No Contents Pages

1. Index 1
2. History of Origami 2-4
3. Presentation of the task 5-6
4. Option 1- Part 1 7-12
5. Part 2 13-14
6. Further Exploration 15
7. Reflection 16
8. Attachment 17

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 History of origami
The history of origami followed after the invention of paper and was a
result of paper's use in society. Independent paper folding traditions exist in
East Asia and Europe, and it is unclear whether they evolved separately or had
a common source.

Origami was initially known as orikata (folded shapes). In 1880, however, the
craft became known as origami. The term origami comes from the Japanese
words oru (to fold) and kami (paper). It is not known why this term was chosen,
although scholars have speculated that the characters for this term were simply
the easiest for schoolchildren to learn to write.Before that, paperfolding for play
was known by a variety of names, including "orikata", "orisue", "orimono",
"tatamigami" and others. Exactly why "origami" became the common name is
not known; it has been suggested that the word was adopted in kindergartens
because the written characters were easier for young children to write. Another
theory is that the word "origami" was a direct translation of the German word
"Papierfalten", brought into Japan with the Kindergarten Movement around
1880.

Japanese origami began sometime after Buddhist monks carried paper to

Japan during the 6th century. The first Japanese origami dates from this period

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and was used for religious ceremonial purposes only, due to the high price of
paper.A reference in a poem by Ihara Saikaku from 1680 describes the
origami butterflies used during Shinto weddings to represent the bride and
groom.Samurai warriors are known to have exchanged gifts adorned
with noshi, a sort of good luck token made of folded strips of paper, which
indicates that origami had become a significant aspect of Japanese ceremony
by the Heian period (794–1185).In 1797 the first known origami book was
published in Japan: Senbazuru orikata. There are several origami stories in
Japanese culture, such as a story of Abe no Seimei making a paper bird and
turning it into a real one.
The earliest evidence of paper folding in Europe is a picture of a small
paper boat in the 1498 French edition of Johannes de Sacrobosco's Tractatus
de Sphaera Mundi. There is also evidence of a cut and folded paper box from
1440.It is possible that paperfolding in the west originated with the Moors
much earlier; however, it is not known if it was independently discovered or
knowledge of origami came along the silk route.The modern growth of interest
in origami dates to the design in 1954 by Akira Yoshizawa of a notation to
indicate how to fold origami models. The Yoshizawa-Randlett system is now
used internationally. Today the popularity of origami has given rise to origami
societies such as the British Origami Societyand OrigamiUSA. The first known
origami social group was founded in Zaragoza, Spain, during the 1940s.The
Chinese word for paperfolding is "Zhe Zhi" (摺紙), and some Chinese contend
that origami is a historical derivative of Chinese paperfolding.

Mathematics of paper folding

The art of origami or paper folding has received a considerable amount
of mathematical study. Fields of interest include a given paper model's
flat-foldability (whether the model can be flattened without damaging it) and the
use of paper folds to solve mathematical equations.
In 1893, Indian mathematician T. Sundara Rao published "Geometric
Exercises in Paper Folding" which used paper folding to demonstrate proofs of
geometrical constructions.This work was inspired by the use of origami in
the kindergarten system. This book had an approximate trisection of angles
and implied construction of a cube root was impossible. In 1936 Margharita P.
Beloch showed that use of the 'Beloch fold', later used in the sixth of
the Huzita–Hatori axioms, allowed the general cubic equation to be solved
using origami.n 1949, R C Yeates' book "Geometric Methods" described three
allowed constructions corresponding to the first, second, and fifth of the Huzita–
Hatori axioms.The axioms were discovered by Jacques Justin in 1989. [5] but
were overlooked until the first six were rediscovered by Humiaki Huzita in 1991.
The first International Meeting of Origami Science and Technology (now known
as the International Conference on Origami in Science, Math, and Education)
was held in 1989 in Ferrara, Italy.

