*The average heart easily pumps over 5 liters of blood throughout the body every minute.

* Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

1.) Explain how the circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and other molecules to the
different parts of the body.
The human circulatory system has a complex network of blood vessels that reach all parts of
the body. This extensive network supplies the cells, tissues, and organs with oxygen and
nutrients, and removes carbon dioxide and waste compounds.
Nutrients are transported throughout your body through your blood via capillaries, tiny blood
vessels that connect arteries to veins. Nutrients, oxygen and wastes all pass in and out of your
blood through the capillary walls.
Transports materials from the digestive and the respiratory systems to the cells
Materials and wastes are carried in a fluid called blood. Blood moves continuously through the
body, delivering oxygen and other materials to cells and removing carbon dioxide and other
wastes from cells.
In order to provide the essential nutrients and other materials that your cells need, your blood
must keep moving through your body. The circulatory system, which is made up of the heart
and blood vessels, allows blood to flow to all parts of the body. The circulatory system works
with other systems to provide the body with this continuous flow of life-giving blood.
The human circulatory system is responsible for delivering food, oxygen, and other needed
substances to all cells in all parts of the body while taking away waste products.
As blood circulates around the body, it picks up oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the small
intestine, and hormones from the endocrine glands, and delivers these to the cells. Blood then
picks up carbon dioxide and cellular wastes from cells and delivers these to the lungs and
kidneys, where they are excreted.

2.) Describe the parts of the circulatory system and their functions (heart, blood and blood
vessels).

HEART (description)
asymmetrical, with the left side being larger than the right side, correlating with the different
sizes of the pulmonary and systemic circuits
about the size of a clenched fist
it is divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
There is one atrium and one ventricle on the right side and one atrium and one ventricle on the
left side.
The heart is divided into four chambers, two atria, and two ventricles. Each chamber is
separated by one-way valves. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the
body and pumps it to the lungs. The left side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body’s midline in the thoracic
region
HEART (function)
pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Your heart is vital to your health and nearly everything that goes on in your body. Without the
heart's pumping action, blood can't move throughout your body.

BLOOD (description)
heavier and stickier than water, and has a temperature in the body of about 100.4°F (38°C)
makes up approximately 8 percent of an individual's total body weight.
the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals
liquid connective tissue

BLOOD (function)
moves continuously through the body, delivering oxygen and other materials to cells and
removing carbon dioxide and other wastes from cells.
transports oxygen from the lungs and delivers it to cells
picks up carbon dioxide from the cells and brings it to the lungs
carries nutrients from the digestive system and hormones from the endocrine glands to the
cells

BLOOD VESSELS (description)

transports blood throughout the human body
arteries, capillaries, veins : 3 major types of blood vessels
Tubes that carry blood to and from all parts of the body
the body’s highways that allow blood to flow quickly and efficiently from the heart to every
region of the body and back again
All blood vessels contain a hollow area called the lumen through which blood is able to flow.

BLOOD VESSELS (function)

functions to transport & circulate blood throughout the circulatory system

3.) Make a chart showing the components of the human blood showing their characteristics,
their functions and their relative proportion in terms of blood volume.

COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS BLOOD

S VOLUME
%
RED BLOOD *biconcave—disks with a concave * transport oxygen in the 40-45%
CELLS curve on both sides of the disk so blood through the red
(ERYTHROCY that the center of an erythrocyte is pigment hemoglobin
TES) its thinnest part

* The unique shape of
erythrocytes gives these cells a
high surface area to volume ratio
and allows them to fold to fit into
thin capillaries.
* RBCs take up oxygen in the
lungs, or gills of fish, and
release it into tissues while
squeezing through the
body's capillaries.
*Hemoglobin contains iron
and proteins joined to
greatly increase the oxygen
carrying capacity of
erythrocytes.

WHITE * found in the buff, a thin, typically * an: ingest pathogens and -1%
BLOOD CELLS white layer of nucleated cells destroy them. produce
(LEUKOCYTES between the sedimented red antibodies to destroy
) blood cells and the blood plasma pathogens

*irregularly shaped * involved in protecting the

body against both infectious
* the cells of the immune system disease and foreign invaders
that are involved in protecting the
body against both infectious
disease and foreign invaders

* found throughout the body,

including the blood and lymphatic
system.

