2 b2 a 2
Graph: Ellipse Graph: Ellipse
i. center:  0,0  i. center:  0,0 
ii. principal axis: y  0  horizontal  ii. principal axis: x  0  vertical 
iii. foci:  c,0  ,  c,0  iii. foci:  0, c  ,  0, c 
iv. vertices:  a,0  ,  a,0  iv. vertices:  0, a  ,  0, a 
v. end points of the minor axis: v. end points of the minor axis:
 0, b  ,  0, b   b,0  ,  b,0 
17 18

3
 2/11/2015

Standard Equation
where
An ellipse with center at  h, k  has standard
a is the distance from the center to a vertex
equation b is the distance from the center to an endpoint
of the minor axis
 x  h y  k
2 2
c is the distance from the center to a focus
 1 if PA is horizontal
a2 b2 c
is the eccentricity of the ellipse
a
a2
y  k  x  h
2 2
is the distance from the center to the directrices
 1 if PA is vertical c
a2 b2
19 20

Example
x2 y 2
For the following items, identify the 1.  1
16 25
i. center
 x  0  y  0
2 2

ii. principal axis  1

42 52
iii. vertices
a5 b4 h0 k 0
iv. endpoints of the minor axis
b  a c
2 2 2

v. foci
c2  a 2  b2
vi. directrices
vii. eccentricity c 2  25  16  9
then sketch the graph of the ellipse. c3
21 22

 x  0  y  0
2 2

 1
42 52
 x  0  y  0
2 2

a5 b4 h0 k 0 c3  1

42 52
i. center:  0,0 
a5 b4 h0 k 0 c3
ii. principal axis: x  0 25 25
iii. vertices:  0,5  ,  0, 5  vi. directrices: y  , y  
3 3
iv. endpoints of the minor axis: 3
vii. eccentricity:
 4,0  ,  4,0  5
v. foci:  0,3 ,  0, 3 
23 24

4
 2/11/2015

9
y
8
25
y  x  3  y  4
2 2
7

6
 0,5
3 2.  1
5 25 9
 0,3
4
 x  3
2
 y  4
2

 1
3

52 32
2

 4,0  1
 0,0   4,0 
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a5 b3 h3 k 4
-1 x
-2 b  a c
2 2 2

 0, 3 c2  a 2  b2
-3

-4

 0, 5 c 2  25  9  16
-5

-6
25
-7 y c4
-8
3
25 26
-9

 x  3  y  4
2 2

 1  x  3  y  4
2 2

52 32  1
a5 b3 h3 k 4 c4 52 32
a5 b3 h3 k 4 c4
i. center:  3, 4 
25 25
ii. principal axis: y  4 vi. directrices: x  3  , x 3
4 4
iii. vertices:  8, 4  ,  2, 4  37 13
x x
iv. endpoints of the minor axis: 4 4
 3,7  ,  3,1 vii. eccentricity:
4
v. foci:  7, 4  ,  1, 4  5
27 28

Example
9
y
Find an equation of an ellipse having the given
 3,7 
8

7
properties.
6 1. with center at 1, 1 , principal axis parallel to the x-axis and

 1, 4   3, 4   7, 4  the lengths of the major and minor axes are 8 and 4, respectively.
5

4
 2, 4  8, 4 
2. with vertices at V1  2, 3 and V2  2,5  and foci at F1  2, 2 
3

and F2  2, 4  .
2
13 37
x 1 x
4  3,1 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1 x
29 30

5
 2/11/2015

End of Slides

31