Pure origami
Flat folding

3
Mountain-valley counting

Two-colorability

Angles around a vertex

The construction of origami models is sometimes shown as crease patterns.
The major question about such crease patterns is whether a given crease
pattern can be folded to a flat model, and if so, how to fold them; this is
an NP-complete problem.Related problems when the creases are orthogonal
are called map folding problems. There are three mathematical rules for
producing flat-foldable origami crease patterns:
1. Maekawa's theorem: at any vertex the number of valley and mountain
folds always differ by two.
It follows from this that every vertex has an even number of creases, and
therefore also the regions between the creases can be colored with two
colors.

2. Kawasaki's theorem: at any vertex, the sum of all the odd angles adds
up to 180 degrees, as do the even.
3. A sheet can never penetrate a fold.
Paper exhibits zero Gaussian curvature at all points on its surface, and only
folds naturally along lines of zero curvature. Curved surfaces that can't be
flattened can be produced using a non-folded crease in the paper, as is easily
done with wet paper or a fingernail.
Assigning a crease pattern mountain and valley folds in order to produce a flat
model has been proven by Marshall Bern and Barry Hayes to
be NP-complete.Further references and technical results are discussed in Part
II of Geometric Folding Algorithms.

4
Presentation about task/Flow chart

5
 4 JUNE 2018
The questions have been given to students
and explanation about the project has been
by subject teacher.

5 JUNE 2018
A group of 4 members has discussed the
best question to do based on our interest
on the topic has been portrayed in the
questions and has given a appropriate title
which is ‘ The Art of Origami’.

7 JUNE 2018
Data collection has be done by using many
sources such as Google, Additional
Mathematics text book and ask subject
teacher for future discussion.

12 -14 JUNE 2018

Tried as many methods as possible to get the
solve the problem. 6
 18-20 JUNE 2018
Finalised the method used and type the
answer using Microsoft Word. A sample of
origami has done that is related to the
question.

18-20 JUNE 2018

Discussion about pro, consequences and
suggestions. The project already done

26 JUNE 2018
The project has submitted to subject
teacher, Pn. Norlida bt. Hj Yusof

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8
PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS
PROCEDURE
(OPTION 1)

METHOD 1 - Area of each folded triangle papers

F
D C

AREA
E

B
A

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Square paper ABCD = 15cm each side

1
i) BE = × BC
3
1
= × 15cm
3

= 5 cm

AB = 15cm

EC = 15cm-5cm
= 10cm

Length of BC = DF = 5 cm
Length of CE = FC = 10 cm
Length of AD = AB = 15 cm

Area of ΔAEC = Area of square ABCD - Area of ΔABE - Area of

ΔAOF - Area of ΔFCE
1 1
= (15cm×15cm) - ( ×5cm×5cm) - ( ×5cm×15cm)
2 2
1
- ( ×10cm×10cm)
2

= ( 225-37.5-37.5-50)cm²
= 100 cm²

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11
METHOD 2 - Solution of triangle and pythagorean theorem

Find the length and angle of the triangles shape of paper folded.
Length of AF, length of FE, length of AE can be through
pythagorean theorem :-

D 5 cm F
Length of AF
= √ 15² + 5²
15cm = √250 cm
= 15.81 cm

F 10cm C
Length of FE
= √ 10² + 10²
10 cm = √ 200cm
= 14.14 cm

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 E
Length of AE
= √ 15² + 5²
5cm = √250 cm
= 15.81 cm
A 15cm B

By using the length, the information at folded triangle has been filled.

A E
15.81cm
By using cosine rules in solution of triangle, we can find the angle of
∠AFE, ∠FEA and ∠EAF.
Since, the length of AF=AE is 15.81 cm. It forms an isosceles
triangle, AFE. Therefore, the angle of ∠AFE = ∠FEA
∠AFE can be calculated through cosine rules.