*all white blood cells have nuclei,

which distinguishes them from the
other blood cells
PLASMA * yellowish coloured liquid * the main medium for 55%
component of blood that normally excretory product
holds the blood cells in whole transportation
blood in suspension
* also serves as the protein
*mostly water and contains reserve of the human body.
dissolved proteins

*mixture of water, proteins, and

dissolved substances
PLATELETS * “blood clot cell” *to stop bleeding by -1%
(THROMBOC clumping and clotting blood
YTES) *have no cell nucleus & only vessel injuries
survive in the body for up to a
week before macrophages capture
and digest them

* small cell fragments

* Platelets form in the red bone

marrow from large megakaryocyte
cells that periodically rupture and
release thousands of pieces of
membrane that become the
platelets.
4.) Discuss the common diseases of the circulatory system, their preventions and their
treatment (atherosclerosis and hypertension).

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (description)
Condition in which fatty material such as cholesterol accumulates on artery walls forming
plaque that obstructs blood flow
This condition can lead to strokes, heart attacks, and death.
Arteries are clogged with cholesterol

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (preventions)
Exercise regularly. Regular aerobic exercise can help fight atherosclerosis by reducing the
amount of fat in your blood, lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol, and controlling your
weight.
Diet. Make changes to your diet. A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol can raise your
cholesterol levels.
Reduce the amount of meat, eggs, milk, and other dairy products in your diet.
Choose lots of fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables, lean meats and fish, as well as whole-grains
like oats and whole-wheat. Choose unsaturated vegetable oils like canola oil instead of
saturated fats like butter.
Check-ups. Get regular checkups. Have your healthcare provider check your blood pressure and
cholesterol. High blood pressure can further complicate atherosclerosis by causing artery walls
to harden and thicken.
Don’t smoke.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS (treatment)
heart-healthy lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures or surgery

HYPERTENSION (description)
High blood pressure
blood pressure higher than 130 over 80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

HYPERTENSION (preventions)
engage in moderate physical activity; maintain normal body weight; limit alcohol consumption;
reduce sodium intake; maintain adequate intake of potassium; and consume a diet rich in
fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and reduced in saturated and total fat

HYPERTENSION (treatment)
Lifestyle adjustments: regular physical exercise, stress reduction (avoid stress & manage
unavoidable stress- helps with blood pressure control), don’t smoke (smoking raises blood
pressure)
Taking medications.
5.) Discuss the common diseases of the respiratory system, their preventions and their
treatment (asthma and tuberculosis).

ASTHMA (description)
is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways
causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness,
shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning.

ASTHMA (prevention)
Identify and try to avoid things that make your asthma worse (asthma triggers). However, one
trigger you should not avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a
healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.
Know your asthma triggers and minimize contact with them.
Take your asthma medications as prescribed.
Track your asthma and recognize early signs that it may be getting worse.

ASTHMA (treatment)
Long-term control medicines are taken everyday to prevent symptoms and attacks.
Inhaled corticosteroids. These anti-inflammatory drugs are the most effective and commonly
used long-term control medications for asthma. They reduce swelling and tightening in your
airways. You may need to use these medications for several months before you get their
maximum benefit.
Use inhalers.

TUBERCULOSIS (description)
a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the
lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body.
TB spreads through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or
talks.

TUBERCULOSIS (prevention)
The BCG vaccination. The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) is a live vaccine against tuberculosis.
The vaccine is prepared from a strain of the weakened bovine tuberculosis bacillus,
Mycobacterium bovis.
The BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against TB.
Do not spend long periods of time in stuffy, enclosed rooms with anyone who has active TB
until that person has been treated for at least 2 weeks.
Use protective measures, such as face masks, if you work in a facility that cares for people who
have untreated TB.
If you live with someone who has active TB, help and encourage the person to follow treatment
instructions.

TUBERCULOSIS (treatment)
Antibiotics. Doctors treat tuberculosis (TB) with antibiotics to kill the TB bacteria. These
medicines are given to everyone who has TB, including infants, children, pregnant women, and
people who have a weakened immune system.
Using more than one medicine to prevent multidrug-resistant TB. The standard treatment
begins with four medicines given for 2 months.
Continuing treatment for 4 to 9 months or longer if needed. The number of medicines used
during this time depends on the results of sensitivity testing.

6.) Explain how lifestyle affects the functioning of the circulatory/respiratory system.
One's lifestyle can affect both systems. If you leave a healthy lifestyle, your respiratory and
circulatory system will be healthy too. Our bad habit towards our body can bring disorders to
the different systems of our body. These are the practices that will help us in taking care of our
respiratory and circulatory system:

1.Exercise regularly. Exercise makes your lungs and heart stronger and makes you breathe in
more oxygen. Through the help of exercise, the oxygen will be delivered all throughout the
body.

2.Eat balanced diet. This will give all the nutrition you need to make it through the day with a
healthy body. These practices will help you in making your respiratory and circulatory system
healthy and in good condition.