Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Definition
A hiatal hernia occurs when a part of your stomach pushes upward through your
diaphragm.
Small hiatal hernia may not cause any problem, while a Large hiatal hernia can allow food
Symptoms
No signs or symptoms
Heartburn
Belching
Difficulty Swallowing
Causes
Occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through you
diaphragm.
Possible causes;
Risk Factors
Age 50 or older
Obese
Blood testing
Endoscopy
Manometry
ESOPHAGITIS
Definition
Inflammation that may damage tissues of the esophagus, the muscular tube that delivers
Symptoms
Painful swallowing
Chest pain, particularly behind the breastbone that occurs with eating
Heartburn
Acid regurgitation
Feeding difficulties
Failure to thrive
Causes
Generally categorized by the conditions that causes it. In some cases, more than one factor
reflux or both
the lining of the esophagus for too long may cause tissue damage
esophagus
Risk Factors
Complications
If left untreated, esophagitis can lead to changes in the structure of the esophagus. Possible
complications include;
Barium X-ray
Endoscopy
Definition
Typically occurs when stomach acid and other irritants damage the lining of the esophagus
over time. This leads to inflammation (esophagitis) and scar tissue, which causes the
esophagus to narrow.
Symptoms
Heartburn
Causes
Other cause;
cleaners)
Complications
Dense and solid foods can lodge in the esophagus, which may cause choking or difficulty
breathing
Problem in swallowing can prevent you from getting enough liquid and food which may
Upper GI endoscopy
Esophageal pH monitoring
Treatment
Esophageal dilation
Medication
Surgery
Definition
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine
(colon).
A bloated feeling
Gas
Mucus in stool
Rectal bleeding
Weight loss
Causes
Strong and longer than normal intestinal contractions – gas, bloating, and diarrhea
Weak and slow intestinal contractions – slow food passage, hard stools, and dry stools
Poorly coordinated signals between the brain and the intestines – overreaction to changes
Triggers vary from person to person: Foods, Stress, Hormones, Other illnesses
Risk Factors
Complications
Discouragement or depression
Rome criteria
Manning criteria
Additional tests:
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
X-ray (radiography)
Lower GI series
Laboratory tests:
Breath test
Blood test
Stool test
Treatment
Dietary changes
Eliminating gluten
Eliminating FODMAPS
Medications
Fiber supplements
Anti-diarrheal medications
Antidepressant medications
Antibiotics
Counseling
Alesetron (Lotronex)
Lupiprostone (Amitiza)
REFERENCES:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-
causes/syc-20373379
https://www.healthline.com/health/esophageal-stricture-benign
https://www.healthline.com/health/esophagitis
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-
syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360016