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AE² = AF² + FE² - 2(AF)(FE)cos∠AFE
15.81² = 15.81² + 14.14² - 2(15.81)(14.14)cos∠AFE
249.9561 = 249.9561 + 199.9396 - 447.1068cos∠AFE
-199.9396 = - 447.1068cos∠AFE
 199.9396
cos∠AFE =
 447.1068

cos∠AFE = 0.4472
∠AFE = cosˉ1 0.4472
= 63.44°

Since ∠AFE is 63.44°, the angle ∠AFE will be 63.44°

Therefore, ∠EAF = 180°-63.44°-63.44°
= 53.12°

Area of triangle paper, ΔAFE formed after being folded

1
= × length of AF × length of FE × sin ∠AFE
2
1
= × 15.81×14.14×sin 63.44
2

= 99.98 cm²

Or

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 1
= × length of FE × length of EA × sin ∠FEA
2
1
= × 14.14 ×15.81×sin 63.44
2

= 99.98 cm²

Or

1
= × length of AE × length of AF × sin ∠EAF
2
1
= × 15.81 ×15.81×sin 53.12
2

= 99.91 cm²

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METHOD 3 - Using Mathematics formula of area of triangle

M is the midpoint of length of FE

Length of FM = Length of ME
= 14.14
2
= 7.07 cm

16
Length of AM = √AF² - FM²
= √15.81²-7.07²
= 14.1411 cm

Therefore, area of triangle of folded paper formed ΔAFE

1
= × base × height
2
1
= ×14.14 × 14.1411
2

= 99.98 cm²

Part 2

17
When length of x is 1cm,
ST = √1²+1²
= √2
= 1.4142 cm

When length of x is 2cm,

ST = √2²+2²
= √8
= 2.8284 cm

When length of x is 3cm,

ST = √3²+3²
= √18
= 4.2426 cm

When length of x is 4cm,

ST = √4²+4²
= √32
= 5.6569 cm

Length of Perimeter
SA (cm) AT (cm) ST (cm) (SA+AT+ST)cm
1 1 1.4142 3.4142
2 2 2.8284 6.8284

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 3 3 4.2426 10.2426
4 4 5.6569 13.6569

The sequence of perimeter from smaller to bigger

3.4142, 6.8284, 10.2426, 13.6569…

a = 3.4142 cm
d = T2 - T1
= 6.8284-3.4142
= 3.4142 cm
d = T3 - T2
= 10.2426-6.8284
= 3.4142 cm (proven)

The sequences of perimeter of folded triangle SAT formed

Arithmetic Progression and the n term is :-

Tn = a + (n-1)d
= 3.4142 + (n-1)(3.4142)
= 3.4142 + 3.4142n - 3.4142
Tn = 3.4142n

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i) As the length of x of the triangle increases, the value of the
perimeter of triangles SAT also increases.

ii) Sum of the perimeter of the first n triangles

n
Sn =
2
2a  (n 1)d 

n
=
2
2(3.1442)  (n 1)(3.1442)

n
=
2
6.2884  3.1442n  3.1442

n
=
2
3.1442  3.1442n

Further Exploration

Heron’s formula
Heron's formula is named after Hero of Alexendria, a Greek Engineer and
Mathematician in 10 - 70 AD. You can use this formula to find the area of a
triangle using the 3 side lengths.
Therefore, we do not have to rely on the formula for area that uses base and
height. The picture below illustrates the general formula where S represents
the semi-perimeter of the triangle

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 A B C
S=
2

Area of triangle formula

= S (S  A)( S  B)( S  C)

A E
15.81cm

S = 15.81+14.14+15.81
2
= 22.88 cm

Area of triangle formed, ΔAFE

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= √22.88(22.88-15.81)(22.88-14.14)(22.88-15.81)
= √22.88(7.07)(8.74)(7.07)
= 99.98 cm²
Reflection

It has been a very enjoyable and exciting journey completing

this project. From my understanding, Arithmetic progression is a
sequence of numbers such that the difference between each of
them is by a constant quantity, known as the common difference,d.

While carrying out this project, I have learnt how to appreciate

additional mathematics more. Now, I am able to apply arithmetic
progression more efficiently. There are many moral values that I
have put into practice in executing this task . I have given my
outmost into completing this project to obtain optimum results. I
have even realised that this subject is essential for me and will be
able to fulfil all my hopes that I ever dreamt of.

Additional mathematics is not difficult or challenging, its just

filled with patterns and sequences which makes this subject
awesome. Remember that “ Additional Mathematics is not a subject
but it is a game to play.”

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